Internship report

SUBMITTED TO: RESIDENT ENGINEER MUHAMMAD

JALAL KHAN

SUBMITED BY
SAQIB ALI
REGESTRATION # 17PWELE5068
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
POWER
STUDENT OF UET PESHAWAR
INTRENSHIP AT SHAHI BAGH GRID STATION, CHARSADAH ROAD
PESHAWAR |
CONTENTS
1) Introduction
a) Power system
b) Grid station
c) Single line diagram
2) Switch Yard
3) Tower
4) Green Tree
5) Lightning arrester
6) Wave Trap
7) Line Isolator along with Earth Switch
8) Circuit Breaker
a) Quenching Media
b) Operating Media
9) Current Transformer:
10) Potential Transform:
11) Grounding:
12) Bus bar
13) Transformer Bay
14) Power transformer
a) Core
b) Winding
c) Main Tank
d) Conservator Tank
e) Breather
f) Buchulz’s Relay
g) Cooling System
h) Tape Changer
15) Synchronizing
16) Synchronizing of Power Transformers:
17) Capacitor Bank
18) Battery
1) Introduction:
Shahi Bagh grid Station is located at Charsadda Road Peshawar. This is oldest grid
station built in 1960.This national Grid comprise of 6 circuits and is in Ring system.
The grid has input supply from Mardan Grid station (220KV) which is supplied
further by Turbela Powerhouse, New Shahi Bagh (220KV) and Warsak powerhouse.
The output of this grid includes of 11kv and 66Kv which supply for distribution to
street transformer and Budhbair Grid station, respectively.
a) Power system:
The electrical system in which different systems are connected to transfer the power
from the source to consumer. It divided into generation, transmission and
distribution. The electrical power is achieved by using different source of energy.
Hydro Energy is the cheapest source of energy, so the turbine produces 11.5 kV or
6.6 kV at generation station. This voltage is step up to 500 kV. 500 kV is used as
primary transmission then it step down to 220 kV which is known as secondary
transmission then again step down to 132 kV which is known as primary distribution,
66 kV is also included in primary distribution. This voltage is again step down to
11kV which is known as secondary distribution.
b) Grid Station:
Grid station is a place where many circuits are interconnect for the purpose of
controlling and voltage regulations.
c) Single Line Key Diagram:
The grid system is consisting of 3 phase 3 wire system. We draw the circuit diagram
of grid station for the purpose of studying the power flow and fault dedication. If we
draw the circuit diagram for many incoming and outgoing circuit so it will be very
complex. To remove complexity, we draw the circuit diagram as a single line
diagram in which 3 phase 3 wire system is represented as a single line. We use
symbols for different components, which is international accepted. The single line
key diagram of Shahi Bagh Grid station is given below.
2) Switch Yard:
The region in which different components are physically connected for the sake of
protection, controlling and distribution of Electrical power. The components which
are used in switch yard is listed below.
3) Tower:
Tower is a long stand like a Minar which carry the transmission line from one station
to another. Towers are usually at free spaces like fields and not in towns to avoid
hazards from magnetic field of high voltage transmission. Towers are triangular in
shape having Shielding wire at top and transmission lines at its arms. Shield wire
protect the tower from thunders and acts as a neutral wire. Towers have Insulation
Discs which is at the end of one transmission line and beginning of adjacent
transmission line. Discs provide insulation to tower as a result being a conductor,
tower do not conduct high voltage to the ground. Each disc represents 11kv.
Counting number of discs connected to a line will show the voltage across the
respective transmission line. Transmission lines have vibrations due to high voltage
across it or due to wind, to avoid such vibrations Damper weight / Balancing weight
are use which result in regulation of vibrations.
4) Green Tree:
The tower is also use in switch yard which form a skeleton to support the conductors.
5) Lightning / Surge Arrester:
The power system is interconnected system, if there is a shutdown occurred in a grid
station, other grid station also receives surges, transient voltage or may the voltage
be increased due to Ferranti’s Effect or Lighting storm. Nonlinear device surge
arrester should remove all these excessive voltages. And provide voltage regulation
to the system and keep constant voltage.
6) Wave Trap:
Wave trap is use for PLC. Power line Communication (PLC) is a communication
system. with the help of PLC grid to grid communication get easier. It has a filter
which has predefine bandwidth and it only allows the frequency of the prescribe
bandwidth for communication.
7) Line Isolator Along with Earth Switch:
Line isolator along with earth switch helps in protection of the grid system. It isolates
the grid electrical machinery from the input supply of 132Kv during shortfall or
tripping condition. Most of the time the fault is more sever so to counteract it, we
provide the supply with a circuit breaker after the Line Isolation. Isolator work on
no load. On full load it should not operate because high arc will produce which is
dangers for human body.
8) Circuit Breaker:
Circuit breaker provide isolation to the grid station in case of tripping or shortfall.
The breaker operates on DC sources. It can operate on full load or no load because
it has quenching media. There is different type of circuit breakers like vacuum circuit
breaker, Air blast circuit breaker, Oil filed circuit breaker, and SF6 circuit breaker.
Due to high voltage there is a spark inside the circuit breaker. To absorb or eliminate
the spark we use different quenching media such as SF6 Gas in modern circuit
breakers while oil in old age breakers. In 11kv circuit breakers we mostly use
vacuum tube in which there is no flam produce in vacuum because of absences of
oxygen.
9) Current Transformer:
Current transformer is used to step down the current. At Shahi Bagh Grid station the
CT ratio is 300/5 that means it convert 300 A to 5 A. Protection is very important
for any high rated device. CT step down the current to 5A which is then use by
different Relays as they operate on 5A, only. Thus, CT helps in protection of system
through Relays. Measurement and Metering are a bit different terminology but have
same properties in accordance to function of CT. Through CT we measure the input
and output currents and we can detect the fault if incase occur through its readings
or directly from Auxiliary panel of respected CT in control room. CT lies on each
line. Use of current transformer is due to following reasons:
a) Protection
b) Measurement
c) Metering

10) Potential Transform:

Potential Transformer converts 132 kV to 110 V which is then suitable for Bus Bar
and other power cables to work on. Secondly for single common Bus Bar there will
be only one PT while there could be many CTs depending upon circuits connected
to bus bars. Use of potential transformer is due to following reasons:
a) Protection
b) Measurement
c) Metering
11) Grounding:
Earth is a protection element. Earth provide a very low resistive path to the flow of
high current due to any fault. Grounding is all around the system at Shahi Bagh grid
station. The surface beneath the upper Muddy layer is of concrete that is supposed
to be good source for earth due to following reasons:

a) Concrete provide flexible surface to walk on

b) It provides less potential difference across the Conducting Body
c) It has property of rigidity
d) It is highly insulated material.

Each tower or Component of the system at grid station is grounded. For this,
grounded wires are provided through underneath which is known as earth mesh.
12) Bus Bar:
Bus Bar is set of wires which move in grid station. Bus bar connect supply from
breakers to Power Transformer. Bus bar are perpendicular to line bay There are two
types of Bus Bar:
a) Main bus bar
b) Common bus bar
Bus Bar may be of 132Kv or 11Kv. The type of cable or wire can be examined from
the supply i.e. 132Kv /11Kv.Now a days Flexible Bus bar are suggested to be use in
grid because it can sustain to storm and rain whereas Rigid bus bar were in use in
old ages .Flexible Bus bar has wires of cross sectional area 600 mm^2.Rigid Bus bar
were made of aluminum as that of Flexible but it had insulation of plastic instead of
rubber.
1mm square = 1.5A
600mm square =900A
This means Bus Bar at Shahi Bagh grid Station contain 900 A current.
13) Transformer Bay:
Transformer bay comprise of following units.
a) CT
b) 132 kV circuit Breaker
c) Lightening Arrester
d) Power transformer
We are familiar with the work of CT as it step down the current from 300A to 5A so
that the Relay woks with their rated current. Likewise, Circuit Breakers provide
protection and act as a switch to disconnect the grid system when needed. Now
sometime thunderstorm take place which are hazardous to whole system, to avoid
the effects of Surge Voltage, switching voltage and Thunder voltage we use
Lightening Arrester. Lightening Arrestor act as protection element for the Power
transformer.
14) Power transformer:
Power transformers at Shahi Bagh Grid Station has apparent power of 40 MVA,
20/26 MVA. Power transformer works on the principle of Mutual Induction. There
are various important parts of power transformer:
a) Core:
Core of transformer is made up of Ferromagnetic Material which has the property to
get quickly magnetize and help in Quick Mutual Induction phenomena.
b) Winding:
There are two main important windings in Transformer, Primary and Secondary but
sometime Tertiary winding is also present in auto transformer.
c) Main Tank:
Main tank contain core with windings and is filled of special type of Oil which act
as a cooling reagent. The oil has latent heat of vaporization higher than any other
liquids though less than water. We cannot use water as a cooling reagent because it
has the ability to corrode the Core which made up of Pure Iron.
d) Reservoir Tank:
This tank also contains Oil of similar nature and is at the top of Power Transformer.
This tank provides additional oil to the Main tank when it is needed. Reservoir tank
is not fully filled, it has 30% free space in upper portion, which is filled with air by
Breather when the oil from reservoir tank moves to main tank.
e) Breather:
Breather is a tube which contain oil and Silica jell (SiO2). Silica Jell is hygroscope
agent which helped in absorbing the moisture in air. Breather breathe the air when
reservoir tank provide oil to the main tank. This is due to low pressure at the top of
reservoir tank and air moves from outside to inside of Power Transformer.
f) Buchulz’s Relay:
Buchulz’s Relay is at the top of Transformer. It has few functions one of them is we
expel out the successive oil in the main tank through opening of Buchulz’s Relay.
g) Cooling System:
There are two types of nature of Power transformer for cooling purpose.
i. Oil Nature
ii. Air Nature
Oil is use as a cooling reagent whereas air is also use as cooling reagent. Oil is pass
through pipes horizontally which is known as radiators. Tubes are exposed to high
power fans that create strong cool blow towards the pipes and cool the oil inside it.
Cooling fans are on either side of the transformer in order to confirm the cooling
nature of power transformer.
h) Tape Changer:
Tape Changer is a device which has a setup of few other parts.
i. Motor Dry Unit
ii. Diverter switch
iii. Phase Selector Switch.

we set the tape changer at primary side of the Power Transformer because primary
side contain high voltage (132Kv) but very low current. Motor Dry unit have a motor
For the sake of small or low current Motor is connected to a pipe which goes inside
the tank and is connected to Phase selector switch. The phase selector switch moves
above and below the windings and thus we have high voltage and low voltage at
primary side. It is because sometimes we are countered with very high voltage more
or less than 132Kv.
15) Synchronizing:
It is a process with the help of which connect one grid with another. Synchronizing
helps in Energy consumption. We can transfer the excessive energy to another grid
with the process of synchronizing. A separate setup called Synchronizer is establish
in control room. Few important things regarding synchronizing:
a) Same Frequencies
b) Same Voltages
c) Same sequences (Red, Yellow, Blue)
These measurements should match before synchronizing otherwise synchronizing
won’t occur.
16) Synchronizing of Power Transformers:
In order to distribute the load on more than one transformer equally, we synchronize
two or three transformers depending upon the requirements of the load. The
transformer should be connected in Parallel as in parallel the voltages are same.
Important things for synchronizing:
a) Voltage should be the same of both transformers.
b) Tape Changer should be at similar positions
c) Sequence should be same
d) Frequencies should be same
e) Voltages should be same
f) Power rating should be same
17) Capacitor Bank:
Capacitor Bank is for improving power Factor. Improving Power factor means
reducing losses and reduce reactive power. It also decreases the load and provide
Relief. Each Transformer has its capacitor Bank. Number of cells in capacitor bank
depends upon the Power Rating of Transformer.
As 1cell =200KVAR
36cells=3.6MVAR (approx)
This means that for a transformer of 3.6MVAR we have to install capacitor
bank comprise of 36 cells.
 The requited kVAR for p.f improvement
Q (kVAR) = P (k W)*[tan{cos-1(p.f After)}- tan{cos-1(p.f Before)}]
18) Battery:
Batteries are used for variety of reasons:
a) Uninterrupted supply
b) Reliable Source compared to AC Supplier.
c) DC supply has No Zero Crossing
d) Provide DC supply to Breakers
These batteries are chargeable. They are charged by Battery charger which take three
phase AC and Rectify it to 110 V DC or 220 V DC. Batteries are connected in series
to provide 110 V DC and 220 V DC respectively. These are two different setups for
two different voltages.
The electrolyte use in these batteries is combination of Distillated water and
sulphuric acid in ratio of 1 and 4 respectively. We have to check the specific Gravity
every morning with Hydrometer.
1 cell produce 2 – 2.5 volts
a) For 110 volts we use 55 cells connected in series.
b) For 220 volts we use 110 cells connected in series.
Overall battery capacity is 150AH which means if we have 10A load we can supply
power to it for 15 hours, non-stop.