Disration of Tempera, Ranga, winds in Samer ‘and Winter and factors aifecting the climate of the ‘area. Monsoon and its mechariisr “Seasons: March io May — Summer; shure to September = Monsoon: October to Noveniver — Retreatilig Monsaon. December te February — Winter: India has a topiea! monsoon type of climate. This is because India lies in the tropical belt and its climate is influenced by the monsoon winds which fare largely confined to the Tropica, ic., between B0°N and 20'S. The main characteristics of this type ‘ef climate arc relatively high temperatures and dry Wititers. However, the Himalayas in the north and the Indiwg_ Ocean in the south provide distinctive climatic evditions to India. The Himalayan ranges protect northern India from the cotd winds of Central Asia and Siberia and give it a continental climate, the characteristics of which are the prevalence of lend winds, diyness of air and large diurnal range pftemperature. The Indian Ocean in the south gives it hot monsoon climate more typical of the tropical thas ef the temperate zone, Pe ne TOPICA ‘Reatowan Variations Despite the pd unily of the monsoon type of oe Hi climate occur in different regions essed in — eo - as the sub-type, of climate. These Va: pattern of winds, temperature ff seasans and the degree oI These regional diversities are known af monsoon climate. Bens ‘Seduonal variations in temperature occur from place J to place. and from region to region. Variations iq 9 temperature are found also at a single place and in a single day. Examples of these variations are: 1. Garmer in Rajasthan may record a temperature . of 48°C or 60°C on a dune day, while it hardly a Feaches 22°C at Pahalgam or Gulmarg in Kashmis * on the same day. However, in Bras near Kargll, INDIAN OCEAN ‘Relief and rainfall: (re rainfall: The windward side of Western Ghats receive rainfall from the SW Mons: ‘Ghats receive raingall from NE Moe ewer side of Baxter n.the temperatures: may go dows to ~0" te om WE dows to 40°C during 2 Keeula his tropicel climate with wn fir, sherens Punjab has continental une t severe heat alternating with wevere ont B, The temperature touches — 40" Ihe month of Deceiver wnercny Keres et se 20°C or 92°C in the same month. 44 The anal range of temperate is Malabar Coast and more than 20° 5, The diference betwoem day and night i the Andaman Islands and Kerala (Choe seven oF eight degree celsius, whereas to the Thar desert it is between 25 to 30°C swith le © slong the he interiors PRECIPITATION ‘Variations occur not Snowfall occurs in the Himalayas, whereas it only rains over the rest of the country. 1, Cherrapunji and Mawsynram in Meghalaya gct about 1100em rain ina year, whereas Jaisalmer in Rajasthan hardly receives Gcm of rainfall ina year. 2, Tura im Meghalaya gets an amount of rainfall in a single day Which is cqual to 10 years of rainfall at Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, 3. The Coromandel Coast remains dry in the months of July and August, whereas the Ganga delta and the coastal plains of Odisha are hit By strong storms almost every third or fifth day during these months. 4, Most parts of India receive rainfall during June: September, but the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu get rains in the beginning of the winter seasan, Climate refers to a generalised and c: of the average weather conditions spread over a long period, for a given large area, The factors which influence the climate: of India are the following: {The Himalayas: The Himalayas form a climatic barrier separating the Indian subcontinent from the fest of Asia. They not only prevent the cold Siberian winds from entering the Indian region and from ‘No Randal! fr: Rajasthan India becoming cold desert but they slso force the moisture inden South Weat Monsoon winds to shed rainfall in india or else Tnclia wauld be a dry region. 2, Varied Relief Relief plays an importantrole in Jimatic conditions of India, The Western Ghats get heavy rainfall on the western side because they stand the wer of South West Monsoon winds which come from the Arabian Sea. On the other hand, the Decean Plateau gets less rainfall as it lies in the rainshadow area of the Western Ghats. in Rajasthan, the Arayall Range is parallel to the direction nf the South West Monsoon winds, So it is unable to stop the moisture laden winds. This makes Rajasthan a dry area. The southern hills of Assam get heavy rainfall but the northern ones do not. This is because the southern hills force the moisture laden winds to shed their moisture before they proceed northwards. 3. The Monsoon Winds: The monsoon winds have almost a universal effect in bringing summer rains over the whole of South Asia. During summers, winds move quickly into Peninsular India towards the low-pressure system of northwest India from the ‘Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, The moisture carried. by these south-westerly winds from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal bring rain to the entire subcontinent, leaving Tibet dry in the ‘rainshadow’ the eee *Sketch [not to scale} to aid in understanding eancepts.wanon start es jab and of eng bp the cad of Septem ae - ui wah, by Getaber from Centra, ns a a aatal reelon. During: ene ore, Honk bast Menton SiN Secs spn Men Bo ot ja toe Pade Wands 1 DAs? Toe ne Bay of Bengal. They pick wmpietuare 10% fhe pay of Bengal to bring rain to Toil Nadu i winters 4. Latitude: The indian into-two parts by the Tropic o portion fies in the temperate zone portion lies in the tropical fr sub-tropical climate of it cold winter season and southern tropical climatic zon! than the north and-does not have a clear-ct season. Similarly, the northern zonit does not have the mud-day sun almost vertically overhead during any part of the year, while the southern zone has the mid-day sun almost vertically overhead st least fwice every year 5, Altitude: There is a decrease of 1°C for every: 166m rise in height, because temperature decreascs as you move to higher altitudes, So, the mountains are cooler than the plains. For example, Ooty has miich lower temperature, than Kochi, because of the alticude 6, Influence of the Surrounding Seas: India is flanked by three water bodies, namely, the Indian ‘Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea which have a profound impact on the climate, especially jin areas lying close to the sea, These water bodies fact as the major source of moisture to the summer _ monsoons and bring heavy rainfall to the whole area, In fact, it is because of the neamess to the sea that these areas have a moderate climate. i 7, Weatern Disturbances: The weather conditions beets winter are generally influenced by the Ge Putin pattern of preamure in Central and West fee In the winter season due to the shifting of ‘pressure belts, the westerlies blow from 20°N eae ces ee! ‘Sketch (not to stale) to aid in understanding ; subcontinent ix divided f Cancer. The norther® .nd the southern gave. The warm temperate the northem zone gives hat summer season, The < of India ie warmer nt winter ie as pjumbal gets more rainfall thas Ps fo:SOTW Latitudes and north tndia comes under Gt influence of the winds and cyclones TS!Ng from the Mediterranean Sea. These cyclones bring rein te Northern Plains and snow i Jammu and Kashmir I in India 8. det blowing winds that devel the atmosphere. They influence the climate of ‘The westerly jet stream prevails over the North Indian Plains during the winter months, while the casterly [f jet stream steers the tropical depression aver India, ‘These depressions play a significant role in the distribution pattern of the monsoon rainfall in the 7 aubeontinent, The highest rainfall occurs along the track of these depressions. 9. Distance from the Sea: Areas in the interiors of India have extreme type of climate or continental climate whereas coastal areas have equable or maritime climate, The effect of land breeze and sea breee: caused by differential rate of heating and cooling of land and sea are responsible for moderate climate im coastal areas, theeyte Peninsula, the Wester Ghats preveat he Minds from carrying such benefits far inwards n , the moderating influence of the sea is limited to the coastal areas, 10. El-Nino Effect: El-Nino i: r is a warm ocean current which sometimes appears off the coast of Pent Streams: Jet streams are cold fast 7 iop in the upper layers of India aait Ameten AUFINE the thomti of eo the surface FeMRPeraiure ofthe gen e os cos oon winds aF° periie or season eons oh alreeet Tee eepen of the land and sea. They comeind systems—the Summer Se thavan AND ITs al winds. They NE Gs well ay Bre divided into Monsoon and the SUMMER MONSOONS ocr, the land gets heated more than the wea, of low presture devclope on the land, the adjoining sea, the air is comparatively coor Stinds NG! Presauce dovelops were. This ciuusen the Tatts t@ Blow from ‘the sea tn the land emer Monsoon, Is May, June and July, the plains of the Indian Subcontinent are heated by the vertical rays of the thee Me ittenac heat develops a low pressure. During Tegee tonths, «high presatire area develops over the tnillan Ocean. 80, tne winds blow from the Indian QeSan northward and north-westward into Ania. As they blow from the sea to the land, they bring heavy Fame! in some parts of the Indian subcontinent The ‘summer monsoon winds blow south-west, £0 they arc known ne the ‘South-West Summer Monsoon.’ WINTER MONSOONS During winter season, the conditions arc the reverse OF those in summers. A high pressure develops aver’ It is the @ big landmass stretching fom Central Asin upto vest Indian plains, At the same time a low EET‘tr " sable af produc ding, Tait. hen ee ning De sod os 2 onl ‘The Sour = ni andel Coast (Tamil jail a Coromandel, of Andhra Prades) berre 4 rain from winter monsoons: inca wrt ra goon winds blow ner The wits mer aoan fe keiwr ab the Whim of Mon fo the seas sy oe incor When these are further soon type of climate has Trrngt seasonal pation marked B ineant change from one 2 2 fible in the interior parts of the Country, The coastal arees, due to the Inauaneeot peratare oN Meee eur aren nthe pater. Fainfall Thus, the year may be divided frre tour principal eeagons on the bas of mansoor. variations eH ond. Dry Summer (March to Mey) 9) The Hot and Wet or Rainy Season ‘or the South-West Monsoon (June to September). 3, The Retreating South-West Monsoon (October- November). 4. The Cold and Dry Winter Season or North-Bast Monsoon (December-February). In India, the hot season begins in March and lasts until June. The vertical rays of the sun fall directly over the Tropic of Cancer during this period. ‘TEMPERATURE From March ta May, dué to the apparent northward movement of the path of the sun's vertical rays, the length of the day increases, It results in the increase in solar radiation which moves northward over the ‘wopical areas of South Asia and the temperature Toda Pressure, Prevailing Winds and Cyclones in (April) starts rising. In most parts of India, temperature ranges between 30°C and 32°C. The highest day temperatures increase as the heat belt moves further | north, In north-western. part of India, temperatures | around 48°C are not uncommon. \ In south India, the hot weather is not as intense | as in north India. The moderating influence of the | oceans together with the Peninsular situation of south India keeps the temperatures lower than that in north India. The temperatures, therefore, remain between 26°C and 32°C in south India. ‘There is some respite from the heat in the coastal Tegions due to the influence of the sea. Plateaus and hills are also relatively cool because of the elevation. oe diurnal variation is large, especially in the ior part lying on the west of the subcontinent. 7India Mean Temperatures (July) PRESSURE CONDITIONS ‘The warmest area slowly shifts from the Deccanto northwest India, The high temperature in the | subcontinent causes a low pressure between Thar Desert and Chota Nagpur Plateau. The surrounding seas are cooler and develop high pressure conditions in the Indian Ocean. By the end of May a comparatively high pressure tea develops near Cape Comorin extending towards the Arabian Sea, By June,the inland low | Pressure system becomes more intense and moves northward with its centre over the Indus lowlands and Baluchistan. The influx of these winds by mid- June brings about a change in the weather towards _ the rainy season. STORMS AND RAINFALL ‘The het-dry weather in marked by weale winds and dryness aver the area, The low pressure over the Northern rs winds from the surrounding areas WWen rise to thunderstorms with strong dusty winds, These winds cause 8 ahower of rain mostly in Punjab, Haryase nnd Uttar Pradeak LOcaL winns (ues)! A striking feature of the hot weather } season is the strong and dusty winds called foo, which blow during the day ever northern and north-western India, (© These winds have temperature range between 45°C and SO°C which is hot enough to cause heatstrokes. (b) There are orcasional tornado-Hke st storms in Punjab and Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (@) The thunderstorms accompanied with strong winds and heavy rainfall oecur in Assam and West Bengal. These local winds are known. as Kalbaisakht which means the ofthe month of Baisakh’. In Assam, these storms fare known a8 Barcioti Chheerhe. They ‘originate over the Chota Nagpur Plateau and are carried eastward by westerly winds. They bring rainfall in Assam, ‘West Bengal and Odisha. This rainfall ia quite beneficial for growing jute and rice in West Bengal and tea in Assam. (d) Thunderstorms cause rainfall along the Kerala and Karnataka coasts. The little rainfall even that they bring is important for mango, tea and coffee plants, Such rains are called mango showers as they help in the early ripening of the mango crop. They are also called chery blossoms in Karnataka. ee hee ms ee The South-West Monsoon season is the seasonof general rainfall. This season lasts from June to September. The differential heating of land and sea during the summer months causes the monsoon winds to drift towards the subcontinent. The large landmass to the north of the Indian Ocean gets intensely heated during April and May. This causes the formation of an intense low pressure in the north- western part of the Indian subcontinent. Since the MEEche ovcan tothe south of the lamas prety traces toe South east (5) Trade Winds i Ble ag the southern hesniaphere. These $-E, the Equator are del fhe Corialie foree and West Monsoon. These ‘dy violent set of tan aM eure eeck of June fe tered 9 (he ec ae a ey ‘accompar sudden violent weeks a it ee it is called the Break of Monsoon, The first State * receive the manson showers is Kerala and alse last to soe its withdrawal. pe ‘Asareuultef the tapering opography-of pen india the Gourmet Monsoon, winds divides Into thro branches: (a) The Arabian Sex Branch; and (bj The Bay of Bengal Branch The rains bring down the temperature and hence, some respite fram the heat. However, there is rele nly [Link] it rains, because the relative humidity i quite high during July-August, In Mumbal the temperature drops by 10°C after a week's rain Nagpur sees a maximum of 45°C in May which drops to 31°C m July THE ARABIAN SEA BRANCH ‘Phe Squh-West Monsoon winds originating over the ‘Arabian Sea further split into three branches: {@} its one branch is obstructed by the Western Ghats. ‘These winds go up the slopes of the Western Ghats, become cool and bring heavy rains in the windward side of the Sahyadris and the Western Coastal Plains. After crossing the Ghats these winds descend, get heated up and thereby, the ‘humidity in the winds is reduced. Consequently, these winds cause little rainfall east of the Western Ghats, ée., in the rainshadow area. (b) The second branch of the Arabian Sca branch of the Monsoon winds strikes the coast north of Mumbai. These winds move further along the Narmadé and Tapi river valleys and cause fair amount of rainfall in Central India. The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives 15cm of rainfall from this branch. After that, it enters the Ganga plains ‘and mingles with the Bay of Bengal Branch, ee "Sketch (nat to scale) to aid in understanding concepts, ed aide of hile Cherrapunji f= located on the windW {e} The third branch strikes the Saurashtra Peninsuly and the Kutch. After that it passes over wes: | Rajasthan and along the Aravalia causing. scanty | rainfall, The Arabian Sea Branch joins the Bay of Bengal Branch in Punjab and Haryana and together these two branches cause rainfall in the western Himalayas ‘THE BAY OF BENGAL BRANCH The Bay of Bengal branch is directed towards the coast of Myanmar and part of south-east Bangladesh. However, owing to the presence of the Arakan Hills along the coast of Myanmar, a large part of thig branch of monsoon is deflected towards the Indian subcontinent, The monsoons, therefore, enter West Bengal and Bangladesh from south and south-east instead of the south-westerly direction. Now this branch bifurcates into two branches: one along the Ganga plains and the other along the Brahmaputra valley. These branches cause wide spread rain in the Ganga Plains, Brahmaputra valley and Garo and Khasi Hills of Meghalaya. Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, located on the crest of the southern range of Khasi Hills, receive the highest average annual rainfall in the world.» oe inte received from South x largely governed by the relief or -pography. For example, Mahabaleshwar on the windward side of the Western Ghats registers a rainfall Of over 250cm, whereas Pu ie eoue canner ine on the leeward side » Teceives Jess than 70cm of rainfallsesamiae Retreating Monsoon se, the heavy precipitation in north-eastern jue to the occurrence of hilly ranges in es. There Is a decrease in rainfall as n east to west. During thie particular or Jn Kolkata receives about 120cm, Patna 10.2cm, 19cm and Delhi 56cm Nadu coast remains dry during this join This 1s because the Tamil Nady coast is winds blow from June to aber, and November rection of these winds is from | * West North-East. low from sea to land and|* oisture ladem winds. bring heavy rainfall, This high temperature and high dity season. The pressure is on the land area and high over urtounding water bodies. season wing these months there is|* the whole subcontinent. ‘The direction of these windsis from|* The direction of these winds is from ‘These winds blow from land to sea. ‘The temperature changes and the |* Clear skies, pleasant weather with ‘humidity remains high but rainfall decreases, It is a transition from rainy season to cold dry winter ‘The coastal areas of Tamil Nadu receive maximum rainfall from. these retreating winds. Law pressure te . gh shifts causing retreat of the Monsoon Winds located parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch of the South-west monsoon. Further, it lies in the rninshadow area of the Arabian Sea branch of the south-west monsoon, r a The South-West Monsoon starts retreating from northern India in early October, Hence, the months North-East, * These winds blow from land to'sea. low temperature and low humidity prevails over the Indian region. © When they move over the Bay of Bengal they pick up moisture to bring rainfall only to the Coromandel coast.of Ocetretiag 7m af oe come Monsoon wough ‘of low P leet the oer tae te oe ried oy Pa era im cor und remain 0 temperate of high temmperatre The cor ee rnc an OPPTeSAI an rps is commonly Knee wether pay temperate Saree (ri ite Preccate of ay of Bent re pcr, Thir at ofthe Io ty aoe area ie marked by eyelonic Dect ore iegure ou ese iE nari The retreat iy clear skies a if ver the sr oreiaste pessio Sorgen. Some of the cyclonic deetissfons Wanage to crost the nate of southern peninsula Feaulting in heavy and widespread tains on the coaat of Tamil Nadu and parts of Odishe. These cyclonic storms prove from the north-east to the south- west. The retreating monsoons arc generally dry except on the coastal reas of Tamil Nadu, Odisha and parts ‘of Karnataka. The bull of the rainfall of the Coromandel Coast is derived from depressions and cyclones. Retreating Monsoon winds cause rainfall in some places that is as heavy as the summer Monsoons. Interior parts of Decean remain dry because they lie in the rainshadow of the Eastern Ghats. TROPICAL CYCLONES ee are cubis! dspressions (low presetire eystems} originating in the Bay of Bengal caused by local variations of heat and moisture. They lead to tropical eyclanes in November and December, Such cyclones ‘generally originate in the neighbourhood of the Andaman Islands between 12°N and 17°N and travel ‘west or northwest over the Bay of Bengal. Whenever {hy ecu, they case great lose of ite and property ge Or senna regooe Weather Conditions in October OCTOBER HEAT October is marked by clear cloudless sky, high temperature and high humidity. As explained earlier, this sultry and oppressive weather is referred to as ‘October Heat,’ it-#3-a transition period between the hot rainy season and cold dry season. By the end of October or by the beginning of November fine weather conditions prevail over the rest of the subcontinent, SOS The cold weather season commences: t the end of November and continues till March, The skies are telatively clear with dry weather, Night temperatures are low, specially in northern India, but the daysWeather Conditions ini January ‘are pleasantly warm. The mean temperature in the "northern plains is below 20°C and gets even lower in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Haryana. TEMPERATURE In winter season, January is usually the coldest ae ‘The temperature remains quite low during ‘winter months over the Indian sub-continent. temperatures decrease from south to north mean maximum temperature for the month of at Thiravananthapuram is as high as 31°C, 26°C, at Chennai 24°C, at Varanasi about Sand at Jammu only 10°C. ‘The night temperature in the Gangetic Plains aries from 2.5°C to 17.5°C. Temperatures fall below Mreesing paint in the higher staches of the Himalayas, Dras Valley in Kashmir near Kargil reeords rinimimm temperature of 45°C. IL ia the coldest place in fide ‘The exeemnive cold in north Hidia g this season ix due to the following reasons (a) In the month of February, the cold winds from the Caspian Sea and ‘Turlmenistan bring cold wave over the northwestern. parts of Indix; (6) Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan experience continental type of climates as they are located far away from the sea to experience its moderating influence; and (c) The enowfall in the nearby Himalayan ranges creates cold wave situation Peninsular India, the average temperature lies between 20°C to 25°C and it does not have any well defined cold weather season. The coastal areas hardly experience any seasonal ‘change in the distribution pattern of temperature due to the moderating influence of the sea and proamity to the Equator, For example, the mean maximum. temperature for June at Thiruvananthapuram is 29.5°C and it is 31°C for January. PRESSURE ‘The weather in this season is characterisedby feeble high pressure conditions over the north-western part of the plain. This is because of the oblique rays of the sun which reach the subcontinent as the sun moves to the Southern Hemisphere. ‘During this season, the North-East Trade Winds prevail over the country, These winds blow from land to sea and hence, for most parts of the country it is dry season. However, when these winds pass over Bay of Bengal they pick up some moisture and cause some amount of rainfall on the Coromandel Coast. ‘As these winds blow from north-east to south-west, they are called the North-East Monsoon Winds.TEMPERATE CYCLONES [Western Disturbances} : pete the inflow of cE ‘from the west and the ‘epressions fe ; bance: fed the we reach India during They bring the much-needed W sins aver the plains and snowfs the mountains. On an average, four or ch depressions affect Ir nthe. They December and each of the wi gencrally active betwe February. Though the amount of winter rainfall is small, it is of considerable importance for the cultivation of rabi RAINFALL Moot paris of I am them dec there are some areas Ww ‘as follows; 1. Central parts of India and northern parts of Peninsula get occasional rainfall in winter his rainfall is 2, Some weak temperate cyclones from the jal for the rabi crops. Mediterranean Sea cause rainfall in Delhi, Haryana, 3. The nor Punjab and western Utt amount of Pradesh. Though the eagre, it is quite ben “eastern part of India also gets rainfall South-West Monsoon Winds Ree ery Le en4. In aw November, while eros pcles up molstur rainfall over Ta southern tip of Penola me distribution of rainfall is determined by the following: 1, the pressure cond direction of the relief fe 2, the direction of the winds bearing moisture; 3, cyclonic depression determined by pressure pradient India can be divided into four rainfall regions! (i) Heavy Rainfall Region: This region. experiences more than 200-cm of rainfall annually and includes the following ar ( The windward side of the Western Ghats like the Western Coastal Plains and the slopes of the Western Ghats. (ii) Meghalaya Hills (Gare, Khast and Jaintia), the southern slopes of Raster Himalayas, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal. (2) Moderate Rainfall Region: This region receives rainfall ranging from 100em to 200cm a year. The following during the winter months. Arunachal Pradesh Steas are inched in this rela: and Assam get rains between 25mm and 50mm, during winters. India — Annual Rainfall (i) The northern parts of Andhra Pradesh, the southern parts of Tamil Nadu. kee ese are oval in shape. | eyclones develop over the scas. © Temperate cyclones develop over continents, pin the tropical region of Bay of Benga! * ae | over the | * i ee western part of India under the influence of we jet streams.(i) Middle Ganga Valley, some portions of Western Ghata, Eastern Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, (Odiaha. (3) Low Rainfall Region: The rainfall in this region is low, varying from 50 to [Link] arcas of low rainfall are: (i) Parts of the Deccan Plateau comprising the regions of Karnatnka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. fii) Eastern Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Kashmir f the following questions: Faire or cts 1) State bo important charastestc atures of the Monsoon rams i edn in Inia (0) (i) What is: ‘Monsoon’? i) Punjab gets rain in winter {i Te Indo Ganstic Pain pis seme te Me teces a ite Operetta Be othe Rilowing ier than Kanpur in December. 11 Region: These rea goy balers than 50cm Annially ri vas are inclusded in| thin areas come in. this Tegion: jestern Rajasthan tnd w ee ‘the following ty Southera Puna? of Ladle tow regione of the Western thy : he Deecan Plates fig The rain tying in th Fearonse oF tee Rareralt infall in India are seas hanares te ea eS a 1. There is rainfall over three months Aare peat a monty a. SOS Siaual rainfall oceurs in the ra 2. The rains are mainly of relief type. The winds clopes of the mountains get More rainfall thea, the leeward side 3. Only a small portion of the rainfall is receive from sources other than the monsoon [ky cyclonic rainfall and convectional rainfall. 4, The quantity and the time of occurrence of rainfay cannot be predicted as the rainfall is erratic. is because of this uncertainty that sometime there are floods; and sometimes droughts. 5. India has an agrarian economy dependent 4g rainfall. As such rainfall affects the economy of the country. . ble for it;central Maharashtra receiving Croay the climatic dana Tene rainy ae iver belay on tha Western ahusrushten ‘ond any av the soem car aor _, suite briefly the impact of water as jodies on th (g What are Jet Streains? ‘on the climate Sn constal areas. jus How do they influence the climate of te 4 gine a geographical reason for cach of the foto j Variations in the type of climate in aimee: sits (aj Most parts of India receive rainfall ae (i South-West Monsoon withdraw from northern teas specs etober. ,) How does El-Nino affect the climate of India? state two characteristic features of North-East Monson. Mention three important features of rainfall in indin. ive a geographical reason for each of the following {g Pune receives less rainfall than Mumbai, ji) Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall but temperate cyclones bring light rainfall. (ii) Kerela has a tropical climate while Punjab has a continental climate. i stinguish between ‘Burst of Monsoon’ and ‘Break of Monsoon’. 8) a Define: (i) Western Disturbances (ti) Mango Showers, 4) Name two regions which get very little rain from the Summer Monsoon. |i) Name any two local winds which blow in India during the summer season. | Give @ geographical reason for each of the following: |i) The monsoon rain is unevenly distributed over India- India during winter season, the North-East Monsoon season. “(ij Excessive cold in north \iii) Most of the India remains dry during eant by the season of ‘Retreating Monsoon’? ing Monsoon rain is experienced, the North-East Trade Winds dominate. \) How da these winds affect the climate of India? n for each of the following: t freeze in winter. scanty rainfall What is m b) Name the months in which Retreat " i) (i) Name the seasons during which Give a geographical reasoi i The northern plains of India do no (i) n spite of Aravali Range, Rajasthan receives (ii) Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi.the winter semnon, sce mesuetca at “opera {e) Seate the bene ae OH) ea of the Flow rch of te som Weet MOM Mg ar trom ae Arabian Sem OF mber- fi) Mangalore isnot cold even. IB of Dece! iy Bven én summer Shi 2.8 te) Give tro points af difference between the Arabians West Monsoon Winds {h) Name any two states that reeeive rain i January-February from 1G. W What causes the winter rain along Coromandel coast? Alp Name a state which gets suicient rainfall fram the winter m (6) Give & geographical season for each of the following: i) Western part of Rajasthan io a desert region. (i) Kochi haa a lower annual range of temperature than Agra. (li) The Northern plains and Punjab receive winter cyclonic faim in winter. 0.8 [ab Give two points of difference between Tropical Cyclones and Temperate Cyclones. (®) An Inter-Sehool Football Match at Visakhapatnam from November 1 to 3 had to be cancelled because Of bad weather. Give an explanation for this happening. Your explanation should provide the technical ame of this srason in India, as well as the pressure conditions over the Bay of Bengal. {e) (Name one region which gets rainfall from the Retrenting Monsoon. {i Name two areas which get more than 200 cm of rainfall in India. (d) Ge a geographical reason for each of the following: ti Kanyakumari experiences an equable climate (0) Chennai has & lower annual i! r ‘range of temperature than. ow, {ii Mangalore experiences more rainfall than Mysore. a sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch of Soup, North-East Mensoons. jonsoon.PAH Which h mpetiince yer area havin, F temperatun. and mark the Th e peratuire and LAR in an area bit