In the early medieval era,
Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism put down roots on India's southern
and western coasts.[40] Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently overran India's northern plains,
[41]
eventually establishing the Delhi Sultanate, and drawing northern India into the cosmopolitan networks of
medieval Islam.[42] In the 15th century, the Vijayanagara Empire created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture
in south India.[43] In the Punjab, Sikhism emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion.[44] The Mughal Empire, in
1526, ushered in two centuries of relative peace,[45] leaving a legacy of luminous architecture.[h][46] Gradually
expanding rule of the British East India Company followed, turning India into a colonial economy, but also
consolidating its sovereignty.[47] British Crown rule began in 1858. The rights promised to Indians were granted
slowly,[48][49] but technological changes were introduced, and ideas of education, modernity and the public life
took root.[50] A pioneering and influential nationalist movement emerged, which was noted for nonviolent
resistance and became the major factor in ending British rule. [51] In 1947 the British Indian Empire
was partitioned into two independent dominions, a Hindu-majority Dominion of India and a Muslim-
majority Dominion of Pakistan, amid large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration. [52]