DIRECT INDIRECT:
2 TYPES OF SPEECHES
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Sassi said, “English is easy.”
Changes:
1. Change of pronouns
2. Change in the for of verb
3. Change of certain words (+ /-)
4. Addition of THAT wherever needed
Change of pronouns:
First / 2nd / 3rd
First person pronoun : the speaker (I - we)
Second person pronoun : the listener (you- you)
3rd person: singular (he she it his her him) plurals (they them their)
GENERAL RULES:
If the reported speech (“---") is in first person pronoun (i/ we) then
the pronoun shall change as per the subject (speaker) of the
reporting speech.
He says, “I will eat”
He says that he will eat
He says to her, “I drink water.”
He says to her that he drinks water
She says to him , “I like football.”
She says to him that she likes football
Common mistake:
He/ she : verb (s es) she eats he plays, it barks
They/ we : eat play
Rule 2:
If the reported speech is in 2nd person pronoun (you), it will always change as per the object
(the listener).
He says to her, “You are good at football.”
He says to her that she is good at football
He says to her, “Your brother is very nice.”
He says to her that her brother is very nice
He says to us, “your teacher is brilliant.”
He says to us that our teacher is brilliant
Rule:
When reported in 3 person, it stays the same
She says, “She goes to mosque daily.”
Name:
He says to me, “Ali plays cricket.”
He says to me that Ali plays cricket.
IMPORTANT :
Reporting 3 ways:
1. He said
2. He says
3. He will say
No change in tense when present and future tense is used in the reporting
Only change of pronouns
HE SAID (past tense):
3 tenses:
Present
Past
Future
1. Indefinite
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect continuous
PRESENT:
Eat ate eaten
Present indefinite:
Ahmad eats an apple.
PRESENT CONTINOUS: (ING)
Ahmad is eating an apple
Present perfect (has/have/had) 3rd form of verb
Ahmad has eaten an apple
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (HAS/HAVE/ HAD -- ING)
Ahmad has been eating an apple since morning.
Since / for
Thursday, jan, 1997, 7 o clk, last 2 years.
For 2 years
PAST: (EAT /ate/ eaten)
Past indefinite:
Ahmad ate an apple.
Past continuous: (ing)
Ahmad was eating an apple.
PAST PERFECT (has/ Have / had)
Ahmad had eaten an apple.
Past perfect continuous: (had -- ing)
Ahmad had been eating an apple since ---
FUTURE: (will / shall)
I / we = shall
He she it = will
Future indefinite:
Ahmad will eat an apple
Future cont: (ing)
Ahmad will be eating an apple.
Furture perfect (has/ have had)
Ahmad will have eaten an apple.
Future perfect continuous:
Ahmad will have been eating an apple since morning.
RULES:
1.He says / will say XXXX
2.He said : ok
1.Present indefinite past indefinite.
He said, “Ahmad eats an apple.”
He said that Ahmad ate an apple.
He said, “I swim daily.”
He said that he swam daily.
2. Present continuous past continuous:
Ahmad is eating an apple—ahmad was eating an apple
He said , “My father is going with me.”
He said that his father was going with him.
Present perfect past perfect
Has eaten an apple He had eaten an apple
He said to me, “I have written a letter.”
He said to me that he had written a letter.
He says, “I go to school.”
He says that he goes to school.
Present perfect cont past perfect cont
Has been eating had been eating
He said to me, “I have been writing a
letter since morning.”
He said to me that he had been writing a
letter since morning.
He says to her he tells her
He said to her he told her
He will say to her -- > he will tell her
He says he says
He said, “I am happy.” he said
He will say he will say
Past:
Past indefinite:
Past continuous: (ing)
PAST PERFECT (has/ Have / had)
Past perfect continuous: (had -- ing)
He said , “ ahmad ate an apple.”
He said that Ahmad had eaten an apple.
He said, “Ahmad was eating an apple.”
He said that Ahmad had been eating an apple
Past indefinite past perfect (had)
He said to her, “You played well.”
He told her that she had played well
I said to him, “You stole my phone.”
I told him that he had stolen my phone.
She said to him, “you stole my pen”
She told him that he had stolen HER pen.
Past continuous past perfect cont
Was eating had been eating
He said ----- , “You were telling a lie.”
He said (to her/ him/ me), “you were telling a lie.”
He told (her) that she had been telling a lie.
Past perfect NO CHANGE
Ahmad had eaten an apple.
She said, “Ahmad had eaten an apple.”
She said that Ahmad had eaten an apple.
He said, “I had written a letter.”
He said that he had written a letter.
He said, “”you had written a letter.”
He said (to me)
He told me that I had written a letter.
Past perfect continuous --> STAYS THE SAME
Ahmad has been eating…
He said to me, “You had been writing a letter since morning.”
He told me that I had been writing a letter since morning.
FUTURE:
Ahmad will eat an apple
Ahmad will be eating an apple
Ahmad will have eaten an apple
Ahmad will have been eating an apple since morning.
Will WOULD
Shall WOULD
She said to him, “You will win the match.”
She told him that he would win the match.
He says, “I will win the match.”
He says that he will win the match.
He said, “I will win the match.”
He said that he would win the match.
HAS PRESENT / SINGULAR HE HAS , SHE HAS , IT HAS
HAVE PRESENT / PLURAL THEY HAVE/ WE HAVE
HAD
UNIVERSAL:
NEVER CHANGE THE TENSE
HE SAID TO ME, “THE EARTH IS ROUND.”
HE TOLD ME THAT THE EARTH IS ROUND.
MAN IS MORTAL
GOD IS ONE
HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY
SUN RISES IN THE EAST.
CHANGE OF CERTAIN WORDS:
THIS that
He said, “I like this book.”
He said that he liked that book.
These Those
This – That
Here – There
May – Might
Now – then
Can – Could
Cannot – Could not (couldn’t)
Will – would
Shall—would
So -- Thus
She said, “I am in London now.”
She said that she was in london then.
HE SAID, “IT WAS RAINING SO I COULD NOT COME.”
He said, “you can’t do so.”
He said (to her) that she could not do thus. (could/ would 1st form of verb)
He said (to me) that I could not do thus.
He said, “It is raining ,so I will not come.”
More words:
Ago – before
Today -- that day
Tomorrow – the next day
Yesterday – the previous day / the day before
Tonight – that night
The next day – the following day
Daily – everyday
They said TO HER, “They are absent today.”
HE SAID, “I SWIM DAILY.”
OMISSIONS:
GREETINGS:
GOOD MORNING TO
GOOD AFTERNOON TO
GOOD EVENING TO
REMOVE
ADD THE WORD “GREETED”
THAT XXX
TO WILL BE REMOVED
HE SAID , “GOOD MORNING, MR. BROWN.”
HE GREETED MR. BROWN
Others:
Good night!
Good bye
Fare well
These words remain
That is not used
Add “to”
She said, “good night miss Rose.”
She said good night to miss Rose
Few words: casual words:
Yes!
He said, “yes! I am coming”
He said that he was coming.
No!
Alright!
Oh!
Well!
Obviously!
Hey!
Dear friend!
2016
She said, “alright I am coming.”
She said that she was coming.
TITLES: ARE TO BE REMOVED
-SIR
-MADAM
ADD “RESPECTFULLY”
RESPECTFULLY COMES BEFORE THAT
HE SAID TO ME, “ALRIGHT SIR, I SHALL BE REGULAR FROM
TOMORROW.”
HE TOLD ME RESPECTFULLY THAT HE WOULD BE REGULAR FROM
THE NEXT DAY.
HE SAID, “AMIR YOU HAVE BEEN WASTING YOUR TIME.”
HE TOLD AMIR THAT HE HAD BEEN WASTING HIS TIME.
HE SAYS, “I LIKE GRAPES.”
HE SAYS THAT HE LIKES GRAPES.
SHE WILL SAY, “SHE SINGS A SONG.”
SHE WILL SAY THAT SHE SINGS A SONG.
SHE SAID, “SHE SINGS A SONG.”
SHE SAID THAT SHE SANG A SONG.
SHE SAID, “I WILL SING A SONG.”
SHE SAID THE SHE WOULD SING A SONG
HE SAID TO ME, “I WAS READING THIS.”
HE TOLD ME THAT HE HAD BEEN READING THAT.
THEY SAID TO AHMAD” , , “YOU DID NOT LOSE THE
GAME YESTERDAY.”
PAST IND PAST PERFECT
THEY TOLD AHMAD THAT HE HAD NOT LOST THE GAME, THE PREVIOUS DAY.
HE SAID, “HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY.”
HE SAID, “GOOD NIGHT MISS SUMERA.”
HE SAID GOOD NIGHT TO MISS SUMERA
HE SAID, “GOOD MORNING MISS SASSI.”
HE GREETED MISS SASSI
