Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in yeast and
Hydra with the help of
prepared slides.
Aim
To study binary fission in amoeba and budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides
(a) binary fission in Amoeba Experiment, budding in Yeast and Hydra
(b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.
Theory
Reproduction: Plants and animals reproduces (i.e., create new individuals) either
by asexual method or by sexual method.
Asexual reproduction: When an organism reproduces by single organism, it is
called asexual reproduction. The different ways of asexual reproduction are
fission, budding and regeneration in animals.
1. Binary Fission
This is commonly seen in single celled animals. Animals like Amoeba reproduce
in this manner.
Karyokinesis: The division begins with the nucleus dividing to form two
daughter nuclei by the process of karyokinesis.
Cytokinesis: Karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis which is the division of
cytoplasm in the mother cell. Two daughter Amoebae cell having a nucleus and
its own cell organelles are formed.
2. Budding
In this type of reproduction an outgrowth develops due to repeated cell division
on the parent cell that grows to form a bud. The fully grown bud detaches from
the mother’s body by forming a constriction at the base and become new
individual.
Yeast are unicellular eukaryotic micro-organisms belonging to the kingdom
fungi (some are multicellular). They reproduce by budding. Sometimes chain of
cells remain attached to the parent cell. When these cells get detached they form
a new individual organism.
Materials Required
1. Prepared slides of Amoeba showing binary fission and yeast showing budding
with different stages.
2. Compound microscopes 2-4.
Observations
1. Amoeba is a protozoa that lives in water and has irregular shape.
2. In the centre of Amoeba dense nucleus is seen.
3. In second stage, Amoeba shows the nucleus division, i.e., karyokinesis.
4. In third stage, we can see the cell body division, i.e., cytokinesis.
5. In the fourth stage, two daughter cells of Amoeba are formed.
Observations
1. Yeast is oval or spherical in shape.
2. It is a unicellular organism.
3. In the second stage, yeast shows a small growth on it called ‘bud’.
4. In the third stage, yeast shows that in some situations many such chain of buds is
seen on the parent cell. This process is called ‘budding’.
5. On maturity the buds get separated from parent cell to form and grow’ as a new
organism. This process is called budding.
Conclusion
The given slides showed the division of a single cell body into two equal halves. The
division of nucleus and cell body are seen which led to the formation of two daughter
cells. Hence, the kind of reproduction seen in Amoeba is binary fission. The given slides
showed the small growth (bud) on yeast. These buds on maturity separates from parent
cell and grow as a new organism, hence, yeast shows budding.
Studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor
on the current (I) passing
through it and determining its resistance. Also plotting a graph
between V and I.
Aim
To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I)
passing through it and determine its resistance. Also, plot a graph between V and I.
Theory
In an electric circuit, the potential difference V across the metallic wire is directly
proportional to the current flowing through the circuit with a constant temperature. This is
known as Ohm’s law.
V∝I. ∴ V=IR.
Materials Required
Following is the list of materials required for this experiment:
1. A battery
2. An insulated copper wire
3. A key
4. An ammeter
5. A voltmeter
6. A rheostat
7. A resistor
8. A piece of sandpaper
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
1. Arrange the devices as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the devices with the connecting wires keeping the key open.
3. The positive terminal of the battery should be connected to the positive terminal of the
ammeter.
4. Before connecting the voltmeter in the circuit, check for +ve and -ve terminals.
5. Check for ammeter and voltmeter reading once the circuit is connected and also adjust
the slider of rheostat after inserting the key.
6. For current I and voltmeter V, record three different readings using a slider.
7. Record the observations in the observation table.
8. Using the formula R=V/I, calculate the resistance.
9. To plot the graph between V and I, take V on the x-axis and I on the y-axis.
10. For pure metals, resistance increases with an increase in temperature.
Observation Table
i) Least count of ammeter and voltmeter
Sl.no Ammeter (A) Voltmeter (V)
1 Range 0-0.5 A 0-0.1 V
2 Least count 0.01 A 0.01 V
3 Zero error (e) 0 0
4 Zero correction 0 0
ii) For the reading of ammeter and voltmeter
Current in Ampere (I) Potential difference in volts (V)
Resistance in ohms
Sl.no
(ammeter reading) (voltmeter reading)
R = V/I (Ω)
Observed Corrected Observed Corrected
1 0 0.02 0 0.04 R1= 2Ω
2 0 0.03 0 0.06 R2= 2Ω
3 0 0.04 0 0.08 R3= 2Ω
Conclusions
1. For all the three readings, the R-value is the same and constant.
2. The ratio of potential difference V and current I is the resistance of a resistor.
3. With the help of the graph between V and I, Ohm’s law is verified as the plot is a
straight line.
