My Topic: Types of Steering system and there Mechanism

Steering System: Steering system is the most important part in automobile

vehicle steering control, respond so well to the driver while driving. Steering
control makes you feel safe while driving. The system allows a driver to use
only light forces to steer a heavy car.

Steering is also possible by the turning of the rear wheels, which is used
generally in low-speed slow-floor vehicles, for lifting and transporting heavy
parts to a short distance

Diagram

As you turn the steering wheel the steering shaft rotates the pinion gear. The
teeth of the pinion gear and the steering rack interlock as the pinion rotate.
This rotation will push the rack when the rack moves the attached rods and
steering knuckles act as pivot points and turn the front tyres. The more you
turn the steering wheel the more rack is pushed

How a Car Steering System Works: The steering system will convert the
rotary motion of the steering wheel into the angular turn of the front wheels.

 Steering wheel rotates the steering column.

  The steering gearbox is fitted to the end of this column. Therefore, when
the wheel is rotated, the cross shaft in the gearbox oscillates.
 The cross shaft is connected to the drop arm. This arm is linked by
means of a drag link to the steering arms.
 Steering arms on both wheels are connected by the tie rods to the drag
link.
 When the steering wheel is operated the knuckle moves to and fro,
moving the steering knuckle are connected to each other.
 One end of the drag link is connected to the tie rod. The other end is
connected to the end of the drop arm.

The Purpose of a Steering System: For effective control of the vehicle

throughout its speed range with safety and without much effort to the driver on
different types of road surfaces, proper steering is necessary. For proper
performance and useful service of the automobile, it is necessary that the
moving vehicle should be under the perfect control of the driver. Thus the
control of the automobile is done by means of a steering system that provides
directional changes to the moving automobile.

Function of Steering System:

1. With the help of the steering system, the driver can control the vehicle
however he wants
2. The steering provides stability to the vehicle on the road.
3. It minimizes tyre wear and tear.
4. It prevents road shocks from reaching to the driver.
5. The steering provides self-rightening effect after taking a turn.

Types of The Steering System in an Automobile: Following are the

three types of steering systems:

1. Bicycle steering.
2. Turntable steering or centre pivot steering.
3. Ackarman steering or side pivot steering.
In these types of steering systems, the rare wheel is fixed while the front
wheel is steered. For a safe turning, it is essential that the two wheels must
roll about a point. In this case, the perpendicular of the front wheel when
produces cut the addition of the perpendicular to the rear wheel and that point
is saying as the instantaneous center.
In a four-wheel vehicle, the front two wheels are mounted on the axle and , in
turn, is fixed to a turntable having a single pivot. When the front wheels are
turned, the whole front axle is turned about the central pivot. In this case, also
the perpendiculars of all the wheels meet at a point during any turn, so that
the turning is safe and the wheels roll freely.

This is the modern steering layout of almost all automobiles. In this type of
steering system, each front wheel is turned individually about the side pivot.
The front axle is pivoted on either side of the axles. And as the stub axles, the
wheels are mounted. The stub axles are turned by steering arms connected to the
tie rod. The steering arms are not parallel but are inclined. The line
produced from the inclined arms will meet at the center of the rear axle
line forming an angle.

Types of Steering Gears: Following are the eight important steering gears:

1. Recirculating ball steering gear.

2. Rack and pinion steering gear.
3. The Worm and sector steering gear.
4. Worm and roller steering gear.
 5. Worm and ball bearing nut steering gear.
6. Cam and roller steering gear.
7. The Cam and peg steering gear.
8. Cam and double lever steering gear

The circulating ball gear is similar to the worm and ball bearing not steering
gear. The balls are contained in half nut and a transfer tube. As the cam or
worm rotates, the balls pass from one side of the nut to the transfer tube to the
opposite side. As the nut cannot turn, and movement of the balls along the
track of the cam carries the nut allowing with it and rotates the rocker shaft.
In the rack and pinion steering gear, a pinion is mounted on the end of the
steering shaft. It engages with the rack which has a ball joint at each end to
allow for the rise and fall of the wheels.

The roads connect the ball joints to the stub excels. The rotary movement of
the steering wheel turns the pinion which moves the rack sideways. This
movement of the rack is converted into wheels.

In the worm and sector steering gear, the worm on the end of the steering
shaft meshes with a sector mounted on a sector shaft. When the worm is
rotated by rotation of the steering wheel, the sector also turns rotating a sector
shaft. Its motion is transmitted to the wheel through the linkage.
In the worm and roller steering gear, a two-toothed roller is fastened to the
sector or roller shaft so that it meshes with the threads of the worm gear or
shaft at the end of the steering shaft or tube.

When the worm shaft is turned is it causes the roller to move in an arc so as to
rotate the roller shaft, and at the same time turn on the pin connecting it to the
shaft. The roller is mounted on a ball bearing.

The worm shaft is mounted on a bearing designed to resist both radial and
end thrust
In the worm and ball bearing nut steering gear, a ball nut is mounted on the
worm of the steering shaft. The worm and the nut have mating spiral grooves
in which steel balls circulate to provide a frictionless drive between the worm
and nut.

Two sets of balls are used, with each set operating independently of others. A
ball return guide is attached to the outer surface of the nut. When the steering
shaft is turned to the left or right, the ball nut is moved up and down by the
balls which roll between the worm and nut.

A sector gear mounted on the sector shaft meshes with the ball nut, so that it
gets motion by the ball nut.
In the cam and roller steering gear, a cam meshes with the roller. As the cam
rotates, the roller is compelled to follow the cam and in doing so causes the
rocker shaft to rotate, thus moving the drop arm.

The contour of the cam is designed to mesh with the arc made by the roller so
maintaining a constant depth of mesh and evenly distributing the load and
wear on the mating parts
In the cam and peg steering gear attached to the rocker arm is a tapered peg
that engages in the cam. When the cam rotates, the peg moves along the
groove causing the rocker shaft to rotate.

In the cam and double lever steering gear, a special worm called a cam,
replaces the worm used in the two types of worm and sector steering gear and
worm and roller steering gear.

The cam is cylindrical in shape, its actuating part being a groove of the
variable pitch made narrower at the center than at the end. This provides non-
reversibility in the center part of the cam where most of the car steering takes
place.

The twin levers are mounted on the cross shaft and are located so that the
stubs engage the cam from the side. When the cam is turned, the stubs move
along the cam groove to cause the lever to swing through an arc and thus
turning the cross shaft.

Thank You
Name: Hardik Rangwani

Branch: Mechanical

Section: B

Year: 1st year

Roll no: 21MEB0F23