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Sawyer Integrated School

S.Y. 2021-2022
2nd Quarter

Lesson 6 Classification and

Week 6
Reproduction of Plants
Classification of Plants
Plants are critical to other lives on this planet because they form the basis of all food webs. Most plants
are autotrophic, creating their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and light through a process called
photosynthesis.
Plants are living organisms that cover much of the
land of the planet Earth. You see them everywhere. They
include grass, trees, flowers, bushes, ferns, mosses, and
more. Here are some basic characteristics that make a living
organism a plant:
 Most plants make their own food through a
process called photosynthesis.
 Plants have a cuticle, meaning they have a
waxy layer on their surface that protects them
and keeps them from drying out.
 They have eukaryotic cells with rigid cell walls.
 They reproduce with spores or with sex cells.
Types of Plants
Vascular (Tracheophytes) – these plants have specific tissues that help to move material such as water
through the plant. They are further divided into nonflowering plants and flowering plants.
Nonvascular (Bryophytes) – these are smaller plants with no true roots, stems, and leaves. Liverworts
and mosses are terrestrial plants. They live in very damp and shady places. They do not have vascular tissues
xylem and phloem. They have root like rhizoids and leaf – like structures.
Basic Structure of Plants
Leaf – the leaf is an organ of a plant that is specialized for
photosynthesis. Leaves capture energy from sunlight as well as collect
carbon dioxide from the air.
Stem – the stem is the main structure that supports leaves and flowers.
Stems have vascular tissues that move food and water around the plant
store food in their roots.
Roots – the roots of a plant grow underground. They help to keep the
plant from falling over and absorb water and minerals from the soil. Some
plants store food in their roots.
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Flowering plants are a type of vascular plants that produce flower in order to reproduce. Flowering plants
produced seeds within a fruit. The scientific name for flowering plants is angiosperm.
Angiosperm is divided into two groups:
1. Monocots – these are
plants that have one –
seed leaf or cotyledon.
The leaves of these
plants have parallel
venation. Examples are
corn, rice, onions,
grasses, coconuts,
pandan, and sugar
cane.

2. Dicots – these are

plants that have two –
seed leaves or
cotyledons. The leaves
have netted venation.
Example are santol,
mango, beans, chico,
tamarind, and
calamansi.

Life Cycle of Flowering Plant

Flowering plants follow a specific life cycle.
 Seed – they begin their lives as seeds. Seeds are
like baby plants. They have a hard outer shell
that protects the seed embryo inside.
 Germination – the seed ends up on the ground.
It needs air, water, and soil to grow. When a
seed begins to grow, this is called germination.
The first growth will usually be some small
roots. Then, stem will grow.
 Sprout or Seedling – when the first sign of life
appears above the soil, this is called a sprout or
seedling.
 Mature plant – the seedling will continue to
grow into a full mature plant with leaves, roots,
and stems.
 Flowering – the mature plant will grow
flowers. Through pollination, the flowers will
produce seeds. When the seeds end up on the
ground, the cycle will begin again.
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Flower
Flowers are the reproductive organs of the flowering plant.
 Sepal – the sepal is a support
structure for the petal.
 Petal – the petals are the bright
colorful leaves of the flower.
 Stamen – the stamen is the part of
the flower that produces pollen.
 Filament – the filament is the stalk
that holds the anther.
 Anther – the anther is made up of
lobes that attach to the filament.
 Pistil – the pistil is the female part
of the flower.
 Stigma – the stigma is the area
where pollen is received.
 Carpel – the carpel is the ovary of the flower and contains ovules which are potential seeds.
Fruits
Fruits are a way by which many plants spread their seeds. Fruits are formed after the flower is fertilized
with pollen. The ovules in the pistil will become seeds and the flower will transform into a fruit.
Seed
The seed is the embryo of a plant, sort of like a baby plant. Seeds come in all sizes, shapes, and colors
depending on the type of plant. Inside the seed is a plant embryo, food for the embryo, and a seed coat to protect
it.
Pollination
In order for an ovary to become seed, it must receive pollen. Insects and birds can play an important role
in pollinating plants. When an insect or bird is attracted to a flower by its bright color, they get pollen on them.
As they move from plant to plant, they transfer the pollen from one plant to another. This helps the plants to
reproduce by creating seeds.
Nonflowering Plants
Many plants have flowers that help them to make seeds in order to reproduce. However, some plants do
not use flowers to reproduce. These plants are called nonflowering plants. There are two main groups of
nonflowering plants – the plants that use spores to reproduce and the plants that use seeds to reproduce. The
nonflowering plants that use seeds are called gymnosperms.
 Gymnosperms – it means “naked seeds”,
they are called as such because their seeds
are open to the air with no covering unlike
the seeds of flowering plants. One of the
major groups of gymnosperm plant is the
conifer.
 Conifers – the word “conifers” means
“bearing cones”. Conifer are plants that use
cones to house their seeds.
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 Cones – conifers reproduce using their cones. Some cones are male and some are female.
 Seeds – the seeds of a conifer are winged seeds. When they are released by the cone, they will float on
the wind until they read the ground whey they will germinate and grow.
 Spores – tiny organism that only contain a few cells.
 Mosses – soft and spongy plants that typically grow only a few inches tall.
Ferns
Another type of spore – producing plant is the fern. Fern
produce spore casing on the underside of their leaves. These look like
brown spots. At some point, the casings dry out and the spores are
released into the air.

Reproduction of Plants
Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants. There are two types of propagation – sexual
and asexual. Sexual reproduction is the union of the pollen and egg, drawing from the genes of two parents to
create a new, third individual. Sexual propagation involves the floral parts of a plant. Asexual propagation
involves taking a part of one parent plant and causing it to regenerate itself into a new plant. The resulting new
plant is genetically identical to its parent.
Propagation Methods
There are probably as many methods of propagating plants as there are reasons for wanting to do so, but
there are basically two types of propagation – sexual and asexual.
Sexual Plant Propagation
Sexual propagation of flowering plants, as
opposed to ferns and mosses, begins with flowering,
followed by pollination, fertilization, and seed
production. Sexual propagation has several advantages
when compared with asexual methods such as:
 It is generally the cheapest method.
 It generally requires the fewest skills, specialized
equipment or facilities, and thus, the easiest
method.
 Seed can be easily stored, often for several years,
and still successfully germinate.
 Seeds are cheaply and easily shipped or transported around the world.
 If properly cleaned and stored, seeds are less likely to carry diseases.
Seedlings are likely to be genetically different from the parent plant; this may be desirable for research,
breeding, plant selection, and conservation work; but may be undesirable in regards to other interest.
Some disadvantages of using this method include:
 Some plants do not produce live, (viable) seeds, and thus cannot be grown this way.
 Seeds may take a long time to grow into mature plants.
 Seedlings are likely to be genetically different from their parent plant, and may not have the same
desirable characteristics.
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Asexual Plant Propagation

Asexual propagation is the production of
plant using the vegetative parts of a plant.
Vegetative parts include the stem, leaves, roots,
bulbs, corns, tubers, tuberous roots, rhizomes, and
undifferentiated tissue often used in micro
propagation. Propagation by division, cuttings,
layering, and grafting area all forms of asexual
propagation. When compared to sexual methods,
asexual methods have certain advantages.
 Plants are genetically identical to the
parents so plants with desirable
characteristics can be reliably cloned.
 It allows propagation of plants that do not
produce seed, produce little seed, or are
difficult or impossible to grow from seed.
 A grower can get a salable or mature plant
more quickly for many plants.
Some disadvantages include:
 Asexual methods are generally more
expensive.
 Many asexual methods require greater
skill, and/or special equipment or facilities.
 There is an increased likelihood of spreading or perpetuating certain diseases.
 Clones can become weakened and lose vigor after years of asexual production, although this is by no
means a general rule.
Division
Dividing plants is probably the simplest form of
asexual propagation. This method is regularly used in
propagation of a wide range or herbaceous perennials
such as daylilies, Siberian iris, bee balm, and
ornamental grasses.
Cutting
Cutting can be taken from a variety of plant
parts – stem, leaves, roots, and buds. But not all plants can be propagated by cuttings and certainly few, if any,
can be grown from all types mentioned. The plant from which the cuttings are taken is referred to as the stock
plant or parent plant.
Types of Cuttings
 Stem cuttings
 Heal cuttings
 Mallet cuttings
 Wounding
 Leaf cuttings and leaf bud cuttings
 Roots cuttings
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Bulbs
Bulbs are specialized organs with a growing point
surrounded by thick fleshy scales. Tulips, onions, lilies, and
daffodils are all bulbous plants. Techniques for propagating
bulbous plants include scaling, basal cutting, offsets, and micro
propagation.

Layering
Layering is yet another form of asexual propagation and is a
method that encourages the development of roots on a stem while it is
still attached to the parent plant.

Underground Structures
Many plants produce specialized structures beneath the soil that are generally used as food storage
organs on which the plant relies during adverse growing conditions.

Corn is made up of the swollen base of a stem surrounded by dry, scaly leaves. A rhizome is a
specialized stern structure that grows at or just below ground level, such as in bearded iris, lily of the valley,
sugarcane, and many grasses. A tuber is a swollen stem structure that serves as an underground storage organ
with nodes, often called eyes, from which shoots emerge. Pseudo bulbs meaning “false bulb”, are typical
storage structure of members of the orchid family.
Grafting and Budding
Grafting and budding are both forms of asexual plant propagation. They both consist of connecting two
pieces of living plant tissue in a way that allows the parts to unite and subsequently grow and develop as a
single plant.

Grafting Budding
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Learning Task #1
Identify whether each is a flowering plant or nonflowering plant.
______________1. Sampaguita ________________6. Moss
______________2. Guava ________________7. Orchids
______________3. Fungi ________________8. Mango
______________4. Rose ________________9. Mushroom
______________5. Banana ________________10. Santol

Learning Task #2
Write the correct word or words to complete the sentence.

Carbon dioxide Flowers Water Leaves Roots

Fruits Trunk Lumber Sunlight Good soil
Oxygen Stem chlorophyll Herbal Care

1. Plants need light from the sun called ___________________.

2. A tree has one _________________ which enables it to stand.
3. The _________________ become fruits.
4. The __________________ grow in the soil and gets water and minerals from it.
5. Seeds which become new plants are found inside the _________________.
6. The _________________ make food for the plant.
7. The green coloring on leaves of plants is called. _________________.
8. The ________________ supports the leaves, flowers, and fruits.
9. You should take good ________________ of plants.
10. Plants grow well on ________________.
11. You should ______________ the plants every day.
12. Plants breathe _________________, a kind of gas given off by man and animals.
13. Plants that are used as medicines are _______________ plants.
14. Plants give us ________________ to build houses.
15. Plants give off ________________, a kind of gas needed by man and animals.