Chapter 13
Wired LANs: Ethernet
13.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
13--1 IEEE STANDARDS
13
In 1985
1985,, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a
project, called Project 802,
802, to set standards to enable
intercommunication among equipment from a variety
of manufacturers
manufacturers.. Project 802 is a way of specifying
functions of the physical layer and the data link layer
of major LAN protocols.
protocols.
Topics discussed in this section:
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
13.2
Figure 13.1 IEEE standard for LANs
13.3
Figure 13.2 HDLC frame compared with LLC and MAC frames
13.4
13--2 STANDARD ETHERNET
13
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox
Xerox’ss
Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).
(PARC). Since then, it has
gone through four generations
generations.. We briefly discuss the
Standard (or traditional) Ethernet in this section
section..
Topics discussed in this section:
MAC Sublayer
Physical Layer
13.5
Figure 13.3 Ethernet evolution through four generations
13.6
Figure 13.4 802.3 MAC frame
13.7
Figure 13.5 Minimum and maximum lengths
13.8
Note
Frame length:
Mi i
Minimum: 64 bytes
b t (512 bits)
bit )
Maximum: 1518 bytes (12,144 bits)
13.9
Figure 13.6 Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation
13.10
Figure 13.7 Unicast and multicast addresses
13.11
Note
The least significant bit of the first byte
d fi
defines the
th type
t off address.
dd
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.
13.12
Note
The broadcast destination address is a
special
i l case off the
th multicast
lti t address
dd in
i
which all bits are 1s.
13.13
Example 13.1
Define the type of the following destination addresses:
a [Link]
a. b [Link]
b.
c. [Link]
Solution
To find the type of the address, we need to look at the
second hexadecimal digit from the left. If it is even, the
address is unicast. If it is odd, the address is multicast. If
all digits are F’s, the address is broadcast. Therefore, we
have the following:
a. This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
b. This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111.
c. This
hi is
i a broadcast
b d address
dd because
b all
ll digits
di i are F’s.
’
13.14
Example 13.2
Show how the address [Link] is sent out on
line.
Solution
Th address
The dd is
i sent left-to-right,
l f i h byte
b bby bbyte; ffor each
h
byte, it is sent right-to-left, bit by bit, as shown below:
13.15
Figure 13.8 Categories of Standard Ethernet
13.16
Figure 13.9 Encoding in a Standard Ethernet implementation
13.17
Figure 13.10 10Base5 implementation
13.18
Figure 13.11 10Base2 implementation
13.19
Figure 13.12 10Base-T implementation
13.20
Figure 13.13 10Base-F implementation
13.21
Table 13.1 Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations
13.22
13--3 CHANGES IN THE STANDARD
13
Th 10
The 10--Mbps
Mb Standard
St d d Ethernet
Eth t has
h gone through
th h
several changes before moving to the higher data
rates.
rates
t . These
Th changes
h actually
t ll openedd the
th roadd to
t the
th
evolution of the Ethernet to become compatible with
other
th high-
hi h-data
high d t -rate
data- t LANs
LAN .
LANs.
Topics discussed in this section:
Bridged Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
Full-Duplex Ethernet
13.23
Figure 13.14 Sharing bandwidth
13.24
Figure 13.15 A network with and without a bridge
13.25
Figure 13.16 Collision domains in an unbridged network and a bridged network
13.26
Figure 13.17 Switched Ethernet
13.27
Figure 13.18 Full-duplex switched Ethernet
13.28
13--4 FAST ETHERNET
13
Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN
protocols such as FDDI or Fiber Channel.
Channel. IEEE
created Fast Ethernet under the name 802802..3u. Fast
Ethernet is backward-
backward-compatible with Standard
Ethernet but it can transmit data 10 times faster at a
Ethernet,
rate of 100 Mbps
Mbps..
Topics discussed in this section:
MAC Sublayer
Physical Layer
13.29
Figure 13.19 Fast Ethernet topology
13.30
Figure 13.20 Fast Ethernet implementations
13.31
Figure 13.21 Encoding for Fast Ethernet implementation
13.32
Table 13.2 Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations
13.33
13--5 GIGABIT ETHERNET
13
Th needd for
The f an even higher
hi h data
d t rate
t resulted
lt d in
i the
th
design of the Gigabit Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps)
Mbps)..
Th IEEE committee
The itt calls
ll the
th standard
t d d 802
802..3z.
Topics discussed in this section:
MAC Sublayer
Physical Layer
Ten-Gigabit Ethernet
13.34
N t
Note
In the full-duplex
full duplex mode of Gigabit
Ethernet, there is no collision;
the
h maximum
i length
l h off the
h cable
bl is
i
determined by y the signal
g attenuation
in the cable.
13.35
Figure 13.22 Topologies of Gigabit Ethernet
13.36
Figure 13.23 Gigabit Ethernet implementations
13.37
Figure 13.24 Encoding in Gigabit Ethernet implementations
13.38
Table 13.3 Summary of Gigabit Ethernet implementations
13.39
Table 13.4 Summary of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations
13.40
