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CHEMISTRY CLASS NOTES
Structure of Atom L - 10
Quantum number

These number’s specify main energy level, distance of electron from nucleus. Energy of electron shape
of orbitals, angular momentum of electron in orbitals. Orientation of orbital and spin of electron.

Principle of Quantum Number (n) (Orbit)

om
It was discovered by Neilz- Bohr. This quantum number specify

• Main energy level (orbit, K, L, M, N)

l.c
• Distance of electron from nucleus
𝑛2 𝑜
𝑟𝑜 = +0.529 𝐴
𝑍

ai
𝑍2
−2.18 × 10−18 2
𝑛 gm
z2
• Energy of electron E = − n2 × 13.6 ev
Z
• Velocity of electron V = × 2.188 × 108 cm/sec
n
•
@
Size of orbit
• Its values are 1, 2, 3, 4 or K, L, M, N
ul

Azimuthal Quantum Number (I) was discovered by Sommer fields

ah

This Quantum number specify

• no. of sub-shell (s, p, d, f)

ar

• Three-dimensional shape of orbitals,

• Angular momentum of electron in orbitals
aa

h
μi = √l(l + 1) ×
2π
dr

e = Azimuthal q. N

• Its values are 0 to (n-1)

ru

𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐭 e = (n - 1) Value of l for sub-

shell
1 0 1s
2 0,1 2s,2p
3 0,1,2 3s,3p,3d
4 0,1,2,3 4s,4p,4d,4f

1
1
Its values are 0 to (n-1)

Shape 𝐌𝐚𝐱 𝐞−

For

s-orbital l=0 spherical 2

p-orbitals l=1 dumb-bell 6

d-orbitals l=2 double dumb-bell 10

f-orbital l=3 Complex 14

om
Calculate 𝝁; for electron present in 𝟒𝒔 − 𝐨𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐬

For Any s orbitals l = 0

l.c
h
μ4s = √l(l + 1) ×
2π

ai
h
= √0(0 + 1) ×
2π
gm
μ1 = 0
For 3p orbital
@
For any p orbitals 𝐥 = 𝟏
h
ul

μi = √l(l + 1) ×
2π
ah

h
= √1(1 + 1) ×
2π
h
ar

= √2 ×
2π
d- Orbital
aa

for any d – orbital 𝒍 = 𝟐

dr

h
μ = √2(2 + 1) ×
2π
ru

h
= √6 ×
2π
f – orbital

Any f orbitals 𝒍 = 𝟑
h
μ = √3(3 + 1) ×
2π

2
 h
√12 ×
2π
Magnetic Quantum number (m)

By Zeemann

This specifies

• Orientation of orbitals
• Number of orbitals in a sub – shell
• Spitting of spectral lines in magnetic field is called Zeemann effect
• The value of magnetic Q. N. depends on value of azimuthal Q. N i.e., −l to + l through zero

om
N (orbit) 𝒍 = (𝒏 − 𝟏) Value of m which indicate Value of m

l.c
No of orbitals (𝑚 = 2𝑙 + 1) For orbital axis

ai
1 0 1 0
2 1 gm 3 −1, 0, +1
3 2 5 −2, −1, 0, +1, +2
4 3 7 −3, −2, −1, 0
+ 1, +2, +3
@
ul

For s – orbitals the axis of magnetic Q. N = m= 0

ah
ar
aa
dr

Spin Q. N (s) = George Uhlenbeck

= Samuel Goudsmit
ru

• Determine the orientation of spin electron on its own axis.

• i.e. clockwise and anti – clockwise
for clockwise 𝑠 = +1/2
Anticlockwise 𝑠 = −1/2
• 2 = Determine the spin momentum of electron
ℎ
𝜇𝑠 = √𝑠(𝑠 + 1) ×
2𝜋