The Phrase

Recognize a phrase when you see one.

A phrase is two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair necessary to form
a clause. Phrases can be very short or quite long. Here are two examples:

After lunch

After slithering down the s tairs and across the road to scare nearly to
death Mrs. Philpot busy pruning her rose bushes

Certain phrases have specific names based on the type of word that begins or governs the word
group: noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, infinitive phrase, participle phrase, gerund
phrase, and absolute phrase.

Noun Phrases

A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers—either

before or after—which distinguish it. The pattern looks like this:

OPTIONAL MODIFIER(S) + NOUN + OPTIONAL MODIFIER(S)

Here are some examples:

The shoplifted pair of jeans

Pair = noun; the, shoplifted, of jeans = modifiers.

A cat that refused to meow

Cat = noun; a, that refused to meow = modifiers.

A great English teacher

Teacher = noun; a, great, English = modifiers.

Noun phrases function as subjects, objects, and complements:

The shoplifted pair of jeans caused Nathaniel so much guilt

that he couldn't wear them.

The shoplifted pair of jeans = subject.

Jerome adopted a cat that refused to meo w .

A cat that refused to meow = direct object.

 With her love of Shakespeare and knowledge of grammar, Jasmine
will someday be a great English teacher .

A great English teacher = subject complement.

Verb Phrases

Sometimes a sentence can communicate its meaning with a one-word verb. Other times,
however, a sentence will use a verb phrase, a multi-word verb, to express more nuanced
action or condition. A verb phrase can have up to four parts. The pattern looks like this:

AUXILIARY VERB(S) + MAIN VERB + VERB ENDING WHEN

NECESSARY

Here are some examples:

Had cleaned

Had = auxiliary verb; clean = main verb; ed = verb ending.

Should have been writing

Should, have, been = auxiliary verbs; write = main verb; ing = verb ending.

Must wash

Must = auxiliary verb; wash = main verb.

Here are the verb phrases in action:

Mom had just cleaned the refrigerator shelves when Lawrence

knocked over the pitcher of orange juice.

Sarah should have been writing her research essay, but she
couldn' t resist another short c hapter in her Stephen King novel.

If guests are c oming for dinner, we must wash our smelly dog!

Prepositional Phrases

At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with
a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.

The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. These
are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:

PREPOSITION + NOUN, PRONOUN, GERUND, OR CLAUSE

PREPOSITION + MODIFIER(S) + NOUN, PRONOUN, GERUND,

OR CLAUSE
 Here are some examples:

On time

On = preposition; time = noun.

Underneath the sagging yellow couch

Underneath = preposition; the, sagging, yellow = modifiers; couch = noun.

From eating too much

From = preposition; eating = gerund; too, much = modifiers.

A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the

prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?

The spider above the kitchen sink has just caught a fat fly.

Which spider? The one above the kitchen sink!

The librarian at the check-out desk smiles whenever she collec ts

a late fee.

Which librarian? The one at the check-out desk!

The vegetables on Noel's plate lay untouched the entire meal.

Which vegetables? The ones on Noel's plate!

As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How?

When? or Where?

While sitting in the cafeteria, Jack c atapulted peas with a spoon .

How did Jack launch those peas? With a spoon!

After breakfast , we piled the dirty dishes in the sink.

When did we ignore the dirty dishes? After breakfast!

Amber finally found the umbrella wedged under the passenger's

front seat .

Where did Amber locate the umbrella? Under the passenger's front seat!

Infinitive Phrases

An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will often
include objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought. The pattern looks like this:

INFINITIVE + OBJECT(S) AND/OR MODIFIER(S)

 Here are some examples:

To slurp spaghetti

To send the document be fore the deadline

To gulp the glass of water with such thirst that streams of liquid
ran down his chin and wet the front of his already sweat - soaked
shirt

Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these examples:

To avoid another lecture from Michelle on the benefits of

vegetarianism was Aaron's hope for their date at a nice
restaurant.

To avoid another lecture from Michelle on the benefits of vegetarianism

functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence.

Cheryl plans to take microbiology next semester when

Professor Crum, a pushover, is teaching the c ourse.

To take microbiology next semester functions as a noun because it is the direct

object for the verb plans.

The worst thing to happen during the severe thunderstorm

was a lightning strike that fried Clara's computer.

To happen during the severe thunderstorm functions as an adjective because it

modifies thing.

Ryan decided to mow the long grass on the front lawn to keep his
neighbors from complaining t o the homeowners association .

To keep his neighbors from complaining to the homeowners association

functions as an adverb because it explains why Ryan mowed the lawn.

Participle Phrases

A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is present, it
will dependably end in ing. Likewise, a regular past participle will end in a consistent ed.
Irregular past participles, unfortunately, conclude in all kinds of ways [Check a dictionary
for help].

Since all phrases require two or more words, a participle phrase will often include objects
and/or modifiers that complete the thought. The pattern looks like this:

PARTICIPLE + OBJECT(S) AND/OR MODIFIER(S)

Here are some examples:

Flexing his muscles in front of the bathroom mi rror

 Ripped from a spiral -ring notebook

Driven craz y by Grandma's endless questions

Participle phrases always function as adjectives, adding description to the sentence. Read
these examples:

The stock clerk lining up cartons of orange juice made sure t he

expiration date faced the back of the cooler.

Lining up cartons of orange juice modifies the noun clerk.

Elijah likes his eggs smothered in cheese sauce .

Smothered in cheese sauce modifies the noun eggs.

Shrunk in the dryer , the jeans hung above Joh n's ankles.

Shrunk in the dryer modifies the noun jeans.

Gerund Phrases

A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an ing word, and will often include
other modifiers and/or objects. The pattern looks like this:

GERUND + OBJECT(S) AND/OR MODIFIER(S)

Gerund phrases look exactly like present participle phrases. How do you tell the
difference? You must determine the function of the phrase.

Gerund phrases always function as nouns, so they will be subjects, subject complements,
or objects in the sentence. Read these examples:

Washing our dog Gizmo requires strong arms to keep the

squirming, unhappy puppy in the tub.

Washing our dog Gizmo = subject of the verb requires.

A good strategy for avoiding dirty dishes is eating every meal off
of paper towels .

Eating every meal off of paper towels = subject complement of the verb is.

Susie tried holding the slippery trout , but the fish flipped out
of her hands and splashed back into the stream.

Holding the slippery trout = direct object of the verb tried.

Absolute Phrases

An absolute phrase combines a noun and a participle with any accompanying modifiers or
objects. The pattern looks like this:

NOUN + PARTICIPLE + OPTIONAL OBJECT(S) AND/OR

MODIFIER(S)

Here are some examples:

His brow knitted in frustration

Brow = noun; knitted = participle; his, in frustration = modifiers.

Her fingers flying over the piano keys

Fingers = noun; flying = participle; her, over the piano keys = modifiers.

Our eyes following the arc of the ball

Eyes = noun; following = participle; arc = direct object; our, the, of the ball =
modifiers.

Rather than modifying a specific word, an absolute phrase will describe the whole clause:

His brow knitted in frustration , Thomas tried again to iron a

perfec t crease in his dress pants.

Franc ine played the difficult concerto, her fingers flying over
the piano keys .

We watc hed Leo launch a pass to his fullbac k, our eyes following
the arc of the ball .

©1997 - 2012 by Robin L. Simmons

All Rights Reserved.