TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES 6.
Repair-overcoming communication
breakdown to send more
• communicative strategies, when used comprehensible message
by the speaker (and sometimes the 7. Termination using verbal and nonverbal
listener), allow for the adjustment of signals to end the interaction
the message and its delivery.
• such strategies are employed within Nomination
specific speech contexts using a
combination of speech styles and the communicative strategy is used. When
speech acts. introducing a topic at the beginning of a
communicative situation, Studies by Francisco
Communicative strategies are plans, ways, or (2013), Kim (2014) and others define it as a
means of sharing information that are adopted strategy that can also be applied any time
to achieve a particular social, political, during the course of an interaction as a way of
psychological, or linguistic purpose. Just as continuing the communication. When this
there are many communication models and strategy is used the topic is introduced in a clear
theories, there are many communication and truthful manner, stating only what is
strategies. Tarone (1977) listed as many as 13 relevant to keep the interaction focused.
strategies while discourse theorists cite only
four rules of conversation. Goutsos (1996) Restriction
called them topic strategies that use sequential
techniques. communicative strategy is a strategy that
constrains or restricts the response of the other
The following are the seven types of person involved in the communication
communicative strategies: situation. The listener forced to respond only
within a set of categories that is made by the
1. Nomination-presenting a particular speaker. This strategy involves techniques that
topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only prevent variability in the participants' discourse
what is relevant (Potter and Wetherell 1987).
2. Restriction constraining the
response/reaction within a set of Turn-taking
categories
3. Turn-taking recognizing when and how communicative strategy requires that each
to speak because it is one's turn speaker talks only when it is his or her turn
4. Topic-control keeping the interaction during an interaction (Coates 2004). Knowing
going by asking questions and eliciting a when to talk depends on watching out for the
response verbal and nonverbal cues that signal the next
5. Topic-shifting introducing a new topic speaker that the previous speaker has finished
followed by the continuation of that or the topic under discussion has been
topic exhausted and a new topic may be introduced.
• Turn-taking communicative strategy
uses either an informal approach (just
jump in and start talking) or a formal • Topic-shifting can help direct the
approach (permission to speak is discussion to another topic or divert the
requested). This strategy is especially attention of the listener from the topic
crucial in deliberative organizations that has become problematic
using parliamentary procedures (Cook
2008). Repeating a good way of correcting oneself and
gives the speaker ample time to do just that
Topic-control
Recasting means changing the form of a
The interaction is kept going. This is simply a message that could not be understood. It allows
question-answer formula that moves the the speaker to say the message in another way
discussion forward. Gramley and Petzold (2004) so that the lisstener can understand what was
regarded questions as sequencing devices that originally incomprehensible
contribute to topic development. This also
allows the listener or the other participants to Termination
take turns. contribute ideas, and continue the
discussion. communicative strategy ends the interaction
through verbal and nonverbal messages that
Topic-shifting both speaker and listener send to each other.
Sometimes the termination is quick and short.
communicative strategy is useful in introducing Sometimes it is prolonged by clarifications,
another topic. Clarification, reframing, closure, further questions, or the continuation of the
or avoidance of the topic under discussion may topic already discussed Still, both language and
lead to a new discourse. This strategy also body movement are used to end the
happens when the follow-through to the communication (Cheng 2003, Silvia 2013)
present topic becomes the focus of discussion
(Goutsos 1996). Speech According to Manner of Delivery
Repair • When a guest speaker delivers a speech
before an audience, most of the time,
When miscommunication occurs, one can apply he or she reads a fully written out
the communicative strategy that includes speech. This is called reading from a
requesting clarification, not acknowledging, not manuscript or speaking from a
responding, repeating recasting, and adding, manuscript.
based on discourse analysis studies. One • When a student joins an oratorical
requests clarification by asking questions or contest, he or she memorizes the full
using the eyebrows, eyes, head, or shoulders to speech beforehand. This is called a
show that the message could not be memorized speech.
understood. • When without preparation, or hardly
• By not acknowledging the new any, you are suddenly asked to give the
situation, the situation already in welcome remarks in a program that is
progress will continue.
about to start or is already ongoing, • The Impromptu speech is
what you will be delivering is an delivered on a short notice
impromptu speech. with little or no preparation at
• When you deliver a speech from a all. That is why it is sometimes
prepared outline of your ideas, called "thinking on your feet”.
complete with supporting data, • The speech is not really made
testimonies, and statistics, this is an on the spot because one
extemporaneous speech. usually speaks or is asked to
speak about something one
1. Reading or speaking from a manuscript already knows.
is usually used in the formal speech • One's preparation comes from
context. The speech is fully written out, everything one has learned or
usually typed, and not folded but placed experienced as they are all the
in a folder for neatness. This manner of source of ideas for the speech.
delivery allows for greater control of Therefore, one is prepared
the wording of the speech when precise although the speech was not
wording is paramount. This is also written out nor rehearsed.
useful when you tend to embellish your • it has to have a beginning
words and you want to deliver your [introduction), a middle (body
sentences exactly as you wrote them. of the speech), and an end
(conclusion/summary).
2. Memorized speech is also a speech that
is fully written out like the speech that 4. Extemporaneous speech may sound
is read from the manuscript. This time, like it is delivered "off-the-cuff" as it
however, the written speech is fully were with hardly any preparation
memorized-every word, every phrase, because it sounds so spontaneous or it
every comma, and every period. may also sound like a speech that was
Oratorical contests require that fully written out and then memorized,
contestants memorize their speech This outline preparation is what
thoroughly. But again. there are differentiates extemporaneous speech.
drawbacks to a memorized speech
3. Impromptu speech is when a speaker
was suddenly asked to give FACTORS IN PREPARING AND DELIVIRNG A
• Their major difference one is SPEECH
hardly given any time to make ❖ Audience analysis -looking into profile of
one's while, Impromptu speech your audiences
one can prepare an ➢ Demography
extemporaneous speech ▪ Ranges
because enough time was ▪ Male & Female ratio
given to prepare. ▪ Economic Status
➢ Situation
▪ Time ➢ Impact & Beauty
▪ Venue
▪ Occasion Speech according to delivery
▪ Size of the audience/Crowd
➢ Psychology • Extemporaneous -short time of preparation
▪ Values • Impromptu - no advance preparation at all
▪ Belief • Manuscript - advance preparation
▪ Attitudes • Memorized - advance preparations/word-
▪ Preferences word
▪ Cultural & Racial ideologies
❖ Purpose
➢ Informative speech -pertains to the
understanding
➢ Entertainment – amusement
➢ Persuasive - well-argued ideas
❖ Topic - focal point of your speech
❖ Narrowing down a topic - making more
specific & focus
❖ Data Gathering - collect ideas, information,
sources, & reference relevant to your
specific topic.
❖ Writing pattern an organization or
structure of writing that help you organize
❖ Outline – hierarchical
➢ Table Format
➢ List Format
thesis statement
- Stand
- 1 sentence statement
-
3 common parts
1) introduction - foundation of your speeth.
2.) Body - explanation of the main idea
3.) conclusion - restatement of your main idea
❖ Editing & Revising - correcting errors
➢ Focus
➢ Clarity
➢ Concession – connection/ relation
➢ Continuity
➢ Variety
