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1. Aim/Overview of the practical:

2. Task to be done:
1. (a) What is the basic difference between BASH and DOS?
(b) Is there any difference between UNIX and LINUX?
(c) Elaborate the functions of kernel along with the types of kernel.
(d) What are the advantages of an open-source?
2. Suppose recently your company switched their operating systems from Microsoft to Linux. Now you have
all documents in MS word, what you will do to save all of that work in Linux operating system?
3. Perform installation of Linux in dual boot. Explain the detailed steps along with screenshots.

3. Concept used:

Answer 1.
(a).
The major difference between the BASH and DOS console lies in these 3 areas:
1. BASH commands are case sensitive while DOS commands are not.
2. In BASH, / character is a directory separator and \ acts as an escape character while in DOS, / serves as
a command argument delimiter and \ is the directory separator
3. DOS follows a convention in naming files, which is 8-character file name followed by a dot and 3
character for the extension. BASH follows no such convention.
 (b).
Key
Linux Unix
Differences

Linux is freely distributed,

Different flavors of Unix have
downloaded through magazines,
Cost different pricing depending upon
Books, website, etc. There are paid
the type of vendor.
versions also available for Linux.

Linux is Open Source, and Unix systems have different

thousands of programmer versions. These versions are
Development
collaborate online and contribute primarily developed by AT&T as
to its development. well as other commercial vendors.

Everyone. From home users to

The UNIX can be used in internet
User developers and computer
servers, workstations, and PCs.
enthusiasts alike.

Originally made to work in

BASH is the Linux default shell. It
Text made Bourne Shell. However, it is now
offers support for multiple
interface compatible with many others
command interpreters.
software.

Linux provides two

GUIs,viz., KDE and Gnome.
Common Desktop Environment
GUI Though there are many
and also has Gnome.
alternatives such as Mate, LXDE,
Xfce, etc.

(c).
Functions of Kernel.
1. Resource Allocation: - to manage the computer’s resource and allow other programs to run and use
these resources.
2. Process Management: - allow the execution of application.
3. Memory Management: - allow process to access the memory which is require to run the process
4. Disk Management: - for creating, deleting, formatting partition etc…
 5. I/O Device Management: - maintains list of available devices and provides I/O to physically access this
device through some port or memory location.
6. Security or Protection management: -provide security from faults and from malicious behaviors.

Types of Kernel.
1. Monolithic Kernel: Here, the OS and Kernel both run in the same memory space and suitable where
security is not a significant concern. It results in faster access, but if there is a bug in the device driver,
the entire system crashes.
2. Microkernel: Its a stripped-down version of Monolithic Kernel where the Kernel itself can do most of
the job done, and there is no need of an extra GUI. They should be used where security and the crashing
system isn’t or will not happen.
3. Hybrid Kernel: This Kernel is what we see most. Windows, Apple’s macOS. They are a mix of
Monolithic Kernel and Microkernel. It moves out drivers but keeps system services inside the Kernel –
similar to how drivers are loaded when Windows Starts the bootup process.
4. Nano Kernel: If you need to have a kernel, but its majority of function is set up outside, then this comes
into the picture.
5. Exo Kernel: This kernel only offers process protection and resource handling. However it is mostly
used when you are testing out an inhouse project, and you upgrade to a better Kernel type.

(d).

ADVANTAGES OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

1. Lesser hardware costs

Since Linux and open source solutions are easily portable and compressed, it takes lesser hardware
power to carry out the same tasks when compared to the hardware power it takes on servers, such as,
Solaris, Windows or workstations.
2. High-quality software

Open source software is mostly high-quality software. When you use the open source software, the
source code is available. Most open source software are well-designed. Open source software can
also be efficiently used in coding.
3. No vendor lock-in

IT managers in organizations face constant frustration when dealing with vendor lock-ins'. Using
open source software gives you more freedom and you can effectively address all these
disadvantages.
 4. Integrated management

By using open source software, you can benefit from integrated management. Open source software
uses technologies, such as, common information model (CIM) and web based enterprise
management (WBEM). These high-end technologies enable you to integrate and combine server,
application, service and workstation management.

5. Simple license management

When you use open source software, you would no longer need to worry about licenses. Open
source software enables you to install it several times and also use it from any location.
6. Lower software costs

Using open source software can help you minimize your expenses. You can save on licensing fees
and maintenance fees. The only expenses that you would encounter would be expenditure for
documentation, media and support.
7. Abundant support

You will get ample support when you use open source software. Open source support is mostly
freely available and can be easily accessed through online communities.
8. Scaling and consolidating

Linux and open source software can be easily scaled. With varied options for clustering, load
balancing and open source applications, such as email and database, you can enable your
organization to either scale up and achieve higher growth or consolidate and achieve more with less.

4. Steps/Commands involved to perform practical:

Answer 2.
In an office or production environment, sharing documents between different applications and operating
systems is a common issue. If you need to create, open, and edit Microsoft Word documents in Linux, you can
use LibreOffice. Both are robust word processing applications that read and write files in
Word .doc and .docx formats.

LibreOffice
LibreOffice is a free, open-source, actively maintained and frequently updated office productivity suite that is
compatible with Microsoft Office applications, including Microsoft Word. You can save your LibreOffice
Writer documents in .doc or .docx format, and then either opens correctly in Microsoft Word.

Installing LibreOffice

LibreOffice can be installed using your package manager. To install it, open a terminal and use the following
command appropriate for your operating system:

CentOS 7
sudo yum update && sudo yum install
libreoffice
Once LibreOffice is installed, it should appear in the Applications menu of your GUI. You can also run it from
a terminal with the command:

libreoffice

Open, Create and Save Documents

Writer has extensive support for all common file formats. By default Writer uses the ODF format with the file
extension odt and you should normally use this format. However if want to share your documents with people
who use Microsoft Office you can save your document to the docx format.

Creating

When you open Writer by default creates a new empty document. You can also create a new Writer document

using the   icon from the Standard Toolbar.

Open

To open a document stored on your computer or other remote location use the   icon and specify the file
location in the Open File dialog window.

Saving

To save a document use the   icon. The first time you save a document the Save as Dialog appears and
prompts you to give a name, path and file format for the document (the default format is odt). From now on
every time you press the save button all your changes will be automatically saved.

Save as

If you want to create a copy of the current document use the Save As command (click on the arrow right to the
Save button).
In the Save As dialog window specify the new filename and path. The copy of your document will now become
the active file in Writer.

Saving as a Microsoft Word document

If you need to exchange files with users of Microsoft Word who are unwilling or unable to receive Open
Document Format (ODF) files, you can save a document as a Microsoft Word file.

1. First save your document in the file format used by LibreOffice Writer, ODT.

2. Then click File > Save As.

3. On the Save As dialog, in the File type (or Save as type) drop-down menu, select the type of Word
format you need. You may also choose to change the file name.
 5. Result/Output/Writing Summary:

Answer 3.
Prerequisites
 Recommended minimum of 10GB of free disk space
 CentOS 7 ISO install file
Follow the Steps to Install CentOS 7
Step 1: Download CentOS 7
To download the official and up-to-date CentOS 7 ISO file, navigate to [Link]
Our recommendation for non-enterprise environments is to download the DVD ISO option, which includes
the GUI. We recommend the Minimal ISO option only for production enterprise environments.

Step 2: Create Bootable USB or DVD

Now that you have downloaded the ISO image, you can create a bootable USB, burn it on a DVD or load the
image on a VM.
Several applications can help you create a bootable USB. We recommend using Etcher. Download the
application for your system (Windows, macOS or Linux), install and run.
The setup is intuitive and easy:
1. Select the CentOS 7 ISO image.
2. Insert the USB flash.
3. Find the USB and select it in the Select drive step.
4. Click Flash.
Step 3: Boot the CentOS ISO File
Upon booting the CentOS 7 ISO file, you can begin the installation process. To do so, select Install CentOS 7.
That will start the installer’s graphical interface.
If you are booting from a USB, click the Install to Hard Drive icon on the desktop. That will open the
installation wizard.

Step 4: Install CentOS

Before starting the installation process itself, select which language you would like to use during installation.
The default option is English.
Click Continue to confirm your selection.

There are a couple of settings you would want to configure. All items marked with a warning icon must be
configured before you begin the installation.
System configurations outlined below may differ based on use case.
Set Date and Time
To set a date and time for the system, click the Date & Time icon under the Localization heading. Select a
region/time zone on the map of the world as seen below. Once you have selected your time zone, hit Done to
save your changes.
Keyboard Layout
Select the Keyboard option under the Localization heading to set the keyboard layout.
The system default is English (US) and the language you selected in the initial window. Click the plus icon to
add more layouts. Move a layout to the top of the list to make it the default option.
Click the Options button to define a key combination for switching between keyboard layouts. When you are
satisfied with the settings defined, select the Done button to confirm the changes.
System Language
Next, select the Language Support option under the Localization heading. The language selected in
the Welcome to CentOS 7 window will be the default system language. If necessary, select additional
languages and hit the Done button once you are finished.
Software Selection
Select the Software Selection option under the Software heading. You will see a list of predefined Base
Environment options and optional add-ons. This part entirely depends on your needs.
 Minimal Install. This is the most flexible and least resource-demanding option. Excellent for
production environment servers. Be prepared to customize the environment.
 Predefined Server Options. If you are 100% certain about the role of your server and don’t want to
customize it for its role, select one of the predefined server environments.
 GNOME Desktop and KDE Plasma Workspaces. These environments include a full graphical user
interface.
When you have selected the base environment and optional add-ons, click the Done button. Wait for the system
to check for software dependencies before you move on to the next option.
Select Installation Destination
Click the Installation Destination option under the System heading. Check your machine’s storage under
the Local Standard Disks heading. CentOS 7 will be installed on the selected disk.
Partitioning
Option 1: Automatic Partitioning
Under the Other Storage Options heading, select the Automatically configure partitioning checkbox. This
ensures the selected destination storage disk will automatically partition with
the /(root), /home and swap partitions. It will automatically create an LVM logical volume in the XFS file
system.
If you do not have enough free space, you can reclaim disk space and instruct the system to delete files.
When finished, click the Done button.
Option 2: Manual Partitioning
Select the I will configure partitioning checkbox and choose Done.
If you want to use other file systems (such as ext4 and vfat) and a non-LVM partitioning scheme, such as btrfs.
This will initiate a configuration pop-up where you can set up your partitioning manually.
This is an advanced option that depends on your requirements.
Network and Hostname
Click the Network & Host Name option under the System heading.
For the hostname, type in the fully qualified domain name of your system. In our example, we will set
the Hostname as my_server.[Link], where my_server is the hostname while [Link] is the
domain.
Select Configure… and select to add IPv4 settings or IPv6 settings depending on what you have. Add static IP
addresses to help identify your computer on the network. Bear in mind that your network environment’s settings
define these values.

To add a static IP address:

1. Select Manual from the Method drop-down.
2. Click the Add button to add a static IP address.
3. Enter the information for your network domain.
 IP Address
 Netmask Address
 Gateway Address
 DNS Servers Address
4. Click Save to confirm your changes.
By default, all detected Ethernet connections are disabled. Click the ON/OFF toggle to enable the connection.
After the installation of CentOS.
Security Policy
Select the Security Policy option under the System heading. Choose a profile from the list and hit Select
profile. Hit the Done button to confirm your selection.
Start the Installation Process
Once everything is set up according to your liking, hit Begin Installation to start the install. This will start the
initial installation process.
Define Root Password
To define the root user, select the Root Password icon.
Select a Root Password and re-enter it in Confirm field.
Root user accounts should consist of at least 12 characters, including uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers,
and special characters. We cannot stress enough the importance of a well-defined root password.
Click the Done button to proceed.

Create User
To begin, select the User Creation option.
Add a new system account user by defining the full name, user name, and password. We recommend you
check the Make this user administrator and Require a password to use this account checkboxes. This will
grant the user root privileges.
After you fill in all of the fields and define a secure password, select Done in the upper-left corner of the
screen.
Wait for the installation process to complete.

Before you start using your new CentOS installation, reboot the system. Click the Reboot button.
Log into the system by using the credentials you defined previously.

Learning outcomes (What I have learnt):

[Link] of linux
[Link] about how to save , open , create docx. File in linux

Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet 10
2. Demonstration/Performance /Pre 5
Lab Quiz
3. Post Lab Quiz 5