Regulators

Types of Regulators
Hydraulic Design
Structural Design
Floor Design
Detailed Drawings
Example
 · Are constructed at sites having mild land slopes
Classification of Regulators:

I – According to purpose:
1- Regulation of Discharge “Q”
2- Regulation of Water slopes (and velocity)
3- Measurement of Discharge “Q”
4- Division or Diversion of Discharge
5- Change in bed slope

II – According to location
1- Head Regulator
2- Intermediate Regulator
3- Escape Regulator
4- Diversion Regulator

III – According to Material (Type of Construction)

1- Masonry Arch Regulator
2- Mixed Type Regulator (masonry + RC)
3- RC Regulator

Location of regulators
 Should always be located at straight reaches (position “a”)
Never located within curves in waterways (either silting or scouring is liable to occur causing destruction of the regulator
(position “b”)
At diversion; location should be chosen 50-200m DS the point of diversion “c”

Advantages of Regulators to weirs

1. Regulator may be fully opened at flood time giving enough water way area to avoid excess heading
up
2. both US & DS water levels are controlled
3. minimize silting at US
 General Layout Showing Types of Regulators According to Location

Water profile through regulator vents

Mean Water Slopes of Waterways in Egypt:

· In North Egypt: 10 cm/km

· In South Egypt: 12 cm/km
· In the Fayum Province: ~ 2.0 m/ km

► Span Width of Regulator Vents varies from 5 to 12 meters

► Velocity through Regulator Vents

Type of Regulator Span (width) of Water Velocity

(According to size) Regulator Vents (m) through Regulator
Vent (m/sec)
Small 1-2 1.0 m/sec
Moderate 2<span<4 1.25 – 1.50 m/sec
Big 4<span<5 1.50 – 2.0 m/sec
Barrages on Rivers 5<span to 8 & more 2.0 – 2.5 m/sec

Span Widths of Barrages in Egypt; normally 5.0m

New Delta Barrages = 8m

Naga Hamadi Barrages = 6m

Edfina Barrages = 8m

New Esna Barrages = 12 m

Location of regulator according to bed level

Principles of Design

i) Hydraulic Design
To get the area of water way
 Discharge is considered for fully opened
Regulator
Determination of heading up
Check the velocity through regulator vents

ii) Floor design

To determine the floor length
To cover the floor length by regulator floor
To check the percolation length
To determine the floor thickness
To make adequate precautions against
undesired percolation

iii) Structural Design

To determine the dimensions and check the stability of the structural elements which are: Piers;
Abutments; wing walls Roadway (bridge); gates Cranes and lifting devices

Hydraulic design of regulators

Canal cross sectional area =

The following conditions (limitations) should be considered

1 1 m/sec < velocity “V”through vent < 2.0 m/sec
2 Carrying hydraulic design assuming regulator vents are fully opened
3 Heading Up is always < 10 cm
4 b.rg / Bcanal : from 0.6 to 1.0

► to get the area of vents “Avents ”; assume Vvent = (2-3) Vcanal

Range of velocity values through

regulator vents

then;
 and S = 2 ; 2.5 ; 3.0 ; 3.5 ; 4.0 m

Then,

►Check again the value of velocity through regulator to be within the safe limits; Vactual

►Check the heading-up caused by the contraction due to regulator vents; hL

►Heading UP =

►Where c is the coefficient due to contraction & has the values

c. = 0.72 S < 2.0 m

= 0.82 2 ≤ S ≤ 4.0 M

= 0.92 S > 4.0 m

►Pier thickness; tp
 For pl. concrete piers

For RC piers

Division of Flow through Diversion Canals

Where:
Va = water velocity at US canal
a. = canal cross sectional area at US of regulator

A = area of regulator vents

α ,β = diversion angle from US flow direction

for intermediate regulator: θ = 0; cos θ =1

for head regulator, θ =90, cos θ =0

Types of flow through Regulators

Flow may be above, below or between gates

Main Elements of Regulators
1- The water area of vents (S*dw)
2- The bridge
3- The piers between the regulator vents
4- The abutments
5- The floor
6- The gates
Forces acting on Regulator

Pu - Upstream water pressure

PD - Downstream water pressure acting on the DS emergency groove

PL - Water pressure in lateral direction when one vent is closed for repair

PW - Wind pressure on exposed surface (if any)

W1 - Weight of bridge + live load (for worst case of loading)

W2 - Own weight of pier

W3 - Own weight of gates + lifting apparatus (if any

Piers

►Effective Length of Pl. C. or masonry Pier “Leff.”

= Part between US &DS emergency grooves

►Effective Length of RC Pier “Leff.”

= Whole length except curved parts

►Pier thickness, tPier = S/4 to S/3 ≥ 1.0 m

►Abutment pier: every tenth pier; tp = 4.0 m

►Grooves are lined with cast iron except emergency grooves
►Grooves dimensions = 0.2 * 0.2m or 0.4 * 0.4m
Stability of Piers
Stability of Regulator Piers
Cases of Loading
Road Bridges

►Depend on class & importance of road

►Road bridge: consists either of RC slab; of slab & main girders or of slab, main & cross girders, depending on the span width

►Wearing surface = 2.2 t/ m3

►R.C. = 2.5 t/ m3

Cont. Bridges
 Load Distribution on Bridge Elements
One-Way Slab on Main Girder
Slab Type Bridge
Stability of the abutment
Critical case (during repair of the regulator)
►Stability should be checked against overstressing & overturning

►Take moments about “o”

►Resultant of acting forces should lie within the middle third of width at any section

►No tensile stresses are allowed in pl. concrete abutments

Objectives of regulator floor

1- provide enough percolation length

2- provide enough scour length
3- distribute the wt. of piers and reactions over the under soil
Cont. Regulator Floor
►Regulator floor is treated as a Continuous inverted slab under soil reaction
Floor Design at working time
Gates

1 – Butcher type:

Is operated by 2 operating wheels for each gate using worn gear

2 – Fahmy Henien Type

Operated by an operating wheel and a system of gears. One wheel serves more than one gate (up to 3 gates)

3 – Radial gates

· Segmental gates
· Sector gates
· Drum gates

Lifting devices
- Gates are suspended by chains

- Gates are raised or lowered by: a winch or a gantry

- Load transmitted to pier: own wt. of winch and crane

own wt. of gate

friction forces

transmitted dynamic forces

‫ ﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﻞ اﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ‬15 ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻮﻧﺶ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬HWL
Regulation by Timber Logs

Steel Gates
For Pipe Culverts & Very small Regulators
 Fahmy Henein Type gates

►S ≤ 3.0 – 3.50 m

►Operates 2 to 3 gates with one common winch

Design of steel gates

1- vertical leaf gates; which have the types:

 Single Leaf Gates

Double Leaf Gates

Types of Steel Plate Gates

i) Plate gate S ≤ 1.0 m tplate = 6 mm thick

ii) Steel plate supporter by horizontal ribs S ≤ 8.0 m

Each plate consists of:

a. horizontal ribs
b. end vertical post
c. hard wood plank
d. skin plate (as shown in the figure)
iii) Truss gate S = (12 – 20) m

Supporting girders are designed as a truss

Sill Arrangement below Gates

Number of ribs in a steel gate

►Ribs are made of: I-beam – channel section – T-section

►Spacing between ribs: 40 – 120 cm

F = allowable stress for skin metal

µ = coefficient. = 0.75, when welded from 4 sides

t = thickness of skin plate = 10- 15 mm

Design of skin plate

►Designed to resist a maximum BM across the diagonal,

produced by the water pressure as uniformly distributed load

►As a slab supported freely on 4 sides

►Load “W” t/m` across the diagonal =

►Max BM across the diagonal

►Section modulus

► and

Segmental Gates
A = gate area m2

By taking moments about point o, then;

r = radius of pivot

f = friction coefficient.

Q = Resultant force on pivot due to W&P

Sector Gates
Drum Gates
 EXAMPLE

A head regulator , is constructed across a branch canal according to the following data:
Main canal branch canal

HWL (14.10) (13.60)

LWL (13.30) (12.90)
Canal Bed levels (10.60) (11.00)

Maximum discharge in main canal and branch canal = 50 & 25 m3/ s

Canal Bed width for main canal and branch canal = 16 & 14 m
Side slope for both canals = 1:1

Width of bridge = 8 m

it is required to :

1) Make hydraulic design of the regulator .

2) Design the floor of the regulator using lane theory ( C L = 10 )

3)Draw and calculate the case of loading to check the stability of the pier in the transverse direction (DL = 3 t/g & LL = 5
t/g)
4) Design the gate thickness of the regulator

SOLUTION

1) Make design on branch canal (bc) section

VC = 25 /Abc

Abc = 14 * 2.6 + (2.6)2 * 1 = 43.16 m2

VC = .57 m/s assume Vr = (2-3) VC = 1.2 m/s > 1

Ar = 25 / 1.2 = 20.83 = n * S * 2.6

Assume n =2 that S = 4 m

Vac = 25/ (8*2.6) = 2 m/s > 1.2 > 1 m/s safe

tp = S/4 = 4/4 = 1 ( minimum tp = 1m )

L = n * S + (n-1) tp = 2 * 4 + 1 * 1 = .6 (14) < 9 < 14 safe

Check the heading up on us canal cross section

For head regulator

Aus = 16 * 3.5 + (3.5)2 * 1 = 68.25 m2

Vus = 50 / 68.25 = .73 m/s

S=4m C = .92
hl = (.73)2/(2*9.8*(.92)2) { (68.25)*.5/(2*4*2.6) }2

h1 < 12 cm is safe design

2) Design the floor of the regulator using lane theory ( C L = 10 )

HD = 14.10 – 13.60 = .50

HD = 13.30 – 12.90 = .40

 HD = 14.10 – 11.00 = 3.10

Take HD = 3.10 m

LL = CL * HD = 10 * 3.10 = 31 m

Assume L1 = 6 m & L2 = 10 + 3 + 2 (1/2+.5) = 15 m

LS = CS (HS).5 CS = 10

HS = 14.10 - 11.00 - Ycr & HS = 2.3 & LS = 15.2 m

Assume t2 = 2 m

L\ = (6 + 15 +15.2) * 1/3 + 2 * 2 = 16 m

L\ < LL unsafe use sheet pile

d = ( 31 – 16 )/ 2 = 7.5 m use sheet pile d = 7 m and DS apron

h2 = 3.1 - .5/10 – 6/(3*10) – 2*7/10 – (1/2+.5)/(3*10) – 1/(3*10) = 1.38

t2 = 1.3 * 1.38/1.2 = 1.5 m

t3 = t2 /2 = .75 take t3 = 1 m
 t3 = 1 = 1.3 h3/1.2

h3 = .92 m

L3 = 10 * .92 = X /3+ 1+1 X = 21 m

3)Draw the case of loading to check the stability of the pier in the

transverse direction (Mx)

F = - N/A ± (Mx/Ix) * y < 40 Kg/cm2

Where

Mx = P1 *( hw/3)* Le + 4 * 5 * (tp/4)

Le = 8 +2 = 10 m & tp = 1.25 m

hp = 14.10 – 11 + .5 = 3.6 m
N = 10 * 2.2 * 1.25* 3.6 + 4*5 +4* 8 = 151 t

Mx = (3.1)2/2 * 10 * 3.1/3 + 4 * 5 * (1.25)/4 = 55.9

Ix = 10 * (1.25)3/12 = 1.62 & y = 1.25/2 = .625

F = - 151/12.5 + (55.9/1.62) * .625 = + 9.48 unsafe increase tp

4)Design the gate thickness of the regulator

Where

a = .4 (hw+.25)

b = (S+.4)/2 & L = (a2 +b2).5

From the last equation get t

ts = t + 2 mm for corrosion

the required ts = 8 mm, 10, 12 ……………,30mm

For the first panel

Water pressure P = γw h = (1) (a-.25)

hw = 14.1 – 11 = 3.1 & hg = 3.1 + .25 = 3.35 m

S + .4 = 4 + .4 = 4.4

A = 4.4 * 3.35 = 14.74 < 16 m2 use single steel gate

a = .4 * 3.35 = 1.34 & b = 4.4 /2 = 2.2

p = 1.34 -.25 = 1.09

10000 = 1.09 * (1.34)2 * (2.2)2 /(2t2((1.34)2+(2.2)2)

t = 8.44 + 2 mm = 12 mm take tg = 12 mm