SCIENCE CLUSTER

SCHOOL YEAR 2021 - 2022

General Chemistry 1
CHM01
Course Outcome 6
Quarter 02

Prepared by:
Engr. Jan Allen Almario
Engr. Daryll Anne De Joya
June 2020

Revised by:
Engr. Jelline C. Cuales, MSc
July 2021

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NAME: ____________________________________ TEACHER: ________________________
YEAR AND SECTION: _______________________ SCHEDULE: _______________________

COURSE OUTCOME BULLETIN

 Objective:
After the end of the course, the students will….
• Determine the effects of different organic compounds in the body to promote a healthy
lifestyle.

🖉🖉 Subject Matters:
Lesson 1: Organic Chemistry
1.1 Hydrocarbons
1.1.1 Alkanes
1.1.2 Alkenes
1.1.3 Alkynes
1.1.4 Alkyl Halides
Lesson 2: Functional Groups
2.1 Alcohol
2.2 Aldehyde
2.3 Ketone
2.4 Carboxylic Acid

 Learning Competencies
Lesson I & II
I. Describe the molecular and functional organization of molecules
II. Describe the four major types of biological molecules
III. Understand the functions of the four major types of molecules

🗹🗹 Evaluation:
Performance Task:
� Individual Task:
The student must take the Long Quiz exam posted in their Cardinal Edge Account.

Written Work:
🗐🗐 All students are required to answer the ALEKS worksheet set to students.

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The worksheet covers the Course Outcome 06 topics.

� Note: ALEKS smart activity shall be opened to the student for a week.
Students must complete the topic objectives prior to answering the exam.

What do I Know?
LESSON 1

In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement
or the best answer for each question.

________1. What is the general formula for alkynes?

a. CnH2n+2 b. CnH2n c.CnH2n−2 d. CnHn−2

________2. Glycerin is used in cosmetics as a moisturizer. Identify the functional group circled.

a. Aldehyde
b. Carboxylic acid
c. Alcohol
d. Ketone

_______3. The compound shown below is responsible for the odor in rancid butter. Identify the
functional group circled.

a. Aldehyde
b. Carboxylic acid
c. Alcohol
d. Ketone

_______4. What is the suffix for Alkenes

a. -ane b. -yne c. -ol d. -ene

_______5. It is the study of carbon-containing compounds.

a. Inorganic Chemistry
b. Organic Chemistry
c. Analytical Chemistry
d. Industrial Chemistry

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I. Organic Chemistry

It is the study of carbon-containing compounds except elemental carbon (diamond, graphite,

coal), CO2, CO, carbonates (CO32- group) and cyanides (CN- group). (DeCoste,2017)

Carbon Compounds are the basis of all living species on this planet. It has four electrons in its
outermost orbit and is a non-metal. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that
distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds.

1.1 Hydrocarbons

Made only of carbon and hydrogen. It is divided into several compounds such as alkanes,
alkene and alkynes. Hydrocarbons containing single bond carbon-carbon bonds are saturated
while multiple bond carbon-carbon bonds are unsaturated.

1.1.1 Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes.

General Formula: CnH2n+2
Suffix: -ane
Contain single bond: C―C

Examples:

Propane Butane Pentane

Nomenclature of Alkanes
Systematic method of naming alkanes are:

1. Selecting the Parent Chain

For branched hydrocarbon, identify the longest continuous chain of atom. The number of
carbon connected together.

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When naming the parent of the chain of a compound, count the number of carbon
and place it as the prefix (as shown in figure 1.1. Then add the suffix -ane.

Figure 1.1. Number of carbon atom and parent prefix name.

there is a competition between two chains of equal length, then choose the chain with the
greater number of substituents.

Substituents are branches connected to the parent chain:

🤓🤓Examples:
1. Identify and provide the name for the parent n the following compound:

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1. Locate the longest chain.

2. There are two choices that have 10 carbon atoms
3. The parent will be decane, but we must choose the correct parent chain.
4. The correct parent is the one with the greatest number of substituents:

2. Naming the Substituents

Once the parent has been identified, list all of the substituents.

Substituents are named with the same terminology used in naming parents, only we add the
letters “yl”. For example, a substituent with only one carbon atom (CH3 group) is called a
methyl group. A substituent with two carbon atoms is called a ethyl group. These groups are
generally called alkyl groups. A list of alkyl groups is given in the table below.

Table 1.1. List of Alkyl Groups

Number of Carbon Atoms In Substituent Terminology
1 Methyl
2 Ethyl
3 Propyl
4 Butyl
5 Pentyl
6 Hexyl
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7 Heptyl
8 Octyl
9 Nonyl
10 Decyl

In the example above, the name of the substituents would be the following:

2. Identify and name all substituents in the following compound.

First identify the parent by looking or the longest chain. In this case, the parent has 10 carbon
atoms (decane). Everything connected to the chain is a substituent , and we use the names from
the table above to name each substituent:

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3. Assembling the Systematic Name of an Alkane

In order to assemble the systematic name of an alkane, the carbon atoms of the parent
chain are numbered, and these numbers are used to identify the location of each
substituent. As an example, consider the following two compounds:

In each cases, the location of the methyl group is clearly identified with a number, called a
locant. In order to assign the correct locant, we must number the parent chain properly,
which can be done by following just a few rules

If one substituent is present, it should be assigned the lower possible number.

In this example, we place the numbers so that the methyl group is at Carbon-2 rather than
Carbon-6:

When multiple substituents are present, assign numbers so that the first substituent receives
the lower number. In the following case, we number the parent chain so that the substituents
are 2,5,5 rather than 3,3,6 because we want the first locant to be as low as possible:

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If there is a tie, then the second locant should be as low as possible:

If the previous rule does not break the tie, such as in the case below, then the lowest number
should be assign alphabetically:

When a substituent appears more than once in a compound, a prefix is used to identify how
many times that substituent appears in the compound (di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5, and
hexa = 6). Use hyphens (“-“) to separate numbers from letters, and commas (“,”) to separate
numbers from each other.
Once all substituents have been identified and assigned the proper locants, they are placed in
alphabetical order. Prefixes (di, tri, tetra, penta, and hexa) are NOT included as part of the
alphabetization scheme.

Alkane Systematic Name General Form:

Locant/s – Substituent name/s (in alphabetical) – Parent Chain + “ane”
If a substituent appears more than once in the compound, add a prefix (di, tri, tetra, penta,
hexa) before the substituent name to indicate how many times that substituent appears in the
compound.

SUMMARY FOR NAMING ALKANES:

1. Identify the parent chain: Choose the longest chain. For two chains of equal length, the
parent chain should be the chain with the greater number of substituents.
2. Identify and name the substituents.
3. Number the parent chain and assign a locant to each substituent: Give the first
substituent the lower possible number. If there is a tie, choose the chain in which the
second substituent has the lower number.
4. Arrange the substituent alphabetically. Place the locants in front of each substituent.
For identical substituents, use di, tri, or tetra, which are ignored when alphabetizing.

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🤓🤓Examples:
2. Provide the systematic name of the following compound.

Solution: Assembling a systematic name requires four discrete steps. The first two steps are to
identify the parent and the substituents. Then, assign a locant to each substituent and
arrange the substituents alphabetically.

1.1.2 Alkenes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are called alkenes.

General Formula: CnH2n
Suffix: -ene
Containing double bonds: C=C

Examples:

Propene Butene Pentene

Nomenclature of Alkenes
Alkenes are named using the same four steps in naming alkanes, with the additional steps.
Recall: that naming an alkane requires four discrete steps:
1. Identify the parent.
2. Identify the substituents.
3. Assign a locant to each substituent.
4. Arrange the substituents alphabetically.

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Here are the additional steps for naming alkenes:

1. Replace the suffix “ane” with “ene”.

To indicate the presence of C═C double bond.

2. Selecting the Parent Chain

When choosing the parent of an alkene, use the longest chain that includes the double
bond.

3. Receive the lowest number possible

When numbering the parent chain of an alkene, the double bond should receive the lowest
number possible, despite the presence of alkyl substituents:

The position of the double bond is indicated using a single locant, rather than two locants. In
this case, the position of the double bond is indicated with the number 2.

Note: The IUPAC rules published in 1979 dictate that the locant of the double bond be placed
immediately before the parent, while IUPAC recommendations released in 1993 (and
subsequently) allow for the locant to be placed before the suffix “ene”. Both names are
acceptable:

Alkene Systematic Name General Form:

• Locant/s of the Substituent/s – Substituent name/s (in alphabetical) – Locant/s of
the Double Bond/s – Parent Chain + “ene”
• Locant/s of the Substituent/s – Substituent name/s (in alphabetical) – Parent
Chain – Locant/s of the Double Bond/s – “ene”

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If a substituent appears more than once in the compound, add a prefix (di, tri, tetra, penta,
hexa) before the substituent name to indicate how many times that substituent appears in the
compound.
If a double bond appears more than once in the compound, add “a” after the parent chain
name, and then add a prefix (di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa) before the suffix “ene” to indicate how
many times the double bond appears in the compound.

🤓🤓Examples:
1. Provide the systematic name of the following compound.

STEPS:
1. Identify the longest chain that includes the double bond
2 4
6
3
1
5

2. The double bond should have the lowest number possible.

3. Name the substituents attached.

Answer: 4-methyl-3-hexene or 4-methylhex-3-ene

1.1.3. Alkynes

supersaturated hydrocarbons are called alkynes.

General Formula: CnH2n-2
Suffix: -yne
Containing triple bonds: C≡C

Propyne Butyne Pentyne

Nomenclature of Alkynes
Alkynes are named using the same four steps in naming alkanes and alkenes, with following
additional rules:

i. Use suffix “yne” when naming the parent chain with the C≡C bond
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ii. Longest chain must include C≡C bond:

iii. Receive the lowest number possible

When numbering the parent chain of an alkyne, the triple bond should receive the
lowest number possible, despite the presence of alkyl substituents:

Alkyne Systematic Name General Form:

• Locant/s of the Substituent/s – Substituent name/s (in alphabetical) – Locant/s of
the TripleBond/s – Parent Chain + “yne”
• Locant/s of the Substituent/s – Substituent name/s (in alphabetical – Parent
Chain – Locant/s of the Triple Bond/s – “yne”
If a substituent appears more than once in the compound, add a prefix (di, tri, tetra, penta,
hexa) before the substituent name to indicate how many times that substituent appears in the
compound.
If a triple bond appears more than once in the compound, add “a” after the parent chain name,
and then add a prefix (di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa) before the suffix “yne” to indicate how many
times the double bond appears in the compound.

🤓🤓Examples:
1. Provide the systematic name of the following compound.

STEPS:
1. Identify the longest chain that includes the triple bond
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2
4 7
3 5 6

2. The triple bond should have the lowest number possible.

3. Name the substituents attached using the s

Answer: 4-Ethyl-5-methyl-3-propyl-1-heptyne

1.1.4. Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides are named using the same four steps in naming alkanes.
General Formula : R-X wherein parent chain and X is the Halogen (F, Cl, Br and I)
All rules discussed for naming alkanes are also applied here with some additional rules:

Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides

i. First substituent should receive the lowest number possible.
Halogens are simply treated as substituents and receive the following names: fluoro-, chloro-,
bromo-, iodo-.

ii. Halogen prefixes must be arranged in alphabetical order (bromo-chloro-fluoro-iodo).

If there is more than one type of halogen present in the compound, arrange the halogen
prefixes in alphabetical order. Again, the first halogen should receive the lowest number
possible.

5 3
4 2
6
1

iii. The most electronegative halogen should receive the lowest number possible.

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2 4
1 3 5

II. Functional Groups

Many organic molecules can be considered to be derived from hydrocarbons by
substituting a functional group for a hydrogen atom.

The functional group can be nonmetal atom or small group of atoms that is bonded to
carbon. A table below lists the types of functional groups commonly found in organic compounds.

Figure 2.1. Common functional groups

2.1. Alcohol
General structural formula of an alcohol: R–O–H where R is an alkyl group and –OH is an hydroxyl
group.
Alcohols are named using the same four steps in naming alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes and
applying the following rules:

Nomenclature of Alcohol
i. Replace the suffix “e” with “ol” to indicate the presence of hydroxyl group (-OH group).

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ii. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom connected to the hydroxyl group
for choosing the parent chain.

iii. The hydroxyl group should receive the lowest possible number when numbering the parent
chain.
Despite the presence of alkyl substituents, halogens, or double bonds.

iv. The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated using a locant.

The locant can be placed immediately before the parent OR before the suffix “ol”. Both
names are acceptable IUPAC names.

🤓🤓Examples:
1. Provide the systematic name of the following compound.

STEPS:
1. Replace the suffix “e” with “ol” to indicate the presence of hydroxyl group (-OH group).
2. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom connected to the hydroxyl group for
choosing the parent chain.
3. The hydroxyl group should receive the lowest possible number when numbering the parent
chain.

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4. The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated using a locant.

7 8 9
2
3 5
1
4 6

Answer: 4-4-dichloro-6-ethyl-2-nonanol

2.2. Aldehyde
Structural formula of an aldehyde:

Aldehydes are named using the four discrete steps required to name most classes of organic
compounds (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alcohols) and with the addition of the following
guidelines:

Nomenclature of Aldehyde
i. Replace the suffix “e” with “al” to indicate the presence of hydroxyl group (-OH group).

ii. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom of aldehydic group for choosing the
parent chain.

iii. The aldehydic carbon is assigned number 1.

Despite the presence of alkyl substituents, halogens, double bonds, or hydroxyl groups.

NOTE: It is not necessary to include this locant in the name, because it is understood that the
aldehydic carbon is the number 1 position.

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🤓🤓Examples:
1. Provide the systematic name of the following compound.

STEPS:
1. Replace the suffix “e” with “ol” to indicate the presence of hydroxyl group (-OH group).
2. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom connected to the hydroxyl group for
choosing the parent chain.
3. The hydroxyl group should receive the lowest possible number when numbering the parent
chain.
4. The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated using a locant.

4 2
5 1
3

Answer : 4-methylpentanal

2.3. Ketone
Structural formula of an ketone:

Ketones are named just like aldehydes with only few differences:

Nomenclature of Ketone
i. Replace the suffix “e” with “one” to indicate the presence of a ketone group.

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ii. The position of the ketone group is indicated using a locant.

The locant can be placed immediately before the parent name OR before the suffix “-
one”. Position the ketone group

2.4. Carboxylic Acid

Structural formula of an carboxylic acid:

Compounds containing one carboxylic acid group are named using the following guidelines:

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid

i. Replace the suffix “e” with “oic acid” to indicate the presence of a carboxylic group

ii. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom of the carboxylic acid group.
When choosing the parent chain f carboxylic acid. That carbon atom is always assigned
number 1 when numbering the parent and the locant.

NOTE: Compounds containing two carboxylic acid groups are named with the suffix “dioc acid”.

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🤓🤓Examples:
1. Provide the systematic name of the following compound.

STEPS:
1. Replace the suffix “e” with “oic acid” to indicate the presence of carboxylic acid.
2. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom connected to the carboxylic acid
group for choosing the parent chain.
3. The carboxylic acid group should receive the lowest possible number when numbering the
parent chain.
4. The position of the carboxylic acid group is indicated using a locant.

2
3
1 4 6
5

Answer: 3,3,4,4-tetramethylhexanoic acid

III. Summary
Lesson I

Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds except elemental carbon

(diamond, graphite, coal), CO2, CO, carbonates (CO32- group) and cyanides (CN- group).
(DeCoste,2017) Carbon Compounds are the basis of all living species on this planet. It has four
electrons in its outermost orbit and is a non-metal.

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Hydrocarbons are made only of carbon and hydrogen. It is divided into several
compounds such as alkanes, alkene and alkynes. Hydrocarbons containing single bond carbon-
carbon bonds are saturated while multiple bond carbon-carbon bonds are unsaturated.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that has a general formula of CnH2n+2. Alkanes have
a suffix of -ane and contains a single bond (C―C). Here is the summary for naming alkanes

1. Identify the parent chain: Choose the longest chain. For two chains of equal length, the
parent chain should be the chain with the greater number of substituents.
2. Identify and name the substituents.
3. Number the parent chain and assign a locant to each substituent: Give the first substituent
the lower possible number. If there is a tie, choose the chain in which the second
substituent has the lower number.
Arrange the substituent alphabetically. Place the locants in front of each substituent. For
identical substituents, use di, tri, or tetra, which are ignored when alphabetizing

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that has a general formula of CnH2n. Alkenes have
a suffix of -ene and contains a double bond (C=C). Here is the summary for naming alkenes.
1. Identify the parent.
2. Identify the substituents.
3. Assign a locant to each substituent.
4. Arrange the substituents alphabetically.
5. Replace the suffix “ane” with “ene”.
6. Selecting the Parent Chain
7. Receive the lowest number possible
8. Alkenes Systematic Name General Form
i. Locant/s of the Substituent/s – Substituent name/s (in alphabetical) – Locant/s of the
Double Bond/s – Parent Chain + “ene”
ii. Locant/s of the Substituent/s – Substituent name/s (in alphabetical) – Parent Chain –
Locant/s of the Double Bond/s – “ene”

Alkynes are supersaturated hydrocarbons that has a general formula of CnH2n-2. Alkynes
have a suffix of -yne and contains a single bond (C≡C). Here is the summary for naming alkynes.
1. Identify the parent.
2. Identify the substituents.
3. Assign a locant to each substituent.
4. Arrange the substituents alphabetically.
5. Use suffix “yne” when naming the parent chain with the C≡C bond
6. Longest chain must include C≡C bond:
7. Receive the lowest number possible
8. Alkyne Systematic Name General Form:
• Locant/s of the Substituent/s – Substituent name/s (in alphabetical) – Locant/s of
the TripleBond/s – Parent Chain + “yne”

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• Locant/s of the Substituent/s – Substituent name/s (in alphabetical – Parent

Alkyl Halides are named using the same four steps in naming alkanes. The general Formula is
R-X wherein parent chain and X is the Halogen (F, Cl, Br and I). Here is the summary of naming
alkyl halides.

1. Identify the parent.

2. Identify the substituents.
3. Assign a locant to each substituent.
4. Arrange the substituents alphabetically. First substituent should receive the lowest
number possible.
5. Halogen prefixes must be arranged in alphabetical order (bromo-chloro-fluoro-iodo).
Lesson II

Many organic molecules can be considered to be derived from hydrocarbons by substituting

a functional group for a hydrogen atom. The functional group can be nonmetal atom or small
group of atoms that is bonded to carbon.

Alcohol general structural formula is: R–O–H where R is an alkyl group and –OH is an hydroxyl
group. Here is the summary of naming alcohol.

1. Identify the parent.

2. Identify the substituents.
3. Assign a locant to each substituent.
4. Arrange the substituents alphabetically.
5. Replace the suffix “e” with “ol” to indicate the presence of hydroxyl group (-OH group).
6. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom connected to the hydroxyl group
for choosing the parent chain.
7. The hydroxyl group should receive the lowest possible number when numbering the
parent chain.
8. The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated using a locant.

Aldehyde general structure is Here is the summary of naming aldehyde.

1. Identify the parent.

2. Identify the substituents.
3. Assign a locant to each substituent.
4. Arrange the substituents alphabetically.
5. Replace the suffix “e” with “al” to indicate the presence of hydroxyl group (-OH
group).
6. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom of aldehydic group for choosing
the parent chain.

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7. The aldehydic carbon is assigned number 1.

Ketone general formula is Here is the summary for naming ketones.

1. Identify the parent.

2. Identify the substituents.
3. Assign a locant to each substituent.
4. Arrange the substituents alphabetically.
5. Replace the suffix “e” with “one” to indicate the presence of a ketone group.
6. The position of the ketone group is indicated using a locant.

Carboxylic Acid general formula is . Here is the summary for naming carboxylic
acid.

1. Identify the parent.

2. Identify the substituents.
3. Assign a locant to each substituent.
4. Arrange the substituents alphabetically.
5. Replace the suffix “e” with “oic acid” to indicate the presence of a carboxylic group
6. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom of the carboxylic acid group.

VI. Module Review Exercises

Multiple-Choice Questions

1.
A. 4,7-methyloctane
B. 4,7-dimethyloctane 2.
C. 2,5-methyloctane A. 2,3-dimethyl-4-propylhexane
D. 2,5-dimethyloctane B. 4,5-dimethyl-3-propylhexane
C. 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane
D. 4-ethyl-5,6- dimethylheptane

3.

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A. 2-hexene B. 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylbutane
B. 4-hexene C. 2-chloro-4-methylbutane
C. 2-hexyne D. 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylpentane
D. 4-hexyne

4.
A. 3-ethylpentanol
B. 3-methylpentanol
C. 3-ethylpentanal
D. 3-methylpentanal 8.
A. 6-chloro-2-methyl-3-hexanone
B. 1-chloro-5-methyl-4-hexanone
C. 6-chloro-2-methyl-3-pentanone
D. 1-chloro-5-methyl-4-pentanone

5.
A. 3-methylbutanoic acid
B. 3-methylbutanal
C. 2-methylbutanoic acid
D. 2-methylbutanal

9.
A. 4-hydroxy-3-methylhexanone
B. 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-hexanone
C. 2-keto-3-methyl-4-hexanol
6. D. 5-keto-4-methyl-3-hexanol
A. 2-methylbutanone
B. 2-methylbutanal
C. 3-methylbutanal
D. 3-methylbutanol

10.
7. A. 3,7-dimethyl-4-octyne
A. 2-chloro-4-methylpentane B. 3,7-dimethyl-4-octene

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C. 2,6-dimethyl-4-octyne D. 2,6-dimethyl-4-octene

EVALUATION

⌛ For Written Work, students have to answer an online activity via ALEKS Worksheet.
ALEKS will generate the students' scores based on their progress and correct answers.

⌛ For Long Quiz, they will be assessed by answering online activities via Blackboard.
� Please be guided with Mapua’s Guidelines for taking the online exam. You can access the guidelines in your respective
Cardinal Edge account.
 The exam is open for 12 hours only.
 The students have three attempts, and each attempt has a grade ceiling.
o For the first attempt, the highest grade a student can get is 100.
o For the second attempt, the highest grade a student can score is 85.
o For the last attempt (3rd attempt), the highest grade a student can acquire is 70.
***NOTE: All Long Quizzes are under adaptive release, and for each attempt, the set of questions will
be different.

References:
DeCoste, S.S.Z.D. J. (2017). Chemical Principles. [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved
from [Link]
 Answer Key: 1.d 2.c 3.a 4.a 5.c 6.c 7.a 8.a 9.b 10.c

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