Introduction

Fundamental • Fluid mechanics deals with the study of behavior of fluids at rest (fluid

concepts
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with
solids or other fluids at the boundaries.

• Fluid is a substance in the liquid or gas phase

CE2201 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Dr. B. M. L. A. Basnayake • Distinction between a solid and a fluid

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of Ruhuna

E2015Batch-2016

Distinction between a solid and a fluid Distinction between a solid and a fluid
Solid Liquid Gas
• Molecules are easily separated in a fluid. No tension

Solid Fluid
- resist an applied shear stress by deforming - deforms continuously under the influence of
- stress is proportional to strain shear stress
- stress is proportional to strain rate

• Molecules are at relatively • Groups of molecules move • Molecules move about at

fixed positions about each other random
• Volume remains relatively • Gas molecules are widely
constant due to strong cohesive spaced, and the cohesive forces The fluid layer in contact with the upper plate would
Molecular attraction
forces between them are very small Deformation of a rubber eraser placed move with the plate continuously at the velocity of the
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 between two parallel plates plate
𝐹=
𝑟2 • A liquid takes the shape of the • Cannot form a free surface. Fills
Small r -> large F container it is in, and it forms a the entire available space
Stronger attractive forces free surface Weaker attractive forces
between molecules between molecules

1
Distinction between a solid and a fluid Normal stress and shear stress
The strength of intermolecular cohesive forces determines the status of a The normal stress and shear stress at the surface of a fluid element
particular type of material
• For fluids at rest, the shear stress is
zero and pressure is the only normal
Stress= Force/Area stress

Normal compressive stress-

fluid pressure

p= p(x,y,z,t) varies from point to point

Fluid properties Fluid properties

• The state of a system is described by its properties. • Continuum: view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that
is, a continuum. The continuum idealization allows us to treat properties as
point functions and to assume that the properties vary continually in space
• Intensive properties: with no jump discontinuities.
Independent of the mass of the system (Temperature, pressure, density)
Enlarged view
z Molecular structure of matter
• Extensive properties:
x
Depends on the size or extent of the system ( mass, volume, momentum) y Molecular diameter 10-6 mm
Separated by 10-6 mm~10-7 mm
In a small volume of 1 mm3 approximately 1020 molecules

In practical applications we consider CV much higher with

very large no of molecules. Ignore voids

2
Fluid density Fluid viscosity
• Mass per unit volume • When a fluid moves relative to a solid or when two fluids move relative to
𝑚 each other a friction force develops at the contact surface in the direction
𝜌= Unit:𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑣 opposite to motion.
• Property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion or the
• The density, in general, depends on temperature and pressure. The density of “fluidity,” and that property is the viscosity.
liquids and solids depends more strongly on temperature than it does on • Newtonian fluids:
pressure 𝒅𝒖
𝝉=𝝁
𝒅𝒚

• Specific weight (γ)- Weight of unit volume • Kinemetic viscosity:

𝜇
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 𝜈= Unit m2/s
𝜌

Fluid compressibility Properties of water and air

• Volume (or density) of a fluid changes with a change in its temperature or pressure.

• Fluids usually expand as they are heated or depressurized and contract as they are
cooled or pressurized.

• Coefficient of compressibility: Bulk modulus (K)

Δ𝑃
𝐾 = − Δ𝑉/𝑉 In liquids spacing is smaller than gas
𝐾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ~2.25 × 109 𝑃𝑎 ; 𝐾𝑎𝑖𝑟 ~1.4 × 105 𝑃𝑎

• K is very large for liquids and small for gasses. For a given pressure change,
Liquids: volume change and density change is negligible for liquids.
constant density fluids or incompressible fluids
Gases: Density change is considerable for gasses
variable density or compressible fluids.

3
Classification of fluid flows Viscous versus inviscid regions of flow
• In practice, there is a wide variety of fluid flows Inviscid flow region

• It is usually convenient to classify them on the basis of some common characteristics • When fluid layers move relative to each
other, a friction force develops between
Based on fluid properties them. The slower layer tries to slow down
- Viscous versus inviscid the faster layer.
- Compressible versus incompressible flow Viscous flow region • This internal resistance to flow is quantified
Flow across an airfoil by the fluid property viscosity
Based on flow properties
-Laminar versus turbulent flow • Viscosity is caused by cohesive forces
between the molecules in liquids and by
- Steady versus unsteady flow
molecular collisions in gases
- Uniform and non-uniform flow Inviscid flow region
- One-, Two-, or Three- dimensional flows • All fluid flows are viscous
- Natural versus forced flow Viscous flow region
- Internal versus external flow

Flow over a solid wall

Compressible versus incompressible Laminar and turbulent flow

Incompressible: density of fluid is constant • The flow in laminations (layers) is termed as
laminar flow
Compressible: density varies • Fluid particles mix each other in turbulent flow
• Reynolds number is used to differentiate laminar
and turbulent flow
𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

Incompressible Compressible

Transition from laminar to turbulent flow

4
Steady and Unsteady flow Uniform and Non-uniform flow
Steady flow: Uniform flow:
Flow properties (velocity, density, pressure etc.,) do not vary with time at a Flow conditions remains constant irrespective of the position
particular point
Non-uniform flow:
Unsteady flow: Flow conditions vary from one point to another
Flow properties (velocity, density, pressure etc.,) do vary with time at a
particular point

One, Two, and Three dimensional( 1D, 2D, and 3D) flows Natural versus forced flow
• Generally all fluid flows are 3D, fluid properties vary in all directions • Based on how the fluid motion is initiated
• In many cases, significant changes in two directions or in one directions.
Thereby, 3D fluid flow can be simplified to 1D or 2D • Forced flow, a fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by external
means such as a pump or a fan
1D: Flow parameters vary significantly only in one direction • Natural flows, any fluid motion is due to natural means
2D: Flow parameters vary along the direction of flow and in one direction right
angle to it
3D: Flow parameters vary significantly in all directions

5
Internal versus external Dimensions and Units
• Depending on whether the fluid is forced to flow in a confined channel or over a surface. • Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions. The magnitudes assigned to the
dimensions are called units.
Internal flow • Two commonly use unit systems; English systems, metric International System (SI)
Fluid is completely bounded by Primary dimensions and their units in SI Some derived units
solid surfaces
Dimension Unit Quantity Unit
- Flow in a pipe
Length meter (m) Force Newton (N or kgms-2)
Mass kilogram (kg) Pressure and stress Pascal (Pa or Nm-2)
Time second (s) Work, energy Joule (J or Nm)
Temperature kelvin (K) • To avoid inconveniently large or small numbers, prefixes
External flow Electric current ampere (A) may be put in front of the unit names
Flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface
Amount of light candela( cd) Multiple Prefix Multiple Prefix Multiple Prefix
- Flow over cylinder
- Open channel flow Amount of matter mole( mol) 1012 Tera (T) 102 Hecto (h) 10-3 milli (m)
109 Giga (G) 101 Deka (d) 10-6 micro (μ)
106 Mega (M) 10-1 deci (d) 10-9 nano (n)
103 Kilo (k) 10-2 centi (c) 10-12 pico (p)

Dimensional homogeneity Accuracy, Precision, and Significant digits

• Equations must be dimensionally homogeneous. Engineers must be aware of three principals that govern the proper use of numbers.
Every term in an equation must have the same unit Accuracy error : Value of one reading minus the true value. Closeness of the average reading
• The notation for the four primary dimensions is as follows: mass [M], length to the true value. Generally associated with repeatable, fixed errors.
[L], time [T] and temperature [Θ].
Precision error : Value of one reading minus the average of readings. Is a measure of the
fineness of resolution and repeatability of the instrument. Generally associated with random
Volumetric flow rate Q through a hole, distance h from the liquid surface and of errors.
diameter D on a side of a tank is given by
Significant digits : Digits that are relevant and meaningful. When performing calculations,
the final result is only as precise as the least precise parameter in the problem. When the
number of significant digits is unknown, the accepted standard is 3. Use 3 in all homework
and exams.