Economics project

PRESENTATION
OF
DATA

DONE BY:- KHAILASH.S

 Textual presentation of data.
Textual presentation of data means presenting data in the form of words, sentences and paragraphs.

 Textual presentation provides more room for interpretation and understanding of the meaning of the data.

The textual presentation of data is very helpful in presenting contextual data. It helps the researcher explain
and analyse specific points in data.

Advantages

1. Textual presentation of data allows the researcher to interpret the data more elaborately during the
presentation. According to In and Lee, 2017, text is the principal method for explaining findings, outlining
trends, and providing contextual information
2. It allows the researcher to present qualitative data that cannot be presented in graphical or tabular form.
3. Textual presentation can help in emphasizing some important points in data. It allows the researcher to
explain the data in contextual manner and the reader can draw meaning out of it.
4. Small sets of data can be easily presented through textual presentation. For example, simple data like,
there are 30 students in the class 20 of whom are girls while 10 are boys is easier to understand through
textual presentation. No table or graph is required to present this data as it can be comprehended through text.

Disadvantages
1. The major disadvantage of the textual presentation of data is that it produces extensive data in the form
of words and paragraphs. It becomes difficult for the reader to draw conclusions in a glance. On the other
hand data presented in tables or graphs can make it easier for the readers to draw conclusions from the data.
2. Textual presentation of data is not suitable for large sets of data that has too many details. Graphical or
tabular forms allow the researcher to make large data displayed easily.
3. In textual presentation one has to read through he whole text to understand and comprehend the main
point.

TABULAR REPRESENTATION OF DATA:

What is Tabular Presentation of Data?

A table helps representation of even large amount of data in an engaging, easy to read and
coordinated manner. The data is arranged in rows and columns. This is one of the most
popularly used forms of presentation of data as data tables are simple to prepare and read.
The most significant benefit of tabulation is that it coordinates data for additional statistical
treatment and decisionmaking. The analysis used in tabulation is of 4 types:

1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
3. Temporal
4. Spatial

1. Qualitative Classification: When the classification is done according to traits, such as

physical status, nationality, social status, etc., it is known as qualitative classification.
 2. Quantitative Classification:  In this, the data is classified on the basis of features which
are quantitative in nature. In other words, these features can be estimated quantitatively.
3. Temporal Classification: In this classification, time becomes the categorising variable
and data are classified according to time. Time may be in years, months, weeks, days,
hours, etc.,
4. Spatial Classification: When the categorisation is done on the basis of location, it is
called spatial classification. The place may be a country, state, district, block,
village/town, etc.,

Objectives Of Tabulation:
Following are the Objectives Of Tabulation:

 To Simplify the Complex Data

 To Bring Out Essential Features of the Data
 To Facilitate Comparison
 To Facilitate Statistical Analysis
 Saving of Space

What Are the Three Limitations of a Table?

Following Are the Major Limitations of a Table:
(1) Lacks Description

 The table represents only figures and not attributes.

 It ignores the qualitative aspects of facts.
(2) Incapable of Presenting Individual Items

 It does not present individual items.

  It presents aggregate data.
(3) Needs Special Knowledge

 The understanding of the table requires special knowledge.

 It cannot be easily used by the layman.

Explain the Main Parts of a Table:

Following Are the Main Parts of a Table:

(1) Table Number  Table No. is the very first item mentioned on the top of each table for easy
identification and further reference.

(2) Title  Title of the table is the second item which shown just above the table.
 It narrates about the contents of the table so, it has to be very clear, brief and
carefully worded.

(3) Headnote  It is the third item just above the Table & shown after the title.
 It gives information about unit of data like, “Amount in Rupees or $”, “Quantity
in Tonnes” etc.
 It is generally given in brackets.

(4) Captions or  At the top of each column in a table, a column designation/head is given to
Column Headings explain figures of the column.
 This is column heading is called “Caption”.

(5) Stubs or Row  The title of the horizontal rows is called “Stubs”.
Headings

(6) Body of the  It contains the numeric information and reveals the whole story of investigated
Table facts. Columns are read vertically from top to bottom and rows are read
horizontally from left to right.

(7) Source Note  It is a brief statement or phrase indicating the source of data presented in the
table.

(8) Footnote  It explains the specific feature of the table which is not self-explanatory and has
not been explained earlier. For example, Points of exception if any.

DIAGRAMANTIC PRESENTATION OF DATA

Diagrammatic Presentation of Data gives an immediate understanding of the real situation to be
defined by data in comparison to the tabular presentation of data or textual representations.
Diagrammatic presentation of data translates pretty effectively the highly complex ideas included
in numbers into more concrete and quickly understandable form. Diagrams may be less certain
but are much more efficient than tables in displaying the data. There are many kinds of diagrams
in general use. Amongst them the significant ones are the following:
(i) Geometric diagram
(ii) Frequency diagram
(iii) Arithmetic line graph

Basics of Diagrammatic Presentation

Concept of Diagrammatic Presentation

 Diagrammatic presentation is a technique of presenting numeric data through

Pictograms, Cartograms, Bar Diagrams & Pie Diagrams etc. It is the most attractive and
appealing way to represent statistical data. Diagrams help in visual comparison and have
a bird’s eye view.
 Under Pictograms, we use pictures to present data. For example, if we have to show the
production of cars, we can draw cars. Suppose, production of cars is 40,000. We can
show it by a picture having four cars, where 1 Car represents 10,000 units.
 Under Cartograms, we make use of maps to show the geographical allocation of certain
things.
 Bar Diagrams are rectangular in shape placed on the same base. Their height
represents the magnitude/value of the variable. Width of all the bars and gap between
the two bars is kept the same.
 Pie Diagram is a Circle which is sub-divided or partitioned to show the proportion of
various components of the data.
 Out of the above, only One Dimensional Bar Diagrams and Pie Diagrams are in our
scope.
General Guidelines

 Title – Every diagram must be given a suitable ‘Title’ which should be small and self-
explanatory.
 Size – Size of the diagram should be appropriate neither too small nor too big.
 Paper used – Diagrams are generally prepared on blank paper.
 Scale – Under one-dimensional diagrams especially ‘Bar Diagrams’ generally Y-axis is
more important from the point of view of the decision of scale because we represent
magnitude along this axis.
 Index – When two or more variables are presented and different types of line/shading
patterns are used to distinguish, then an index must be given to show their details.
 Selection of Proper Type of Diagram – It’s very important to select the correct type of
diagram to represent data effectively.

Advantages of Diagrammatic Presentation

(1) Diagrams Are Attractive and Impressive:

 Data presented in the form of diagrams are able to attract the attention of even a
common man.
(2) Easy to Remember
  Diagrams have a great memorising effect.
 The picture created in mind by diagrams last much longer than those created by figures
presented through the tabular form.
(3) Diagrams Save Time

 It presents complex mass data in a simplified manner.

 Data presented in the form of diagrams can be understood by the user very quickly.
(4) Diagrams Simplify Data

 Diagrams are used to represent a huge mass of complex data in a simplified and
intelligible form, which is easy to understand.
(5) Diagrams Are Useful in Making Comparisons

 It becomes easier to compare two sets of data visually by presenting them through
diagrams.
(6) More Informative

 Diagrams not only depict the characteristics of data but also bring out other hidden facts
and relations which are not possible from the classified and tabulated data.

Types of One-dimensional Diagram:

One dimensional diagram is that diagram in which the only length of the diagram is considered. It
can be drawn in the form of a line or in various types of bars.
Following Are the Types of One-dimensional Diagram:
(1) Simple Bar Diagram
Simple Bar diagram comprises of a group of rectangular bars of equal width for each class or
category of data.
(2) Multiple Bar Diagram
This diagram is used when we have to make a comparison between two or more variables like
income and expenditure, import and export for different years, marks obtained in different
subjects in different classes, etc.

Meaning of Pie Diagram:

A Pie Diagram is a circle divided into sections. The size of the section indicates the magnitude of
each component as a part of the whole.
Steps Involved in Constructing Pie Diagram

1. Convert the given values in percentage form and multiply it with 3.6’ to get the amount of
angle for each item.
2. Draw a circle and start the diagram at 12’O clock position.
3. Take the highest angle first with protector (D) and mark lower angles successively.
4. Shade different angles differently to show distinction in each item.

What is a histogram?
A histogram is a plot that lets you discover, and show, the underlying
frequency distribution (shape) of a set of continuous data. This allows the
inspection of the data for its underlying distribution (e.g., normal
distribution), outliers, skewness, etc. An example of a histogram, and the
raw data it was constructed from, is shown below:

36 25 38 46 55 68 72 55 36 38

67 45 22 48 91 46 52 61 58 55

Frequency Polygons
A frequency polygon is almost identical to a histogram, which is used to compare sets of data
or to display a cumulative frequency distribution. It uses a line graph to represent quantitative
data.
Statistics deals with the collection of data and information for a particular purpose. The
tabulation of each run for each ball in cricket gives the statistics of the game. Tables, graphs,
pie-charts, bar graphs, histograms, polygons etc. are used to represent statistical data
pictorially.
Frequency polygons are a visually substantial method of representing quantitative data and its
frequencies. Let us discuss how to represent a frequency polygon.

Example
Example 1: In a batch of 400 students, the height of students is given in the following
table. Represent it through a frequency polygon.

Frequency curve:

A frequency-curve is a smooth curve for which the total area is taken to

be unity. It is a limiting form of a histogram or frequency polygon.
The frequency curve for a distribution can be obtained by drawing a
smooth and free hand curve through the midpoints of the upper sides of
the rectangles forming the histogram.
Tabular Presentation.

Parts of the table.

Line Graph

Simple Bar Diagram.

Multiple Bar Diagram
Component Bar Diagram
Pie Chart
Histogram
Frequency Polygon

Frequency Curve