ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER
SCIENCE NEWSLETTER Volume 4 | 2016
______________________________________________________________________
Codes, Standards, and Guidelines for
Plant Steam Utilities
Authors: Mark Fecke, PE, CFEI; John Martens, PhD, MBA, PE, CFEI;
Brenton Cox, PhD, PE, CFEI; and Justin Bishop, PhD, PE, CFEI, CVFI
Introduction
Modern integrated chemical processing plants, electrical power utility plants, and other industrial
facilities rely on onsite steam generation. The onsite “steam plant” is often the oldest and most central
processing unit in these facilities. While the surrounding processing units have been built, demolished,
redesigned, and rebuilt over the decades, the steam plant has often remained largely unchanged.
Steam plants can be fired on natural gas, pulverized coal, and/or fuel oil, each of which may pose
significant fire and explosion hazards if not controlled effectively.
In response to these hazards, many jurisdictions have adopted a regulatory framework to govern steam
generation and use, in the form of codes, standards, and guidelines that have evolved over the past
century since the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) first published the Boiler
Construction Code. In this article, we review several codes, standards, and guidelines that relate to loss
prevention and mitigation of plant steam utilities. The analysis presented here borrows heavily from
portions of an article titled, “A guide to developing and implementing safety checklists: Plant steam
utilities,” published in the Journal of Process Safety Progress in 2011, with updates in 2015 to reflect the
latest status of the codes and standards.i
Background
Early on, pressure boiler failures were prevented largely by thickening the walls and tubes of a boiler.
However, a number of serious boiler accidents still occurred—from 1893 to 1903, more than 1,200
people were killed in the United States in 1,900 separate boiler explosions.ii These deaths led to the first
version of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME Code), titled Boiler Construction Code,
which was published in 1915.ii This code established safety rules governing the design, fabrication, and
inspection during construction of boilers and pressure vessels, and it continues to provide guidance on
these issues today, being updated every three years. The ASME Code is currently used as a federal,
state, and local regulation for the construction and maintenance of steam boilers.ii
While the development of the ASME Code helped increase the structural quality and mechanical safety
of steam boilers, it did not provide guidelines on how to operate them. This deficiency led to the
development of a 1924 document titled, NBFU 60: Regulation of the National Board of Fire Underwriters
for the Installation of Pulverized Fuel Systems as Recommended by the National Fire Protection
Association.iii This document changed from an NBFU/NFPA document to an NFPA standard in 1946. The
evolution of several NFPA standards on operations of different types of boilers eventually culminated in
compilation of a single document in 2001 titled, NFPA 85: Boiler and Combustion System Hazards Code.
Like the ASME Code, NFPA 85 is updated every three years and continually incorporates new technology
that will improve safety and reliability. NFPA 85 is subdivided into chapters describing the following
industrial boiler types:
Single‐burner boilers
Multiple‐burner boilers
Fluidized bed boilers
Heat recovery steam generator and other combustion turbine exhaust systems
Stoker boilers
Pulverized fuel systems.
Within these chapters, the standard also addresses the types of fuel (solid, liquid, or gas), necessary
design features, operations, maintenance, and safeguards. Many safeguards are provided by trips,
interlocks, and permissives between specific control functions (e.g., burner firing) and deviations from
desired operating states (e.g., loss of fan). Perhaps the most complex hazards posed by industrial boiler
systems involve controlling the burner operation to maintain safe operation throughout start‐up, shut‐
down, normal operation, and abnormal operations.
Subsystems and Boiler Operations
In this section, we discuss some of the standards and guidance documents for selected subsystems and
boiler operations.
Fuel Handling
The majority of boiler systems are fired on either pulverized coal and/or natural gas; however, systems
firing on oil, stoker coal, and biomass also pose unique hazards. Based on the prevalence of pulverized
coal and natural gas, these two fuel types will be discussed here. Controls for natural gas system
requirements are listed in NFPA 85. For example, for multiple‐burner boilers, Section 6.6 of NFPA 85
provides requirements for fuel gas systems such as the need for a double block and bleed arrangement
in the fuel piping to the burners, fuel line overpressure protection, and provisions for leak testing safety
valves. A typical first step in evaluating the fuel handling system is to verify that the process and
instrumentation drawings (P&IDs) meet the code requirements (e.g., 6.6.3.1.2, 6.6.3.1.10, and 6.6.3.1.11
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of NFPA 85) and that the as‐built equipment in the field matches the P&ID. Additional requirements for
installation and design of the mechanical components of the fuel gas train can be found in NFPA 54: The
National Fuel Gas Code.iv
Establishing requirements for coal‐handling systems is more difficult, because there is currently no
single NFPA or other standard that completely addresses the process. Coal is a solid fuel with much
more variable properties than fuel gas. Coal properties can be affected by the type of coal (e.g., lignite
versus western coal) and the handling operations prior to use. For pulverized‐coal boilers, raw coal is
supplied as large chunks that are transported through a coal‐handling system to storage silos. Coal is
transported up through the system to the top of the storage silos via conveyors that may be of the belt
type, drag type, or screw type. Coal is then gravity fed down through the silos toward the pulverizers.
There, it is crushed to form a fine coal powder that is pneumatically conveyed to the burners for
combustion. Throughout the coal‐handling process, the coal can pose significant dust explosion hazards
and fire hazards due to self‐heating or contact with an ignition source. In addition to the complex safety
and design requirements, OSHA has recently given notice that it will be developing a comprehensive
combustible dust standard, with a review panel expected to convene as early as February 2016.v,vi
Potentially useful references relating to solid fuel handling can be found in the following documents,
among others:
NFPA 61: Standard for the Prevention of Fires and
Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing
Facilities
NFPA 68: Standard on Explosion Protection by
Deflagration Venting
NFPA 69: Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
NFPA 70: National Electric Code (NEC)
NFPA 120: Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in
Coal Mines
NFPA 499: Recommended Practice for the
Classification of Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous
(Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in
Chemical Process Areas
NFPA 652: Standard on the Fundamentals of
Combustible Dust
NFPA 654: Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing,
Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids
NFPA 664: Standard of Fires and Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities
NFPA 850: Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Electric Generating Plants and High
Voltage Direct Current Converter Stations
FM Data Sheet 7‐76, “Prevention and Mitigation of Combustible Dust Explosion and Fire”
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Burner Management System
According to NFPA 85, the Burner Management System (BMS) of a boiler is:
The field devices, logic system, and final control elements dedicated to
combustion safety and operator assistance in the starting and stopping of fuel
preparation and burning equipment and for preventing misoperation of and
damage to fuel preparation and burning equipment
(Section 3.3.25 of NFPA 85).
NFPA 85 states further:
The burner management system can include the following functions as specified
in this code: interlock system, fuel trip system, master fuel trip system, master
fuel trip relay, flame monitoring and tripping systems, ignition subsystem, main
burner subsystem, warm‐up burner subsystem, bed temperature subsystem,
and duct burner system
(Section A.3.3.25 of NFPA 85).
Simply put, the BMS has ultimate authority to stop the fuel supply to the burners in a boiler, regardless
of whether it is fired on natural gas, oil, coal, or any other fuel source. Unlike older relay‐based BMSs,
today’s systems are implemented by some form of controller that runs control logic software. The BMS
monitors inputs (e.g., valve position, damper position, motor status, etc.) and makes decisions about
whether or not fuel flow to the burners is allowable based on the state of these inputs. These logic
decisions are made in accordance with required safe operation of a boiler. The outputs of a BMS system
are typically discrete (i.e., on or off) and have the ability to directly stop fuel.
An analysis covering a utility boiler’s BMS should include references to standards on such issues as
conditions requiring a master fuel trip (MFT), E‐Stop(s), control system hardware and software
requirements, required alarms, and sequencing interlocks (e.g., purge before lighting igniters). NFPA 85
provides a prescriptive approach to implementing functions in a BMS.vii Other standards that can be
consulted include ANSI/ISA 84.00.01‐2004 (IEC61511 mod) and IEC 61508.viii,ix General requirements for
the BMS logic can be found in Section 4.11 of NFPA 85. The remaining BMS requirements for specific
types of boilers (e.g., single‐burner boilers or multiple‐burner boilers) can be found in various chapters
of the standard.
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Combustion Control System
From NFPA 85, the Combustion Control System (CCS) is defined as “the control system that regulates
the furnace fuel and air inputs to maintain the air‐fuel ratio within the limits that are required for
continuous combustion and stable flame throughout the operating range of the boiler in accordance
with demand” (Section 3.3.39.2 of NFPA 85). Unlike the BMS, which has discrete outputs, the CCS
typically has analog outputs that can correspond to a range of valve positions, damper positions, and fan
speeds. Typical control loops contained in the CCS are air control, fuel control, furnace pressure (or
draft) control, and feedwater/drum‐level control. NFPA 85 provides a prescriptive approach to
implementing functions in a CCS. For example, general requirements for the CCS can be found in
Section 4.6.5 of NFPA 85. The remaining CCS requirements for specific types of boilers (e.g., single
burner boilers or multiple burner boilers) can be found in various chapters of the standard.
Other standards, such as ANSI/ISA 77.41.01 2010 and the American Boiler Manufacturers Association’s
(ABMA) Combustions Control Guidelines for Multiple‐Burner Boilers; Combustion Control Guidelines for
Single‐Burner Boilers, pertain to the combustion control system and do not focus on the BMS.x,xi,xii A
system analysis typically requires a review and understanding of these various standards to evaluate
their individual requirements. While these requirements often overlap, our experience is that it can be
helpful to compare the specific requirements of each. For example, the authors compared the
requirements for air and fuel control and furnace pressure control in the three standards listed above.
See the tables with paraphrased requirements below for a comparison of the language for air and fuel
requirements in Table 1 and furnace pressure in
Table 2.
ANSI/ISA 77.41.01 2010 and NFPA 85 are prescriptive standards that are well aligned in the area of
combustion controls. While each standard may call out slightly more or less detail, the core
requirements are similar. The ABMA standard contains a section titled, “Control System
Recommendations” (Section 3), which provides guidance on a number of control issues, but the scope is
at a higher level than some of the specific requirements prescribed by NFPA 85 and ANSI/ISA (such as
those listed in Table 1 and
Table 2). However, the ABMA standard does address issues that are not discussed in other standards.
For example, Section 3.3 states, “The control system is to send a signal to the BMS anytime there is an
internal fault that jeopardizes the ability of the control system to maintain safe operation.”xi
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Table 1. Comparison of air and fuel requirements from guidance documents (paraphrased)
ABMA Combustion Control
Reference Guidelines for Multiple Burner
Document: NFPA 85iii ANSI/ISA‐77.41.01‐2010x Boilersxi
General requirements for all Boilers with steaming Multiple burner gas/liquid fuel
Application: boilers capabilities of >200,000 lb/hr boilers
Stated 4.13.2.2 airflow less than
Requirements: purge rate not allowed 4.2.2.2
4.13.2.3 fuel demand shall not
be above available airflow 4.2.2.3
...control system design
4.13.2.4 airflow demand shall should follow the System
not reduce airflow below that Requirements ... of the most
required by the actual fuel current edition of NFPA 85 [p.
input(s). 4.2.2.2 16].
4.13.3.2 draft control must be
in auto for airflow to be in
auto 4.2.2.2
4.13.3.3.1 airflow must be in
auto for fuel to be in auto 4.2.2.3
Table 2. Comparison of furnace pressure control requirements from guidance documents
(paraphrased)
ABMA Combustion Control
Reference Guidelines for Multiple Burner
Document: NFPA 85iii ANSI/ISA‐77.41.01‐2010x Boilers [8]
Boilers with steaming Multiple burner gas/liquid fuel
Application: Multiple burner boilers capabilities of >200,000 lb/hr boilers
4.2.2.1 (states "in compliance
Stated 6.5.2.2.1 The furnace pressure with the requirements of
Requirements: control system shall include: NFPA 85")
...control system design
(1) Three furnace pressure should follow the System
transmitters, median‐select, Requirements ... of the most
separate taps 4.1.3.2 current edition of NFPA 85 [p.
(2) Boiler airflow demand 16].
feed‐forward signal (not a No specific requirements for
measured airflow signal) 4.2.2.1 furnace draft/pressure control
(3) An override action or beyond general discussion in
directional blocking on large section 2.2 (8) and VFD
furnace draft errors App. B.7, Figure B.2 description in section 4.2.3.
(4) An MFT feed‐forward
action App. B.7, Figure B.2
Operations
Boiler operators and maintenance personnel often rely on clear, well‐defined operating and
maintenance procedures to properly and safely accomplish tasks. Operating procedures should be
reviewed often and kept up to date with modifications to the boiler systems and controls. Likewise,
maintenance procedures and calibration schedules need to be updated when changes are made to the
boiler design and/or instrumentation. NFPA 85 contains prescriptive requirements for operating
procedures and maintenance. See, for example, Section 6.8.5.2.1.3 for the specific starting sequence
required for a multiple‐burner boiler and Section 4.4.1 for a general list of maintenance requirements
applicable to all boiler types governed by NFPA 85. Section 6.6 of the ABMA combustion control system
standards also provides an abbreviated discussion on operations.
Summary
Many standards, codes, and guidelines can be used to evaluate the equipment and operation of plant
steam utilities. These documents are used in an effort to reduce the risk of an accident involving plant
steam utilities. In this article, we have provided a survey of these standards with the intent of educating
the reader on the codes and their application. As described above, some of the standards cover the
same general information, but specific information provided may vary among different standards. The
user of the standards should make sure that they are being interpreted and applied in the correct
manner to help prevent or mitigate loss within the steam plant utility.
For Further Information, Contact:
Mark Fecke, P.E., CFEI
Principal Engineer
(630) 658‐7512 | [email protected]
John D. Martens, Ph.D., M.B.A., P.E., CFEI
Principal Engineer & Office Director
(312) 999‐4201 | [email protected]
Brenton L. Cox, Ph.D., P.E., CFEI
Senior Engineer
(630) 658‐7523 | [email protected]
Justin A. Bishop, Ph.D., P.E., CFEI, CVFI
Managing Engineer
(630) 658‐7522 | [email protected]
References
i
Fecke, M., J. Martens, J. Cowells, D.R. Morrison. 2011. A guide to developing and implementing
safety checklists: Plant steam utilities. Process Safety Progress 30(3):240–250.
ii
Stultz, S. and J. Kitto. 1992. Steam, Its Generation and Use (40th ed.). The Babcock and Wilcox
Company, Barberton, Ohio..
iii
NFPA 85: Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code.(2015 ed. National Fire Protection
Association, Quincy, Massachusetts.
iv
NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code. 2015 ed. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy,
Massachusetts.
v
U.S. Department of Labor. 2009. News release number 09-1074-NAT, US Labor Department's OSHA
addresses need for combustible dust standard, advance notice of proposed rulemaking solicits
comments from public, October 20;.
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=166
23.
vi
U.S. Chemical Safety Board. 2015. Rulemaking Watch: OSHA's Combustible Dust Rulemaking.
(n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2015, from http://www.csb.gov/mobile/mw/dust/regwatch/
vii
Other standards that can be consulted include ANSI/ISA 84.00.01-2004 (IEC 61511 mod) and IEC
61508.
viii
ANSI/ISA. 2004. ANSI/ISA 84.00.01-2004 (IEC 61511 mod), Functional safety: Safety instrumented
systems for the process industry sector. Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society. American
National Standards Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
ix
IEC. 2010. IEC 61508-2010, Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-
related systems. International Electrotechnical Commission.
x
ANSI/ISA. 2010. ANSI/ISA-77.41.01-2010 Fossil fuel power plant boiler combustion controls.
Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society. American National Standards Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
xi
ABMA. 2001. Combustions control guidelines for multiple-burner boilers. American Boiler
Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia.
xii ABMA. 1999. Combustion control guidelines for single burner firetube and watertube
industrial/commercial/institutional boilers. American Boiler Manufacturers Association, Arlington,
Virginia..
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