ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Lecture:
l. Rectangular Coordinates
A. Distance Between Two Points
d = PrPz
from the Pythagorean Theorem:
d2 = (xe- * {yr-yr},
",)t
d=m
B. Midpoint of a Line Segment
The coordinates of the point {x,y} midway
between Pr (xr,yr) and Pz (x2,y2) are:
)(=Yz (x1 + x2)
y= 1/z (yr + yr)
C. Division of a Line Segment
1. Internal Division - lf the line segments PrP, PPz are such that y
PrP [1
FFr= r,
then, the coordinates of P are:
I2X1 + I1X2
- ft+fz
,,_hYt+frYz
' - lr+tz
2. External Division - since P1P and PP2 are
measured in opposite directions, their
ratio mus! be negative
D. Inclination ( s ) - The angle of inclination oi a straight line is the smallest
positive angle from the positive x-axis to the line.
E. Slope {m) - The slope of the line is the tangent of the angle of inclination
lTl = IZlfl 0,
A line sloping upward to the right has a positive slope.
A line sloping downward to the right has a negative slope.
The slope of the line parallel to the x-axis is zero.
m =tan *:S
F. Parallel Lines - lf two lines are parallel,
they have the same slope
Iilt = l1z
G. Perpendicular Lines - Two lines are perpendicular
if and only if their slopes are
negative reciprocals.
lile = -1lmr
H. Angle between Two Lines
. -IIlz ITlt
I€lflP= T-mlm,
l. Area ol a Polygon
Area : l;i ;; ii i. iil Yz
0r'az)
fl. Polar Ccordinates A
\,d
/
A. Distance between Two Points t\
A 'v"e')
From cosine Law: ,r6"-el
d2 =rr2 +rz2-2rrrecos (02-or) #
lll. Curves; Functions
A. Locus ol an Equation -The locus of an equation is a curve containing those
points, and only those points, whose coordinates satisfy
the equation.
B. Intercepts on the Axes
1. x-intercept. The directed distance from the origin cut off by the curve on
the x-axis.
2. y-intercept. The directed distance from the origin cut off by the curve on
the y-axis.
C. Classification of Curves
1. Algebraic Plane Curve -one whose equation in rectangular coordinates
is a polynomial in x and y equated to zero
Example: x' - xy+ x + 3y - 5=0
Xs+2x2y-y3+5y=0
2. Transcendental Curve - one whose equation in rectangular coordinates
involves transcendental functions
ExamPle:Y=sinx Y=logx
D. I}egree cf an Algebraic curve
An algebraiciurve whose equation is of the nth degree is called a curve of
the nth degree.
ExamPle:3x2y+2x2-y=6 is of third degree
vlx=1 is of first degree
iF: t* + 3)/ (x2 + 2x) is of fourth degree
lV. The Straight Line
A. General Equation of First Degree
Ax + By + C = 0 Every straight line may be represented by an equation
of the first degree.
B. Line Parallel to a Goordinate Axis
C. Point-Slope Form: y -yr = m(x - x1)
D. Lines through Two Points: y -yr _,!z Jt
X-Xt -,:{-2-Xl
E. Slop-lntercept Form: = ffix + b
y
F. lntercept Form: rta + ylb : 1
G. Polar Equation of the Straight Line: rcos {F - e) = p
H. Change of Coordinate System
X=ICOS0
v=rSifl0
xt +t' =Y'
,:'{f,V
cos0=++y' sin0=+
",1x" { xt + f
l. Normal Form of the Equation of a Straight Line: xcos B + ysin B = p
To reduce to the Normal Form:
1. Theequation Ax+ By+C= 0, dividethrough by{A2+ 82 , usingthe
sign of B in front of the square root, then transfer the constant term to
the other side of the equation;
[Link] equation Ax + C = 0, solve for x.
Directed Distance from Line to Point
The directed distance from the line
Ax + By + C = 0 to the point (x1,y1) is:
A*t +-By, 1 C
v-: _
^
where the ambiguous sign is taken like
the sign of B, or it B:0, like the sign of A
V. Conic Sections - The path of a point which moves so that its distance from a
fixed point is in a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line.
General Equation of a Conic: At2+ Bxy+Cf + Dx +Ex + F=0
Focus - fixed point
Directrix - fixed line
Line of Symmetry - line through the focus perpendicular to the directrix
Latus Rectum - line through the focus parallel to the directrix
Axis of the Curve - line through the focus perpendicular to the directrix
Vertex - the point midway between the focus and the directrix
1. The Circle (formed by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone)
A circle is the locus of a point that moves at a constant distance from
a fixed point called the center.
A. General Equation:
An equation of the second degree in which x2 and yz have equal
coefiicients and the xy-term is missing represents a circle.
x'*f+Dx+Ey+F=0
B. Equation of a Circle
lf the center is the origin, lf the center is the point (h,k),
x'+f=f (x-h)'+(Y-k)'=f
2. Parabola ( formed by a plane parallel to the lateral side of the cone)
The locus of points which are equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line.
The conic whose eccentricity is 1. The length of the LatuS Rectum = 4a.
A. GeneralEquation
An equation of the second degree in which the xy-term is missing and
only one square term is present represents a parabola with its axis parallel to
the coordinate axis.
Af+Dx+Ex+F=0
Ax2+Dx+Ev+F=0
B. Standard Forms
a. V (0,0)
f-= +u curue opens to the right, axis Ox
y' = -4ax curve opens to the left, axis Ox
xz = 4ay curve opens upward, axis Oy
x2 = -4ay curve opens downward, axis Oy
b. v (h,k)
{y -k)2 = 4a(x - h) curve opens to the right, axis // to Ox
(V -k)2 = -4a(x - h) curve opens to the left, axis // to Ox
(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k) curve opens to the upward, axis llto Oy
(x - h)2 = -4a(y - k) curve opens to the downward, axis ll to Oy
3. Ellipse (formed by a plane oblique to the axis of the cone )
The locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distances from two
fixed points is constani. The conic section for which e < 1 .
Eccentricity e = cla = a/d < '1.0 Latus Rectum = 2b2la
Directrix d=a/e ae = {iT
A= TIab
A. GeneralEquation
An equation of the s^econd grade in which the xy-term is missing and
the coefficients of x' andy'have the same sign represents an ellipse with
axes parallelto the coordinate axes.
Ax2+Cf+Dx+Ey+F=0
B. Standard Forms
a. C (0,0)
x'la' * tf fb' = 1 major axis is Ox
Y2la'+x2lb2 =1 major axis is Oy
b. e (h,k)
(x-h)2+ (v-k)2_, major axis is // to Ox
a, b2 -r
major axis is // to Oy
C. Hyperbola ( formed by a plane parallel to the a,xis of the cone )
The locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its distances from
two fixed points is constant. The conic section for which e > 1.
Eccentricity e = clA = a/d > 1.0 Latus Rectum = 2b'la
Directrix d:a/e ae = rffibz
A. General Equation
The locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its
distances from two fixed points is constant. The conic section for which e > 1,
Ax2-Cf + Dx + Ey + F=0 axis horizontal
Cf -Ax'+ Dx + Ey + F =0 axis vertical
B. Standard Forms
a' c (0'0)
x2h2-f b, =1 transverse arong ox
y'h2 -x2/b2 = 1 transverse along Oy
b. c (h,k)
(x
- h)2 (v
- k)2 , transverse axis ll to Ox
tb'
-(v
- k)2
- (x - h)2= 1
-:r tranrverse axis // to Oy
a' .bz
Equation of a Asymptote:
y-k=rn(x-h)
where: (h,k) is the center
m = db if the axis is vertieal
m = b/a if the axis is horizontal
