Review Problems t-test
Example 01:
The following data represent the running times (in minutes) of films produced by two motion-picture
companies:
Company 1
102 86 98 109 92
Company 2
81 165 97 134 92 87 114
Test the hypothesis that the average running time of films produced by company 2 exceeds the average
running time of films produced by company 1. Use a 0.01 level of significance and assume the
distributions of times to be approximately normal with unequal variances.
Ho: There is no significant difference in the average running times of the two companies.
Company 2 ≤ Company 1
Ha: The average running time of films produced by company 2 exceeds the average
running time of films produced by company 1.
Company 2 > Company 1
Type of Test: t-test 1TR (independent sample t-test)
Critical Value:
Result:
Group Statistics
Company N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Running Time Company 1 5 97.40 8.877 3.970
Company 2 7 110.00 30.221 11.423
Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
t df One-Sided p
Running Equal -1.042 7.376 0.165
Time variances not
assumed
Review: if p-value is less than level of significance, reject Ho.
Decision: Do not reject Ho.
Conclusion: There is no evidence to support that the average running time of films produced by
company 2 exceeds the average running time of films produced by company 1..
Review Problems t-test
Example 02:
Quality Associates, Inc., a consulting firm, advises its clients about sampling and statistical procedures
that can be used to control their manufacturing processes. In one particular application, a client gave
Quality Associates a sample of 800 observations taken during a time in which that client’s process was
operating satisfactorily. The sample standard deviation for these data was 0.21; hence, with so much data,
the population standard deviation was assumed to be 0.21. Quality Associates then suggested that random
samples of size 30 be taken periodically to monitor the process on an ongoing basis. By analyzing the
new samples, the client could quickly learn whether the process was operating satisfactorily. When the
process was not operating satisfactorily, corrective action could be taken to eliminate the problem. The
design specification indicated the mean for the process should be 12. Corrective action will be taken
any time Ho is rejected.
The following samples were collected at hourly intervals during the first day of operation of the new
statistical process control procedure. These data are available in the data set Quality.
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
11.55 11.62 11.91 12.02
11.62 11.69 11.36 12.02
11.52 11.59 11.75 12.05
11.75 11.82 11.95 12.18
11.90 11.97 12.14 12.11
11.64 11.71 11.72 12.07
11.80 11.87 11.61 12.05
12.03 12.10 11.85 11.64
11.94 12.01 12.16 12.39
11.92 11.99 11.91 11.65
12.13 12.20 12.12 12.11
12.09 12.16 11.61 11.90
11.93 12.00 12.21 12.22
12.21 12.28 11.56 11.88
12.32 12.39 11.95 12.03
11.93 12.00 12.01 12.35
11.85 11.92 12.06 12.09
11.76 11.83 11.76 11.77
12.16 12.23 11.82 12.20
11.77 11.84 12.12 11.79
12.00 12.07 11.60 12.30
12.04 12.11 11.95 12.27
11.98 12.05 11.96 12.29
12.30 12.37 12.22 12.47
12.18 12.25 11.75 12.03
11.97 12.04 11.96 12.17
12.17 12.24 11.95 11.94
11.85 11.92 11.89 11.97
12.30 12.37 11.88 12.23
12.15 12.22 11.93 12.25
Conduct a hypothesis test for each sample at the 0.01 level of significance and determine what action, if
any, should be taken. Provide the test statistic and p-value for each test.
Ho: μ=12
Ha: μ ≠12
Type of Test: t-test 2T, one-sample
Critical Value:
Result:
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Review Problems t-test
Sample 1 30 11.9587 .22036 .04023
Sample 2 30 12.0287 .22036 .04023
Sample 3 30 11.8890 .20717 .03782
Sample 4 30 12.0813 .20611 .03763
Significance Mean
Decision (α=0.01) Action.
t df One-Sided p Two-Sided p Difference
Sample 1 -1.027 29 .156 0.313 (x-u) Do not reject Ho.
-.04133
Sample 2 .713 29 .241 0.482 .02867 Do not reject Ho.
Sample 3 -2.935 29 .003 0.006 -.11100 Reject Ho. Corrective
action
needed
Sample 4 2.161 29 .020 0.039 .08133 Do not reject Ho.
Decision:
Conclusion:
Review Problems t-test
Example 03:
A study was conducted by the Department of Zoology at Virginia Tech to determine if there is a
significant difference in the density of organisms at two different stations located on Cedar Run, a
secondary stream in the Roanoke River drainage basin. Sewage from a sewage treatment plant and
overflow from the Federal Mogul Corporation settling pond enter the stream near its headwaters. The
following data give the density measurements, in number of organisms per square meter, at the two
collecting stations:
Number of organisms per square meter
Station 1 Station 2
5,030 4.980 2,800 2,810
13,700 11,190 4,670 1,330
10,730 8,130 6,890 3,320
11,400 26,850 7,720 1,230
860 17,660 7,030 2,130
2,200 22,800 7,330 2,130
4,250 1,130
15,040 1,690
Can we conclude, at the 0.05 level of significance, that the average densities at the two stations are equal?
Assume that the observations come from normal populations with different variances.
Ho:
Ha:
Type of Test: Independent sample sample t-test
Critical Value:
Result:
Decision:
Conclusion:
Review Problems t-test
Example 04:
A taxi company manager is trying to decide whether the use of radial tires instead of regular belted tires
improves fuel economy. Twelve cars were equipped with radial tires and driven over a prescribed test
course. Without changing drivers, the same cars were then equipped with regular belted tires and driven
once again over the test course. The gasoline consumption, in kilometers per liter, was recorded as
follows:
Kilometers per Liter
Subject Radial Tires Belted Tires
1 4.2 4.1
2 4.7 4.9
3 6.6 6.2
4 7.0 6.9
5 6.7 6.8
6 4.5 4.4
7 5.7 5.7
8 6.0 5.8
9 7.4 6.9
10 4.9 4.7
11 6.1 6.0
12 5.2 4.9
Can we conclude that cars equipped with radial tires give better fuel economy than those equipped with
belted tires? Assume the populations to be normally distributed with unequal variance.
Ho:
Ha:
Type of Test: Paired sample t-test
Critical Value:
Result:
Decision:
Conclusion:
Review Problems t-test
Example 05:
A school board wanted to see if reading test scores have changed in the past 30 years by testing a random
sample of 40 students to see whether there is a significant change from the average score of 78 thirty
years ago. The scores of the sample are as follows:
63 64 58 80 76 58 59 78
95 45 84 68 83 64 68 50
81 59 90 49 87 63 45 75
75 72 38 68 54 92 52 64
90 35 100 60 45 87 76 86
Based on this data, can we claim that the reading scores have changed in the past 30 years?
Ho:
Ha:
Type of Test: One-sample
Critical Value:
Result:
Decision:
Conclusion:
Review Problems t-test
Example 06:
In recent years, a growing array of entertainment options competes for consumer time. By 2004, cable
television and radio surpassed broadcast television, recorded music, and the daily newspaper to become
the two-entertainment media with the greatest usage (The Wall Street Journal, January 26, 2004).
Researchers used a sample of 15 individuals and collected data on the hours per week spent watching
cable television and hours per week spent listening to the radio.
Individua Television Radio
l
1 22 25
2 8 10
3 25 29
4 22 19
5 12 13
6 26 28
7 22 23
8 19 21
9 21 21
10 23 23
11 14 15
12 14 18
13 14 17
14 16 15
15 24 23
Use a 0.05 level of significance, is there a significant difference between the mean usage for cable
television and radio?
Ho: There is no significant difference between the mean usage for cable television and
radio.
CATV=Radio
Ha: There is a significant difference between the mean usage for cable television and
radio.
CATV≠Radio
Type of Test: Paired Sample t-test, 2T
Critical Value:
Result:
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences t df Significance
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Std. Std. Error Difference One- Two-
Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper Sided p Sided p
Pair Television - -1.200 1.971 .509 -2.292 -.108 -2.358 14 .017 .033
1 Radio
P=0.033
Level of significance=0.05
Decision: Reject Ho.
Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the mean usage for cable television and
radio.
Review Problems t-test
Review Problems t-test
Example 07:
FedEx and United Parcel Service (UPS) are the world’s two leading cargo carriers by volume and
revenue (The Wall Street Journal, January 27, 2004). According to the Airports Council International, the
Memphis International Airport (FedEx) and the Louisville International Airport (UPS) are 2 of the 10
largest cargo airports in the world. The following random samples show the tons of cargo per day handled
by these airports. Data are in thousands of tons.
Memphis
9.1 15.1 8.8 10.0 7.5 10.5
8.3 9.1 6.0 5.8 12.1 9.3
Louisville
4.7 5.0 4.2 3.3 5.5
2.2 4.1 2.6 3.4 7.0
At 0.05 level of significance, is there a significant difference between the mean volume of cargo handled
by the two airports?
Ho:
Ha:
Type of Test: 2 independent sample t-test
Critical Value:
Result:
Decision:
Conclusion:
