ADVANCED SPECIAL SUBJECT 3.4.

PASSIVE VOICE
SECTION A. THEORY
SECTION B. USE OF ENGLISH
66. Some university courses are not _____ to/towards: hướ ng tớ i, nhắ m tớ i the needs of the students.
a) associated b) qualified c) relative d) geared
67. Before leaving the country, the businessman had to _____ his affairs.
a) switch off   b) wind up: dứ t điểm, kết thú c, sắ p xếp để giả i tá n, làm cho xong c) hang up
d) break off
68. They weren’t very busy in the shop; in fact they were quite _____.
a) contrary b) lazy c) opposite d) slack: uể oả i, ế ẩm
69. Marketing this will be expensive, but _____ it will be worth the money we spend on it.
a) at long last: sau nhiều lầ n trì hoã n b) in the long run c) in the event d) down the years
70. He found it impossible to work out the answers to all the questions, so he just gave _____.
a) off b) up c) away d) out
71. The _____ are still holding twenty people hostage on the plane.
a) kidnappers b) guerrillas: chiến sĩ du kích c) hijackers: khô ng tặc d) hooligans
72. The plastic _____ of my glasses is easily broken.
a) support b) frame c) holder d) grip
73. The most common _____ for murder is money.
a) source b) factor c) cause d) motive: độ ng cơ
74. Computer games _____ me; they’re so confusing.
a) ruffle: làm xù lên b) snaffle: buộ c cương ngự a c) scuffle: xô đẩ y, ẩu đả d) baffle: làm
khó hiểu
75. These tablets are not supposed to have any _____ effects: tác dụ ng phụ .
a) subsidiary b) secondary c) subsequent d) side
76. The juvenile delinquent: kẻ phạm tộ i vị thà nh niên was placed on _____: hưở ng á n treo for a year.
a) trial b) probation c) charge d) surveillance
77. These paintings did not come to _____: trở nên sá ng tỏ , đượ c biết tớ i until after the artist’s death.
a) sightb) light c) view d) range
78. She didn’t know _____ to turn to for financial help.
a) where b) whose c) whatd) how
79. He was _____ to explain the sudden fall in profits.
a) in the dark: bị giấ u, ko cho biết  b) in two minds about: phâ n vâ n 
c) out of touch: ko theo kịp, ko liên lạ c d) at a loss: chả biết nó i j
80. There are no such things _____ ghosts.
a) similar to b) like c) same as d) as
81. I should like to _____ your attention to the new parking regulations.
a) pay b) give c) draw d) focus
82. He decided to go to Madrid on the _____ of the moment: bố c đồ ng, ngẫ u hứ ng.
a) hunch b) reflex c) spur d) idea
83. I _____ his telephone number while he was still talking.
a) wrote up: viết 1 cái j đầ y đủ , formal b) jotted down: viết tố c ký, ghi chép vắ n tắ t
c) set down d) dashed off: (tự ) viết vộ i, bừ a
84. The possibility of an autumn election cannot be _____ out: loạ i trừ , loạ i bỏ .
a) left b) struck c) ruled d) counted
85. After half an hour, the meeting broke _____ in confusion. Break off in sth
a) out b) off c) away d) up
86. Glancing _____ his shoulder, he noticed he was being followed.
a) back b) round c) behind d) over
87. It was hoped that the Prime Minister would think better _____: quyết định ko là m j sau khi suy
nghĩ kỹ abolishing school milk.
a) of b) fromc) than d) to
88. It’s about time you got _____: bắ t tay làm j tử tế some serious work before the exams.
a) down to b) up with c) down with d) up to
89. How could you let the baby climb the stairs? I’m surprised _____ you!
a) with b) at c) for d) of
90. Motorists _____ of speeding may be banned from driving for a year.
a) convicted: bị kết tộ i b) arrested for c) charged with d) acquitted
91. All five TV channels provide extensive _____: sự phủ só ng sâ u rộ ng of sporting events.
a) vision b) coverage c) network d) broadcast
92. The BBC tries to _____ for/to: đá p ứ ng, phụ c vụ all tastes with its four national channels.
a) furnish b) cater c) regard d suit
93. This ticket _____ you to: cho ai quyền j a free meal in our new restaurant.
a) grants b) allows c) credits d) entitles
94. To be a good short story writer, one needs a very _____/ fertile imagination: trí tưở ng tượ ng
phong phú .
a) vividb) living c) sparkling d) bright
95. My passport _____ last month, so I will have to get a new one.
a) elapsed: trô i qua b) expired c) ended d) terminated: chấ m dứ t
96. Teachers have learned to take shortages of text books and equipment in their _____: .chấ p nhậ n
nhữ ng…là khó khă n và xoay sở , xử lý êm thấm dc
a) scope b) habit c) stride d) course
97. The government made serious attempts to raise the _____ of living.
a) standard b) cost c) level d) rate
98. After a long and exhausting journey, they arrived home _____.
a) finally b) by the end c) at the end OF d) in the end
99. I’m sorry we gave you such short _____ of: bá o quá gấ p khiến ng khác ko kịp our visit.
a) caution b) notice c) preparation d) information
100. We managed to free him from the burning truck in the _____ of time: vừ a kịp lú c.
a) winkb) tick c) nick d) brink
101. _____ I am aware, there were no problems during the first six months.
a) As far as b) So much as c) Except that d) Much more than
102. We always kept on good _____ with: có quan hệ tố t our next-door neighbours.
a) relations b) will c) terms d) friendship
103. Not knowing he had _____ with: cãi nhau, xung độ t his girlfriend, I invited both to the party.
a) fallen out b) crashed out c) broken out d) dropped off
104. This is a most peculiar letter. What do you _____ of: nghĩ gì, hiểu gì it?
a) gather b) make c) get d) feel
105. When he realized the police had seen him, he made : chạ y hướ ng ra_____ the exit?
a) out b) off c) for d) up
106. Armed terrorists are reported to have taken _____: chiếm đó ng the Embassy.
a) up b) to c) over d) into
107. Because of his father’s death, he came _____: thừ a kế a lot of money (come down to).
a) over b) into c) to d) through
108. Most people can’t get _____ the day without at least one cup of coffee.
a) through b) on c) at d) by
109. Complicated instructions can often be broken _____ into: chia nhỏ ra a collection of simple
steps.
a) off b) through c) up d) down
110. The completion of the new building was _____ owing to a strike.
a) held off b) held up = delayed c) held on d) held in
111. If you _____ switch it off, naturally it will break down.
a) wouldn’t b) shan’t c) didn’t d) don’t
112. My brother plays his records _____ in his room at night, and nobody can go to sleep.
a) at full tilt: nhanh nhấ t có thể b) be in full swing: lú c cao trà o
c) at full blast: âm thanh to nhấ t d) in full cry: nó i liên tụ c 1 cá ch giậ n dữ
113. Several new hotels have been built along the coast and they have helped the tourist business
_____.
a) at an end b) on the end c) no end = much d) on end = liên tụ c
114. With his long hair and broad hips, he _____ taken for a woman.
a) might be b) can be c) should be d) is
115. I tried to make him change his mind, but he remained _____.
a) vibrant: ngâ n vang, số ng độ ng b) dissonant: nghịch tai
c) adamant: kiên định, sắ t đá d) flamboyant: lò e loẹt, rự c rỡ , câ y phượ ng
116. When the ship docked in New York, they found a _____ in the hold.
a) stowaway: ng đi lậ u vé b) trespasser: ng đi và o nơi cấm dc và o
c) interloper: ng xen và o việc ng #, độ ng chạ m quyền lợ i ng #d) squatter: ng chiếm dụ ng tà i sả n ng
khá c bấ t hợ p phá p
117. When I stayed in Spain last year, I _____ quite a lot of Spanish.
a) picked out b) picked on c) picked up: họ c lỏ m d) picked over
118. I don’t think that _____ of blue suits you very well.
a) degree b) tonality: khuô ng nhạ c, sắc điệu  c) dye d) shade: tô ng, sắ c độ
119. We’ve decided to be practical; and change all our curtains for _____.
a) blinds b) jealousies c) persians d) stores
curtain: rèm vả i (2 bộ kéo từ 2 bên và o giữ a) (vả i mỏ ng, á nh sá ng vẫ n có thể lọ t qua) (nhiều họ a tiết,
tô ng mà u)
drape: rèm vải (2 bộ kéo từ 2 bên và o giữ a) (vải dà y, á nh sá ng ko thể lọ t qua, 1 màu)
shade: rèm vả i 1 tấm (dù ng dâ y kéo lên xuố ng)
blind: rèm 1 tấm (rèm lá , gỗ , nhô m)
120. It’s cheaper to travel a long distance by _____ than to take the train.
a) limousine b) coach c) pullman d) taxi
121. The spokesperson said the information campaign was a ___________ to hide the most regressive
tax in history.
a) red curtain b) witch cloak c) book cover d) fig
leaf: thứ che đậ y
122. Depression was thought to be a _____ of an individual's imagination: điều tưở ng tượ ng but
research has shown SAD is a real disorder.
a) figment b) figure c) byproduct d)
docket
123. Dennis is very ___________ about things; he never lets anything stress him out.
a) tolerant b) impetuous: bố c đồ ng  c) warm-hearted: nồ ng ấ m, tố t bụ ng d) laid-back: thư thá i,
ko că ng thẳ ng
124. Were I to have the courage of my ___________: có đủ can đả m nó i nhữ ng j nghĩ trong lò ng, I would
tell the boss how domineering he was.
a) convictions b) points c) slant d)
stance
125. Joe thinks he can win the fight with that muscular man, he is really a ___________ short of load: 1
ng ngu ngố c, điên khù ng.
a) stone b) log c) brick d) hog 
126.  It has taken them all this time to ___________ on: quyết định chọ n sau 1 tgian suy nghĩ a name for
their baby.
a) decide b) conclude c) assent d)
consent
127. After winning the lottery, the man squandered: tiêu hoang his money on gambling and was
soon in ___________: kẹt tiền + mắc nợ after a year.
a) Queer street b) baker street c) pauper street d)
tramp street
128. Facebook's shares are ______ after the company launched a new Instagram feature that will
compete with TikTok.
a) holding her thumb: hi vọ ng điều j may mắ n xả y ra b) on high skies: blow sth sky-high:
phá hỏ ng mọ i thứ
c) coming up roses: trở nên tố t đẹp d) on a tear: cự c kỳ thà nh cô ng
129. The two generals, although ___________ cooperating to attack the enemy, actually detest each
other.
a) showily: lò e loẹt, phô trương b) ostensibly = bên ngoà i

c) audaciously: tá o bạ o d) benignly: là nh tính, nhâ n từ

130. The company is ___________ to see if this plan provokes any interest in the young customer
group.
a) flying a kite: là m j để dò xét phả n ứ ng củ a ng khác b) dropping the ball: mắc sai
lầm
c) shooting the messenger: cho rằ ng ng truyền tin là có tộ i
d) dropping the penny => the penny drops: cuố i cù ng thì hiểu ra mọ i chuyện
131. They offered to buy her a BMW but she's holding ___________: từ chố i để chờ 1 thứ khác a
Porsche.
a) out for b) out on c) back with d) up
with
132. Although I am not a ________ person, I sometimes do find some sex scenes on TV a bit excessive
and unacceptable.
a) prudish: ra vẻ đoan trang, tử tế b) sanctimonious: tỏ vẻ mộ đạ o

c) raffish: hà o nhoá ng d) dyspeptic: đầ y bụ ng khó tiêu

133. I never cease to admire the ____ endurance of my grandfather when captured by the Nazi
during World War Two.
a) placid: bình thả n b) stoical: ko than vã n c) obstinate: khó chữ a d)
immutable: bấ t biến
134. Different from a misanthrope who has a hatred of people in general, Joey is more of a ___________
being distrustful of human goodness and sincerity. 
a) pessimist : ng bi quan   b) tyrant: kẻ bạ o chú a c) cynic : ng hoài nghi d) misogynist:
ng ghét phụ nữ
135. When will you realise that it was your self-righteous: tự cho là đú ng and ___________ attitude that
prevented you from learning better ideas from other people?
a) fallow: ít hoạ t độ ng, ko có thà nh tích b) ghoulish: cự c ghê tở m
c) bigoted: bả o thủ , cố chấ p d) conniving at: làm ngơ trướ c
136. He's been working with a ___________: là m lấ y làm để over the past few weeks to make up for
wasted time.
a) drudgery: việc nặ ng nhưng nhàm chá n b) servitude: sự làm nô lệ
c) vengeance d) nudge: sự nhàm chá n
137. He felt his heart ___________ as his bride-to-be began her walk down the aisle.
a) fasten b) quicken: trở nên nhanh hơn c) expedite d)
heighten
138. Constance ___________ a sigh of relief: thở phà o nhẹ nhõ m when she heard that her loan was
approved.
a) gave b) uttered c) expressed d)
breathed
139. The telephone lines were ___________ with callers trying to get through to the electricity
supplier.
a) jammed b) throttled: thắ t nú t, bó p cổ c) congested d)
glutted with STH
140. If there happened to be both rich and poor people, as there happen to be both black and white
ones, then the advantages of the ___________ might well spread in time to the hard-up.
a) well-heeled: giàu có b) big-hearted: tử tế c) open-handed = generous d)
tight-fisted: ki bo
141. Most popular magazines have a(n) _________ page where letters about difficulties with
relationships are answered.
a) sharing b) personal c) advice d)
problem
142. Two agents in our team were shot in ___________ for: trả thù / trả đũ a cho the killing of a rival
gang member.
a) return b) retaliation c) reprisal d) recrimination: sự
buộ c tộ i lại lẫ n nhau
143. His talent meant he could create wondrous: phi thườ ng things, but his ___________ meant he
hardly ever felt like working.
a) adversity b) lethargy: tính thờ ơ c) ineptitude: sự lạ c lõ ng, ko phù hợ p d)
tactlessness: sự vụ ng về cư xử
144. I left in high ___________: đầ y bự c tứ c after waiting for them over an hour and not receiving any
apologies.
a) rage b) taciturnity : tính lầ m lì c) oscillation: sự lung lay, đung đưa
d) dudgeon
oscillating fan: quạ t quay
145. Everyone knows about his genius even though he never admits, good wine needs no ___________:
hữ u xạ tự nhiên hương.
a) barter b) advertisement c) bush d)
barrel
146. We don’t have enough ______ data: dữ liệu thự c tế to prove the phenomenon is really affecting
the environment in a negative way.
a) empirical b) informed c) substantive: chính quy d)
static: ko chả y, tĩnh
147. She acts as if she really is the ___________ of our team and everyone has to rely on her.
a) lone wolf: ng độ c lậ p, hoạ t độ ng đơn lẻ b) white elephant: thứ xa hoa nhưng
vô tích sự
c) big shark d) queen bee: ng phụ nữ quan trọ ng
nhấ t
148. The police have been ___ war on drug dealers in the city since January but their effort doesn’t
seem to be effective. 
a) waging: tuyên chiến vớ i b) staging c) fighting d)
raging
149. The foreigners were amazed at the ___________ variety of goods in the huge department store.
a) beleaguered: bị quấ y rầ y b) bewildering : sự đa dạ ng quá lớ n c) baffling  d) bizonal: 1 vù ng
có 2 chính quyền
150. James kept trying to ___________ his duties, but his manager told him if he didn’t start taking
responsibility for his work he would have to leave the company.
a) beaver away(at): tích cự c là m j b) weasel out of: trố n trá nh
c) chicken out of: ko dá m là m j d) clam up: ngồ i im thin thít, ko nó i j

II.. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in
the space
PASSAGE A.  Sultan Abdul Hamid II was the last of the great rulers of the Ottoman house of Osman.
As the immediate (1. SUCCEED) _________ to two sultans who had been deposed, he came to the
throne a very nervous man. He considered security at his palaces to be far too lax, and set about
building a new (2. PENETRATE) _________ palace from scratch. To this end, he secured the services of
a dozen architects and commissioned each to build just one twelfth of the palace, working in
complete (3. IGNORE) ____________ of the progress of the other eleven. In effect, the Sultan built
himself the world’s most elaborate and (4. EXTEND) __________ prison. Every room was connected to
a secret underground passage and many of the rooms were booby-trapped: at the flick of a switch,
cupboards would fly open and (5. MECHANISM) __________ controlled revolvers would fire. The
Sultan employed thousands of spies and secret agents; the ones he considered most (6. TRUST)
______________ being the hundreds of caged parrots which were hung
on street corners and trained to squawk if they saw a stranger. Another of his many (7. PECULIAR)
_________ was that he always carried a pearl-handled revolver. No-one dared put their hands in their
pockets in his presence - to do so would have been an invitation for him to take a pot shot. When
one of his daughters once (8. PLAY) _________ gave him a shove from behind, he spun round and shot
her before realising who it was.
PASSAGE B.  To the uninitiated, it can seem that Thai life is one continuous ceremony of (1.
SYMBOL) _______________ gestures and deference to social rank. Initially, trying to understand the (2.
INTRICATE) ____________ of Thai social protocol is rather like trying to remember which fork goes
where at your first formal dinner. It is hard for western travellers not to be sensitive to this and
many (3. VARIABLE) _____________ begin to feel inept and clumsy as they realise that movements of
the face and body all have potential meaning in daily Thai interactions. Often, this ritual behaviour
can cause embarrassment and (4. IRRITATE) _________________ to westerners, who may tend to
confuse deference with (5. SERVE) _________. But as any foreign resident will tell you, the Thais are
anything but servile. Although Thais are known for their (6. TOLERATE) _________, they draw the line
at tourists climbing on statues of Buddha to take photographs. The sanctity of Buddha is protected
by law, and offenders will face (7. PROSECUTE) ______________. Likewise, the royal family is highly
venerated. Tourists can and will be arrested for making offensive remarks or showing (8. RESPECT)
_____________ towards photographs or symbols of royal family members.
III. Fill in each sentence an appropriate word form
1. I find it impossible to guide such a wild and ___________ person like her. (STRONG)
2. He threatened to ___________ his eldest son if he chooses to give up the family business. (HEIR)
3. Because we had to arrive on time, our ship had no choice but to ___________ the congested area.
(NAVIGATE)
4. The differences were ___________ to all but the most trained eye. (PERCEIVE)
5. Mary has just given birth yesterday so she is currently on ___________ leave. (MOTHER)
6. The sandwich shop she's opening is a ___________ alternative to the town's male-dominated coffee
shop culture. (STAFF)
7. The army of this Asian country has a long history of guerrilla ___________ (WAR)
8. Being a war ___________ is a dangerous job because you will have to bring yourself to the most
conflict-ridden parts of the world. (RESPOND)
9. During the 20th century, industrialisation continued ___________ with technology being upgraded
rapidly. (PACE)
10. Under ___________, white people were not allowed to marry their non-white counterparts.
(APART)
IV. TRIOS: Choose a word that can fit in 3 blanks
1. It’s cold tonight—can I have another ___________?
The trial was conducted under a ___________ of secrecy.
I hate to be a wet ___________, but I thought the show was terrible.
2. After a marathon, every athlete ___________ their breath.
You may already have an old laptop that ___________ dust but otherwise usable.
He leads a nomadic life. A rolling stone ___________ no moss.
3. We could go into town but it's a real ___________ from here.
The latest ___________ in interest rates can be predicted.
Take a ___________ and never see me again.
4. It's a nice day. Let's go for a ___________.
We took a ___________ and spent the day watching the races.
Bringing up a family when you're unemployed is no ___________.
5. You cannot afford to ___________ your concentration for a moment.
The council intends to ___________ the ban on dogs in city parks.
The dictator refuses to ___________ his grip on power.
6. George was laid to ___________ beside his parents.
There’s no ___________ for the wicked
The book has some interesting passages about the author's childhood. For the ___________, it is
extremely dull.
7. This figure represents only the ___________ of the iceberg, since as many as 90% of cases go
unreported.
His name is on the ___________ of my tongue.
Their flat is a ___________!
8. We need ___________ notice of the numbers involved.
The fee is payable in ___________.
They offered an ___________ of £5 000 after the signing of the contract.
9. No ___________ of encouragement would make him jump into the pool.
There's been any ___________ of research into the subject.
His earnings are said to ___________ to £300 000 per annum.
10. I was on a collision ___________ with my boss over the sales figures.
Starting early and working long hours is par for the ___________ in this job.
Very few of the trainees have stayed the ___________.
11. The rain left a ___________ of mud on the windows.
They'll probably ask you to leave a ___________.
With interest rates so low, there is little point in having cash on ___________.
12. We lost a lot of money, but we just put it down to ___________.
"So your new job didn't work out very well?" "No, it didn't, but never mind - chalk it up to
___________."
Living in Africa was very different from home and quite an ___________.
13. The argument continued until the chairman called them both to ___________.
Would it be in ___________ for us to examine the manuscript?
The engine is now in perfect working ___________.
SECTION C. READING
I. For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap. 
PASSAGE A. The Internet, as a concept, is actually older than most of its users; born, as it was, in the
sixties. While there is no doubting that the Net’s (1) _______ to fame today is the quantum (2) ______ in
global communications it has fostered, the idea of the Net was not, in fact, (3) _________ in a bid to
make information easily accessible to everyone, but rather in a contest for world domination.
Following the Soviet successes in beating the US into space, the US Department of Defence formed
the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Twelve years later the ARPA (4) _______ ARPAnet,
the world’s first decentralised computer network. The driving (5) _________ behind decentralisation,
ironically, was bomb-proofing. Hit a mainframe and the system goes (6) ______. But bombing a
network would, at worst, only remove one or two nodes. The remainder could (7) ______ around it
unharmed. At the time of its inception, its creators would likely have been greatly perturbed at the
(8) ______ of its anarchic extension into the public domain.
1. A. claim B. path C. right D.
inclination
2. A. rise B. branch C. growth D. leap
3. A. hailed B. maintained C. swapped D.
hatched
4. A. thrived B. extended C. incubated D.
spawned
5. A. rate B. force C. wheel D. push
6. A. up B. off C. down D. over
7. A. route B. shudder C. flow D. jam
8. A. principle B. prospect C. sincerity D.
disposition
PASSAGE B. The name I answered to in my early years was Vivian James. Later on, my mother gave
me the choice of first names and I picked Clive out of a Tyrone Power movie. She sympathised with
the fix she had got me into by naming me (1) _____ Vivian Mc Grath, star of the 1938 Davis Cup
squad. After Vivien Leigh played Scarlett O’hara in ‘Gone with the Wind’, the name because (2) _____
a girl’s name no matter how you spelled it, so those few little boys who had been saddled with it at
birth were unintentionally put through an (3) ______. Perhaps it made us stronger. Research
indicates that it at least increases levels of self control - we might not fight more, but we learn early
to let things (4) ______ of our backs. (5) ______, experts opine that names, good or bad, don’t matter
much provided people have anything else to base their impressions on. This could be a good thing
or a bad thing. Australians are still (6) ______ to give their (7) _______ names connected with the world
of the movies or sports. So, while the children may be unlikely to (8) _______ their famous
namesakes, they are equally unlikely to be judged in the future if their namesake should become
unpopular.
1. A. like B. after C. from D. as
2. A. interminably B. relentlessly C. irrevocably D.
endlessly
3. A. obstacle B. omission C. ordeal D.
occasion
4. A. roll B. fall C. drop D.
bounce
5. A. Likewise B. Despite C. Consequently D.
Otherwise
6. A. biased B. partial C. fond D.
inclined
7. A. offspring B. siblings C. sprouts D.
young
8. A. emulate B. convert C. imitate D.
observe
PASSAGE C. The BBC, in the form of the language-teaching arm of the World Service, and Harper
Collins have (1) _______ forces to publish the BBC English Dictionary, “A Dictionary for the World”. It
is being (2) _______ at the 120 million listeners to the World Service who cannot find the expressions
in more (3) _______ dictionaries. (4) _______ on 70 million words broadcast at least ten times a year on
the World Service, the compilers, (5) _______ by Prof. John Sinclair, have included (6) _______
expressions and uses of words, without judging whether they are being used (7) _______. Elizabeth
Smith, the BBC’s controller of English Services said: “Our language is (8) _______ on statements by
real people, like politicians and (9) _______, which the BBC has accurately recorded. As broadcasters
we try to use few idioms and metaphors but to (10) _______ in the real world.”
1. A. B. joined C. attached D. fixed
connected B. directed C. trained D. aimed
2. A. B. C. rational D. partial
pointed traditional C. Drawing D. Bearing
3. A. B. Trying C. dictated  D. treated
functional B. chaired C. nowadays D. late
4. A. B. current C. sincerely D. finely
Counting B. truly C. erected D. based
5. A. B. styled C. as to  D. so on
headed B. thus far C. nest D. home
6. A. young B. live
7. A.
correctly
8. A.
designed
9. A. so
many
10. A.
inhabit
II. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word
PASSAGE A. The obvious answer is that there are five; but, (1) _________ most such answers, this one
is wrong. In (2) _________ to the generally recognised senses of vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste,
human beings are known to have a further one, called kinaesthesia, whereby we are aware of the
relative position of our limbs, the tensions in our muscles and (3) _________ on. Clearly, then, psychics
and fortune tellers should talk about having ‘a seventh sense’ (4) _________ than a sixth! There has
been a lot of debate, most of which has been conducted outside scientific circles, about the possible
existence of (5) _________ a sense - or, to be more accurate, set of senses. We generally refer to them
collectively as ESP (Extra Sensory Perception), thereby embracing the supposed abilities of
telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition. But in so (6) _________ we are probably - assuming that
these abilities exist at all - mixing chalk with cheese. Clairvoyance, for example has (7) _________ little
to do with precognition as vision has to do with touch. The problem is that we do not as (8) _________
have any way of knowing for sure and, with scientists reluctant to address the subject, answers may
be a long way off.
PASSAGE B. Some parents try too hard. No matter how much they strive to be trendy and to keep
up to date with modern fads, they (1) _________ never quite help being a generation removed though.
Popular culture simply moves too quickly for them. They will, in all likelihood, seek to maintain
some sort of dialogue with their kids by going out and buying the latest CDs, (2) _________ to find a
few months later that the charts are filled by acts whose names they have never heard. Then they
get frustrated and moan that there has never been anything worth listening to made after their day
- (3) _________ that happened to be. Other parents make (4) _________ attempt to understand their kids.
They occupy the moral high ground and dismiss anything that has happened (5) _________ their
youth as decadent. Hardly a day seems to go by (6) _________ their progeny incurring their
displeasure one way or (7) _________, whether it’s the hair, the clothes, or an especially late night. So
why would a young person bother trying to please them? They (8) _________ just as well wind them
up even more.
PASSAGE C. The 1990s has been hailed (1)___________ the environmental decade; the world and the
environment are now firmly (2)___________ the political agenda. The citizens of planet Earth are
waking  (3)___________ to  the  knowledge  that  action  is  (4)___________ not  only  by governments but
also by all mankind, to preserve the world as we know it.
The ozone layer, environmental pollution, global warming, the rainforests are topics discussed
(5)___________ -wide from the newsroom to the cafe. Environmental pollution is an area which is of
direct (6)__________ to all of us, from the chemical waste (7)___________ out by factories to the rubbish
we throw (8)___________ everyday. Industrial pollution is being emitted continually (9)___________ the
world's cities, clogging up the atmosphere, poisoning the rivers and destroying nature's balance.
New environmental awareness is already evident: young children are (10) ___________ educated
about recycling household waste, housewives are becoming green-shoppers, concerned
(11)___________ the contents and packaging in their shopping baskets, and governments are at
(12)___________ beginning to take serious and effective (13)___________ .Although this environmental
awareness is laudable, it could be (14)___________ that perhaps it has all come a bit too (15)___________.
Man has been polluting the environment in (16)___________ damaging ways for the past 150 years.
The methods and processes which cause so (17)___________ of the pollution form the core of
"civilised" living. In trying to cope(18)___________ the problems which the Earth faces, we must also
(19)___________ at the causes and re-evaluate our way of living, turning to natural, environmental
ways of producing energy, and living our (20)___________ closer to nature.
PASSAGE D. Life (1) ___________ a small island may look very (2) ___________ to the tourists who spend
a few weeks there in the summer, but the (3) ___________ of living on what is virtually a rock (4)
___________ by waters are quite different from what the casual visitor imagines. While in summer the
island villages are (5) ___________ of people, life and activity, (6) ___________ the tourist season is over
many of the shop owners shut (7) ___________ their business and return to the mainland to spend the
winter in (8) ___________ Those who remain on the island, (9) ___________ by choice or necessity, face
many (10) ___________. One  of the worst of these is isolation, with (11) ___________ many attendant
problems. When the weather is bad, which it often is in winter, the island is (12) ___________ off
entirely; this means not (13) ___________ that people can not be (14) ___________ goods but also that a
medical emergency can be fatal to someone (15) ___________ to an island. At times (16) ___________
telephone communication is cut off, which (17) ___________ that no word from the outside world can
get (18) ___________ Isolation and loneliness are the basic reasons (19) ___________ so many people
have left the islands for a better and more (20) ___________ life in the mainland cities
PASSAGE E. For years scientists have been (1) ___________ out research into the world of the
unknown. One of the most fascinating categories of psychic phenomena is (2) ___________ of
“precognition”; the ability to (3) ___________ future events. Terms, (4) ___________ as “prophecies”,
“auguries” and “miracles”, familiar in ancient times, have been replaced by the scientific, (5)
___________ prosaic-sounding term “extrasensory perception” (ESP). This phenomenon is also
commonly (6) ___________ as “the sixth sense”, enabling a person who possesses it to know something
in (7) ___________ of its happening, an experience otherwise unknown by those who possess the
ordinary five (8) ___________ of hearing, sight, touch, taste and smell. Precognition may (9) ___________
in the form of a dream or in a waking (10) ___________. Many scientists have devoted their careers to
(11) ___________ ESP phenomena. They describe their research field (12) ___________ the science of
“parapsychology”, derived from the word “paranormal”, which ESP phenomena are (13) ___________
to be because they seem to be (14) ___________ the limits of our present understanding. Surveys have
shown that belief in psychic powers (15) ___________ strong, with a large percentage of people
claiming to have actually (16) ___________ ESP. Considering the influence ESP has had (17) ___________
the history of mankind, from the time of the ancient Greeks who often consulted the oracles in (18)
___________ of the crisis , it is difficult to comprehend (19) ___________ sceptics can brush all ESP
phenomena aside as mere fantasy, hallucination or superstition. Parapsychologists continue to (20)
___________ the paranormal but, as yet, it still remains unexplained.
PASSAGE F. The issue of fate or free will is a very controversial one and has been debated (1)
___________ the beginning of the fifth century. The question was first addressed by Saint Augustine. Is
man’s existence (2) ___________ by fate or by free will? Belief in free will is based on the conviction
that humans have a hand in shaping their (3) ___________ lives and, therefore, are ultimately
responsible (4) ___________ their own actions. This theory, called existentialism, was derived (5)
___________ the ideas of a Danish philosopher and later made popular by a French writer. The theory
(6) ___________ man as a unique and isolated individual in a violent and meaningless world, able to
choose his own destiny.
On the other side of the (7) ___________, the theory of predestination is based (8) ___________ the belief
that everything which happens has been predetermined by God and that man is not able to change
it. So, the fork in the road of life seemingly offering man a choice (9) ___________ two very different
paths, may not exist in reality. If this is true, can man be (10) ___________ responsible for his actions?
If choices are beyond our (11) ___________, are we wasting endless hours of our time trying to (12)
___________ to a decision that has already been made for us? Can the man who murders his neighbour
be (13) ___________ for doing so simply because he had no choice? In trying to answer these kinds of
questions, many philosophies have developed compromises between the two extremes. (14)
___________ such theory developed in the seventeenth century (15) ___________ that human actions are
formed according to past experiences but that (16) ___________ the use of imagination and reason
man can turn these past experiences (17) ___________ foresight, therefore allowing him to (18)
___________ his future. Whatever theories are formed, the controversial (19) ___________ remains for
public debate even today. But, perhaps, simply by choosing to believe in the philosophy of fate or
that of free will, man is in fact creating his own life. Existentialism (20) ___________ predestination -
which do you choose to believe in?
III. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to
the text
PASSAGE A. Journalism is too small or too distant a word to cover it. It is theatre; there are no
second takes. It is drama - it is improvisation, infiltration and psychological warfare. It can be
destructive in itself before any print has seen the light of day. It is exhilarating, dangerous and
stressful. It is the greatest job. It is my job.
I am an undercover reporter. For the past year or so, I have been a football hooligan, a care
worker, a bodyguard and a fashion photographer. It is a strange life and a difficult one. In the course
of a day, I have assumed four different personalities, worn four different wardrobes and spoken
four different street dialects, and left a little bit of me behind in each of those worlds. More
important than this, though, are the experiences and emotions I’ve taken away with me. It’s hard to
put a label on them. They have seeped in and floated out of my psyche, but somewhere in the
backyard of my mind the footprints of this strange work are left behind. I have as yet no real notion
as to what, if any, long-term impact they will have. For the moment, I relish the shooting gallery of
challenges that this madness has offered me. In the midst of all these acting roles and journalistic
expeditions, I have endeavoured not to sacrifice too much of my real self. I have not gone native and
I am still sane. At least for the moment.
 In the course of any one investigation, you reveal yourself in conversation and etiquette,
mannerism and delivery - of thousands of gesticulations and millions of words - and cover yourself
with the embroidery of many different disguises. If one stitch is loose or one word misplaced, then
everything could crash, and perhaps violently so.
Certainly, as a covert operator, the journalistic safe line is a difficult one to call. Every word you
utter is precious, every phrase, insinuation and gesture has to be measured and considered in legal
and ethical terms. Even the cadence of your voice has to be set to appropriate rhythms according to
the assumed role, the landscape and the terrain of your undercover patch.
The golden rule is this: as an undercover reporter you must never be the catalyst for events
that would not otherwise have occurred had you not been there. The strict guidelines within
broadcasting organisations about covert filming mean that, every time I go into the field, a BBC
committee or compliance officer has to grant permission first. It’s a stranger but necessary
experience for someone like me, who operates on instinct and intuition, but it’s a marriage that
works well.
The undercover reporter is a strange breed. There is no blueprint that exists. It is your own
journalistic ethos and within those parameters you try to tread a safe line, both in terms of your
journalism and personal safe-keeping. And of course, there’s a high price you pay for this kind of
work; home is now a BBC safe house. The only visitors to my bunker are work colleagues. It’s not a
pleasant lifestyle, but I have taken on all the stories in the full knowledge of the risks involved.
Though I embarked upon my journey with enthusiasm and determination, the climate in
which we undertake this journalistic and documentary mission is an increasingly hostile one. It is
one in which convert filming has come under scrutiny because of concerns about fakery and
deception and the featuring of hoax witnesses. Issues concerning privacy, the use of convert filming
techniques across the media - from current affairs to the tabloid newspapers - and the way
journalists work with these tools have been rigorously appraised. I personally welcome this
scrutiny. Hi-tech surveillance equipment allows me to tell the story as it unfolds, surrounded by its
own props, revealing its own scars and naked sinews, and delivered in its own dialect. There is no
distortion and only one editorial prism - mine. While the sophisticated technology allows a visual
and aural presentation of events, mentally I rely on the traditional method of jotting things down to
rationalise my thoughts and gain a coherent picture of all that I was involved in. This is my delivery
system - how I narrate.
Inevitably the spotlight has shone on me but those who have worked on either paper trail
investigations in newspapers or in television will know that it will fade. I am happy to return to the
career of a desk journalist because I recognise that the tools we have used are tools of last resort. I’ll
be returning to the more usual journalistic methods: telephone, computer and notebook rather
than secret cameras and hidden microphones. But the aim will be the same: to shed light into the
darker corners of society where the vulnerable are most at risk.
1. The writer implies that what distinguishes his work from that of regular journalists is
A. the insight into language required. B. the degree of spontaneity it involves.
C. the range of subjects it touches on. D. the harm subsequent stories can cause.
2. How does the author feel about his life as an undercover reporter?
A. As a person he has changed in some way. B. The real effects on his personality will never be
clear.
C. To continue working in this way would make him unstable. D. He has been negatively
affected by the work.
3. Once they go undercover, investigators have to be careful no to
A. influence events by their presence.   B. deviate from a strictly agreed plan.
C. show too much concern for the details of their appearance.   D. change voice patterns for the
purposes of recording.
4. The writer’s view of his work has changed because
A. his own standards of reporting are now different.
B. he finds it difficult to work from his new home.
C. the new demand that journalists are accountable is tiresome. 
D. there is now a greater need to justify such journalistic practices.
5. What does the author’s preferred style of documentary involve?
A. close teamwork in the selection of material to be included B. allowing recorded material
to speak for itself
C. less rigorous editing than is traditionally used D. skillful attention to writing
a script
6. According to the text, the writer sees his basic mission as a journalist as
A. defending the methods of undercover reporting. B. protecting the weak from being
exploited.
C. exposing the famous and powerful for what they are. D. keeping the identity of his
informants confidential.
PASSAGE B. The first real sign of the United States was a close packed archipelago of buoys
marking lobster pots and fishing traps, but this was just a prelude to the moment the throng on the
deck had been waiting for. The exaggerated sense of occasion that this moment was expected to
inspire was heightened by the scowling splendour of the city illuminated in the storm, the racing
clouds bathing Liberty in a hideous light. The immigrants, crowding against each other's backs,
shoving and straining, must have felt that all the reports and letters home had understated the
awful truth about New York. The real thing was even taller and more intimidating than the tallest
story. So, you looked out, numbed by the gigantism of the city, asking the immigrant’s single
overriding question: is there really a place there for me?
In New York at last, the promised city, the immigrants found themselves in a cacophonic
bazaar. So many things! The streets were awash with commodities undreamed of back home - new
foods, smart clothes, mechanical novelties. luxuries made cheap by American ingenuity in the ways
of mass production. Your own berth in New York might be no more than a patch of floor in a
dumbbell tenement on the Lower East Side, yet no building was so squalid that its tenants were
entirely excluded from the bounty of American life. In the midst of rack-rent poverty, in conditions
as impoverished as anything they had suffered in the old country, the immigrants would be
surrounded by symbols of extravagant wealth. There were ice-cream parlours, candy stores, beef-
steaks and fat cigars. In New York ordinary people, wage-earners, dined out in restaurants; they
had alarm clocks and Victrola machines on which they played ‘jazz’ music and by the standards of
Europe they were dressed like royalty.
You had new names assigned to you at Ellis Island by immigration officers too busy to
bother with the unpronounceable consonant clusters in your old one (Gold, because that’s what the
streets were supposed to be paved with, was a favourite stand-by). There were new clothes too.
You might be able to call upon only a word or two of English, but you could still parade as a suave,
fashion-conscious New Yorker.
Identity in Europe wasn’t a matter of individual fancy. Even with the money for the raw
materials, you couldn’t dress up as an aristocrat simply because you liked the look of the noble’s
style. If you were Jewish, you couldn’t pass yourself off as a gentile without incurring a legal
punishment. Every European was the product of a complicated equation involving the factors of
lineage, property, education, speech and religion. The terms were subtle and could be juggled: even
the most rigid class system has some play in it. But once your personal formula had been worked
out by the ruling mathematicians, the result was precise and not open to negotiation. A over B times
X over Y divided by Z equalled a calico shirt and a pair of clogs.
For anyone brought up in such a system, New York must have induced a dizzying sense of
social weightlessness. Here, identity was not fixed by society’s invisible secret police. The equation
had been simplified down to a single factor - dollars.
 The windows of department stores were theatres. They showed American lives as yet
unlived in, with vacant possession. When your nose was pressed hard against the glass, it was
almost yours, the other life that lay in wait for you with its silverware and brocade. So, you were a
presser in a shirtwaist factory on Division Street, making a paltry $12.50 a week - so what? The
owner of the factory was your landsman, practically a cousin; he had the start on you by just a few
years and already he lived in a brownstone, uptown on 84th. Success in this city was tangible and
proximate; it was all around you, and even the poorest could smell it in the wind. The distance
between slum and mansion was less than a mile; hard work… a lucky break… and you could roam
through Macy’s and Bloomingdale’s buying up the life you dreamed of leading…
Alice’s apartment, which I would be sub-renting - courtesy of a brown envelope and the
doorman’s blind eye, was in a relatively quiet corner, yet even here one could feel New York
trembling under one’s feet. In place of bird-song, there was the continuous angry warble of
ambulances, patrol cars and fire trucks. It was the sound of heart-attacks and heart-break, of car
crashes, hold-ups, hit-and-run, fight and pursuit; the sound of the city in a round-the-clock state of
emergency. If you were going to learn to live here, you’d have to tune out the sound of New York
and set up house in the silent bubble of your own preoccupations. For me, the New York air was full
of robbery and murder, for Alice, it would all be inaudible white noise.
1. According to the writer, when New York came into view the immigrants felt
A. a sense of anticlimax. B. disappointment at its ugliness.
C. overwhelmed by the sight of it. D. the stories they’d heard had been
exaggerated.
2. What distinguished immigrants’ homes in America from the ones they had left was
A. that they were of a much higher standard. B. that they could be rented more
cheaply.
C. their spaciousness. D. the neighbourhoods they were in.
3. The writer implies that immigrants received new names
A. as a matter of policy. B. in a random fashion.
C. when they spoke no English. D. because they wanted English-
sounding names.
4. The writer implies that immigrants
A. were forced to deny who they were. B. linged for the social certainties of
Europe.
C. could free themselves of their past lives. D. felt the need to hide the truth about their
backgrounds.
5. The writer suggests that the arrangement for the flat was possible because
A. the owner was a friend. B. he knew the doorman.
C. the landlord didn’t know. D. they decided the doorman.
6. According to the writer, people who live in New York
A. must feel constantly threatened. B. all become caught up in the rush of
activity.
C. survive by developing ways of ignoring what’s going on. D. only cope by not allowing
themselves time to think.
IV. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H
the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to
use. 
PARAGRAPH A. This summer, when my daughters whine too much, write on the walls or leave a
trail of crumbs on a newly vacuumed floor, I will tell them to go outside and play. For me, this is a
roots experience. My mother’s voice echoes in my head. I see her in a heroic Soviet realist pose,
pointing to the yard with a dripping, rubber-gloved hand.
1………….
There was clear conviction in such declarations. It was not simply about just getting out for some
fresh air. This was how you parented well. But perceptions have changed radically since my
mother's time.
2………….
It only takes a sullen expression or feet being dragged through the grass and I think that, well, really
we could play hide-and-seek together. Or kick around a football. And before I know it, I’ve joined
them in banishment and imposed fun on them. Surely in heaven my mother is smacking her
forehead with a sudsy palm.
3………….
These insecurities belong to my generation, clearly. There could have been no remoter possibility
than my father bounding from the house and exclaiming: “Hey, how about a game of ‘hide-and-
seek’?” Had he done so, we would have wondered whether we’d suddenly been sucked into the
bizarre world of the comics we used to read before the advert of mass TV.
4………….
Indeed, when I think back, contending with nothing was one of summer’s sweetest parts. In the
small town where I grew up there were only three months of the year when you could do nothing
outdoors without the risk of hypothermia. So after we had exhausted our repertoire of activities -
playing catch, exploring a nearby ravine, throwing green apples at each other - my brother and I
would find a patch if shade, settle there, and watch the clouds drift by.
5………….
It has also dawned on me of late that as a society we could all use a little more nothing - time to take
stock and reflect on who we are, to get priorities straight. But how is it manageable, running from
dancing class to swimming lessons, with a bit of modern life makes doing nothing virtually
impossible.
6………….
If we did, what we might lose in terms of intensity of living would surely be made up for by the
quality of perspective gained. And in a world that increasingly compartmentalises and pulls us in
different directions, just being around - and together - has to be good.
7………….
Most important, however, is bound to be maintaining the conviction that doing nothing is
sometimes more deeply meaningful than the swirl of activity that defines our day. Keeping faith
with this principle is surely the greatest domestic challenge of these hyperactive, hyper-parenting
times.

A. And that was not the only thing we were lacking. There were no classes, camps and sports
wrapped seamlessly around the quality time spent with Mum and Dad. Instead we had time to
dream, and we passed languorous days with hours just to stare at the sky - idling rather than
dithering - doing whatever suggested itself rather than despairing at the prospect of filling time.
B. We may well pull it off, provided that we can push past some barriers. We’ll have to watch the
kids mope, and we’ll have to resign ourselves to the fact that the house might never get painted.
We’ll all have to come to view walking the dog as less of a chore.
C. It was my wife who called my bluff by pointing out that even though life around us might rush
forward unabated, we need not. We could chase the kids out with the simple challenge of playing in
the garden. We could stop, breathe, converse,... In short, we could make room in our lives for
nothing to come flooding in.
D. Today, when we suddenly find ourselves at a loose end, it’s as if we are somehow letting
ourselves down - letting the whole side down, in fact. I, as a modern parent, let my kids, ages twelve
and five, do nothing for, oh, five minutes before I am totally besieged by doubts. Pangs of conscience
sweep me off into the fray.
E. The notion of doing nothing was codified for all on Sundays. Our churches proscribe work on
Sunday. There was no question of running out to buy groceries, because the stores were bolted
shut. We ate a meal and simply stretched out on the grass as time passed.
F. The clouds are still up there in the sky. The kids do not need me on hand to point out what their
various shapes might conceivably suggest. Life will not end if a half day looms before them and they
have to make of it what they will. Perhaps my mother knew what she was on about.
G. My brother and I, exiles suddenly, would stare at the green expanse. Behind us would come the
decree “don’t come home until the church bell rings.” We would gawk at each other, ponder the
sun-struck purgatory ahead of us and complain: “There’s nothing to do” which was invariably
countered with: “Find something!”
H. Why can’t we leave the kids to their own devices? The usual suspects, I suppose: guilt and fear.
My wife and I both have complexes about accommodating the demands of family life within a hectic
freelance schedule, or perhaps we imagine that they will simply slope off and vanish forever if our
supervisory vigilance is allowed to lapse.
PASSAGE B. A mass social experiment has been carried out in Britain and America during the last
30-odd years. The values of the 1960’s generation have dominated the evolution of family
structures. Personal fulfilment has been elevated over old-fashioned concepts of duty and
commitment. Divorce rates have soared and lone-parent households have proliferated.
1………….

The marriage sceptics have held almost all of the intellectual and political high ground since the
1960’s. For them, family structure is simply one more aspect of ‘lifestyle choice’, and marriage holds
no particular status. But differences of opinion are starting to emerge. A government discussion
document on the family was due to be published early this year. But owing to disagreement it has
been shelved until after the election.
2………….
A simple analogy shows very clearly why this has to be done. Driving with a safety belt does not
guarantee protection in the event of an accident and in some cases may even be a disadvantage
because it may trap the driver inside the car. But usually it is safer to drive wearing a safety belt
than not.
3………….
It is now clear that children brought up in a stable, two-parent family as a rule do better than in
other family types. Family break-up often damages children, even when it makes one or both of
their parents happier. And this is true for almost every indicator used to measure their personal
development.
4………….
Marriages are generally more stable than cohabiting unions. This applies whether or not children
are present. The instability of cohabiting unions is to be expected since many of them involve no
lifelong commitment and the option of breaking up is consciously preserved. Marriage is also far
more likely to v=create networks of reciprocal obligations between generations, siblings and
spouses.
5………….
Although divorce can be beneficial to children in the case of severe parental conflict, it frequently
damages children emotionally and harms their future life chances. The conventional view, at one
time, was that parents should normally stick together for the sake of the children, even if one or
both of them was unhappy. For decades, this view was criticised by therapeutic professionals who
claimed that children are better off if unhappy parents separate.
6 ………….
None of this implies a holier-than-thou morality. What goes on behind the net curtains to preserve
marriage is not our concern. Support for marriage is based on its practical benefits to both
individuals and society. Nor does it imply turning back the clock to the Victorian patriarchs.
Relationships within marriage have altered - for the better.
7………….
What is needed is a series of measures, each fairly minor in its own way, to nudge the system of
family structure back towards a ‘tipping point’, where the popularity and stability of marriage once
again becomes self-reinforcing. Small changes in themselves may seem insignificant, but the Long
March begins with the fist small step.

A. Other examples spring reality to mind. The common theme is that, most of the time, the
outcomes are happy ones. But the probability of an unhappy one rises in certain circumstances.
This is exactly the case with family structure. Marriage remains a valuable institution for the
individuals concerned, for their children and for society as a whole. The empirical evidence is now
overwhelmingly in support of all three of these propositions.
B. The consequences of these trends are now being evaluated. As with any major social issue,
people and political parties are divided in their convictions, but serious social science research -
dominated in this area by the Americans - is giving the thumbs down to the experiment.
C. The various findings obviously refer to averages and may not apply in individual cases. Thus,
some cohabiting unions are very successful, and many lone parent and step-families bring up their
children well. But, despite these caveats, the scientific evidence that marriage, as an institution, is
superior to other family types is now overwhelming.
D. Much of the discussion in Britain has been dominated by emotion rather than by evidence. Most
children, whatever their family background, grow up as well-adjusted members of society.
Everyone can point to lone parents or cohabiting couples who have charming and successful
children. But it is just not good enough to point to individual examples. To put together a serious
argument, we need to look at how the outcomes of different family structures compare on average,
across lots of individual cases.

E. The changed role of women in the labour market, for example, has far more implications for
personal relationships within marriage than it does for the institution itself. Labour market changes
have happened in all Western European countries, yet divorce rates there are much lower than in
the UK.
F. In a recently published EU survey, 65% of the first-time married couples who took part admitted
to already having seriously contemplated seeking a divorce. Though not surprising, this is a most
worrying statistic.
G. The so-called experts also ignored the debilitating impact marriage break-up has on family
finances. Lone parenthood is a powerful cause of poverty. The stereotype, of course, is the 19-year-
old semi-literate mother of two children by separate fathers living in a tower block. Most lone
parents are not of this type, but it is, nevertheless, universally true that lone parenthood greatly
increases the chances of a family ending up in poverty.
H. In terms of achievement and emotional condition, children living with their married parents
usually fare far better than other children - and this applies to both adopted and biological children.
Physical abuse is also much less frequent for children who live with their married, biological
parents and members of stable families suffer from less anxiety, depression and other mental
ailments - and these findings apply to both sexes.
V. For questions 1-10, choose from the people (A-D). The people may be chosen more than
once.
PASSAGE A. Which person gives each of these opinions about excluding cars from city centres?
It will end up costing ordinary citizens a lot of money. 1. ______
Exhaust from cars contributes to heart attacks. 2. ______
People should be able to buy the privilege of using their cars. 3. ______
People don’t always make the best decisions. 4. ______
Any costs will be made up for in other ways. 5. ______
Individual people have a right to decide for themselves. 6. ______
The same rules should not apply to everyone. 7. ______
Education is a good idea. 8. ______
Certain businesses might have to re-locate 9. ______
Cars are more effective in the city at certain hours. 10. ______
A. It’s a very good solution. In a city environment, where there are large numbers of people
moving about in a limited space, cars just don’t make sense. So maybe you get from Building B, on
foot, in a quarter of an hour. If you go by car, at 2 am, I mean when there is no question of traffic,
maybe it takes you two minutes. If you go at 9 am, how long will it take you to park? Half an hour?
You could end up walking farther than you would have walked if you’d just left the car at home. Yet
people do this all the time! If people acted rationally, we wouldn’t need these kinds of measures, but
since they don’t and cities are big places where lots of us are having to co-exist, then some
rationality needs to be imposed.
B. Personally, I don’t drive in the city. I live in the centre and work in the centre, and I don’t
even own a car. This was a lifestyle choice for me. I don’t enjoy driving and I would hate to
commute and in fact I declined a perfectly good job because a commute was involved. So I would
not miss the cars. Yet I hardly think it would be fair on the merchants if cars were excluded. They
need to get their products into their shops and the customers need to get their purchases home. Or
maybe someone is old, or disabled, or just lazy, and can’t walk. They should be allowed the option of
taking a car, just as I am allowed the option of not owning one. Lifestyle choice is so very important
- we should maybe try to make people see that life might be easier if they caught the bus, but really,
who can tell another human being that they can’t live the way they like?
C. I think there must be a permit scheme whereby people with mobility issues, or people
whose livelihoods will be affected can continue to have access. There should also be a one-off daily
pass available to anyone, for any reason, for a price of course to discourage frivolity. After all, there
are a lot of people living within the proposed car-free zone and every one of them, sooner or later,
will have to buy a new refrigerator, or a new sofa. Or what about delivery trucks for furniture
shops? There are plenty of those in the centre; that’s another side of the same coin. We don’t really
want to force all businesses that involve the movement of heavy objects to the outside of the
perimeter. So there must be a logical and fair method of exceptions. And, naturally, this necessitates
a new fleet of logical and fair civil servants to enforce the measure and the exceptions to the
measure, whose payrolls, naturally, must be met by the taxpayers. Is anyone having second
thoughts yet?
D. In all honesty, in a relatively short timespan, the amount of time and money saved by
society, due simply to the reduction in pollution-related illness that follows the exclusion of cars,
will more than make up for any expense or inconvenience caused to individuals. You see, for this
sort of matter, it’s so very important to look from a whole-society perspective rather than from the
point of view of individuals or sectors or special interest groups. If we consider the number of heart
attacks that will be prevented, or the decrease in the days of hospitalisation due to severe asthma,
or even the reduction of injuries to pedestrians due to collisions, it becomes very hard for anyone to
say it is not a good idea to go ahead.
PASSAGE B. Which person gives each of these opinions about climate change?
There is too much negativity surrounding the subject. 1. ______
The changes today are not merely natural. 2. ______
People should have reacted earlier. 3. ______
Some species are already being affected. 4. ______
It’s too late now to avoid disaster. 5. ______
There is proof from many fields of study. 6. ______
It is egotistical to think we have caused the climate to change. 7. ______
Global warming is now an established fact. 8. ______
Future projections seem to have been too conservative. 9. ______
We needn’ try to solve a problem before it occurs 10. ______
A. Gloria
For as long as I can remember, people have been talking about global warming, It’s been a source of
controversy for at least my whole life, probably longer. I can remember being frightened about it as
a small child. They’ve been saying the same things, too: cut back, recycle, fossil fuels are a bad idea.
Now that we are starting to see big, measurable changes, everyone is acting surprised, and
scrambling to make laws. Now, why on earth are they surprised? Why the sudden action now that
it’s too late? Ten years ago, there might have been a chance of actually doing something to avert this
mess, but now, from what I understand, we’ve crossed over a tipping point and there’s no going
back. It makes me feel quite negative about human nature. I just can’t understand how we could
have stood by and let this happen.
B. Brad
I really don’t appreciate all the naysayers and the doomsday scenarios circulating out there. It’s just
not helpful. The world hasn’t ended yet, and personally I can’t see that happening any time soon. I
recycle, I do my but, as do most of the people I know. There's no need to make martyrs of ourselves
though, because most of the responsibility for polluting rests squarely with industry. Individual
consumption just can’t compare and so our actions aren’t that significant one way or another. And
with industry, the way things work is, as long as there isn’t a problem, and profit is good, things
keep going. When there’s a problem, when there’s a need for change, then things change. Until
there’s a problem, let’s not panic. If things get too messy, too polluted, then naturally, a solution will
be found. For all we know, global warming may be a completely natural process and have nothing
to do with our activities, even. In fact, it’s quite presumptuous, isn’t it, to think it’s all down to us?
C. William
I cannot believe there are still people out there saying that global warming might not be real, or that
it’s a conspiracy by environmentalist nutters, or that it’s a natural cycle that has nothing to do with
human activities. Anyone with these views hasn’t been doing their reading because the evidence
out there today is ample. No scientist will contest the suggestion that global warming is here and
that it’s anthropogenic. We have models comparing our modern measurements with estimates far
into the past, and they make it clear it is not a matter of natural variation, at least not like anything
we’ve seen for the last 55 million years. A particularly telling study produced a graph of all the
predictive climate models various researchers have produced. It shows the average predictions,
and a standard deviation. Change has been greater, in recent years, than the greatest extent of the
standard deviation. So, not only is climate change underway, it’s happening in a bigger way than
anyone imagined.
D. Beverly
We have measurements researchers have gathered, of changes in global temperature, arctic ice
cover, patterns and strength of ocean currents and the seasonal cycles of different creatures like
plants and migratory birds. All show changes. I’m a zoologist so I can best talk about climate change
in terms of the latter. Many migratory bird species in the UK have been arriving early as the climate
warms, and staying longer. These birds, which winter in the Mediterranean regions, seem to be
benefiting from the warmer climate. But birds that migrate to spend their winters in Africa are
limited in the times when they can cross the deserts. They must leave earlier in the autumn, before
the dry season commences, and their journey is far more perilous. The numbers of these long
distance migratory birds are declining and they face a very uncertain future. The hard truth is that,
with such rapid change, few species can adapt quickly enough. In a way, we can measure the
magnitude of change by the number of species in trouble.
SECTION D. WRITING
I. Fill in each blank the remaining part of the sentence
1. She told me it had nothing to do with me and not to get involved. BUSINESS
She told _____________________________________ and not to get involved.
2. The resort wasn’t as nice as we thought it would be. LIVE
The resort really _____________________________________ expectations.
3. The change of manager hasn’t had any impact at all on staff morale. SLIGHTEST
Changing the manager _____________________________________ to staff morale.
4. The government seems determined to keep control of the situation. LET
The government seems determined _____________________________________ control.
5. Things have got worse since he started to interfere. MATTERS
He _____________________________________ for us by interfering.
6. It wasn’t until I got home that I realised something was missing. AFTER
Only _____________________________________ realise that something was missing.
7. The committee did not consider how we would feel about the proposal. ACCOUNT
Our views on the proposal _______________________________ by the committee.
8. Our limited budget meant very few real changes were possible. SCOPE
Our limited budget left _______________________________ changes.
9. There seems to be hardly any similarity between our lives any more. COMMON
Our lives seem _______________________________ any more.
10. The cream she recommended really improved my complexion. WONDERS
The cream she recommended _______________________________ my complexion.
11. Her success is largely attributable to her rigorous training regime. PUT
Her success can _______________________________ her rigorous training regime.
12. Their decision not to compete in the event shocked everyone. CAME
Their decision not to compete in the event _______________________________ everyone.
II. Rewrite the sentences using the given words
1. "That meal would have satisfied a king!" he exclaimed. FIT
   …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. You shouldn't take delight in other people's failures. GLOAT
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3. My grandmother can hardly hear at all. VIRTUALLY
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4. Take care not to spill the milk. MIND
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5. The war has caused emigration to increase. RESULTED
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6.  The board met secretly to discuss changes in company policy. DOORS
   …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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7. I really want an ice-cream. DYING
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8. Could someone answer my question? THERE
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9.   She is likely to come before the end of next month. LIKELIHOOD
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10. It is usual for young children to ask a lot of questions. APT
   …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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11. I find his books hard to understand. DIFFICULTY
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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12. Some people accept that life is full of problems. RESIGNED
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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13. He makes too many mistakes to suit me. FREQUENT
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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14. The jewel box was completely empty. LEFT
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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15. He will not be put off taking that trip. DETER
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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16. Neil frequently breaks his promises. GOES
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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17. Virtue is of little value in a corrupt government. COUNTS
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18. Could you tell me where the lobby is? DIRECT
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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19. I don’t believe anyone will want to buy the house. LIKELIHOOD
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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20. She couldn’t help noticing that her child was unhappy at school. ESCAPE
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21. We don’t have to wear uniforms at our school. OPTIONAL
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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22. Fresh fruit is plentiful at this time of year. SHORTAGE
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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23. Sue gets car-sick very easily. PRONE
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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24. The prospect of meeting him again filled her with dread. FORWARD
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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25. She said she disliked loud music. EXPRESSED
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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26. The exhibition is likely to be a success. PROBABILITY
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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27. Could you tell me where the Post Office is? DIRECT
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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28. The actress’ jewels had been stolen. ROBBED
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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29. You’ll have to have your beard trimmed. TRIMMING
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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30. Paul is always criticising his parents. DOWN
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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31. They were given permission by the director to eat in the staff canteen. AGREED
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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32. He doesn't mind which film we see. MATTER
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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33. That man reminds me of my father. BEARS
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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34. She is virtually unable to speak Greek. ALL
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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35. They arrived early and that annoyed me. WHICH
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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36. After the end of the exams everyone relaxed. ONCE
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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37. It is my strong belief that Ann took the money. SUSPECT
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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38. Most people show little concern for the suffering of animals. INDIFFERENT
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39. He solved the problem before anyone else. SOLUTION
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