Resistor Color Code
Objective
The objective of this exercise is to become familiar with the measurement of resistance values using a
digital multimeter (DMM). A second objective is to learn the resistor color code.
Theory Overview
The resistor is perhaps the most fundamental of all electrical devices. Its fundamental attribute is the
restriction of electrical current flow: The greater the resistance, the greater the restriction of current.
Resistance is measured in Ohms. The measurement of resistance in unpowered circuits may be performed
with a digital multimeter. Like all components, resistors cannot be manufactured to perfection. That is,
there will always be some variance of the true value of the component when compared to its nameplate or
nominal value. For precision resistors, typically 1% tolerance or better, the nominal value is usually
printed directly on the component. Normally, general purpose components, i.e. those worse than 1%,
usually use a color code to indicate their value.
The resistor color code typically uses 4 color bands. The first two bands indicate the precision values (i.e.
the mantissa) while the third band indicates the power of ten applied (i.e. the number of zeroes to add).
The fourth band indicates the tolerance. It is possible to find resistors with five or six bands but they will
not be examined in this exercise. Examples are shown below:
18 Laboratory Manual for DC Electrical Circuits
It is important to note that the physical size of the resistor indicates its power dissipation rating, not its
ohmic value.
Each color in the code represents a numeral. It starts with black and finishes with white, going through the
rainbow in between:
0 Black 1 Brown 2 Red 3 Orange 4 Yellow
5 Green 6 Blue 7 Violet 8 Gray 9 White
For the fourth, or tolerance, band:
5% Gold 10% Silver 20% None
For example, a resistor with the color code brown-red-orange-silver would correspond to 1 2 followed by
3 zeroes, or 12,000 Ohms (more conveniently, 12 k Ohms). It would have a tolerance of 10% of 12 k
Ohms or 1200 Ohms. This means that the actual value of any particular resistor with this code could be
anywhere between 12,000-1200=10,800, to 12,000+1200=13,200. That is, 10.8 k to 13.2 k Ohms. Note,
the IEC standard replaces the decimal point with the engineering prefix, thus 1.2 k is alternately written
1k2.
Similarly, a 470 k 5% resistor would have the color code yellow-violet-yellow-gold. To help remember
the color code many mnemonics have been created using the first letter of the colors to create a sentence.
One example is the picnic mnemonic Black Bears Robbed Our Yummy Goodies Beating Various Gray
Wolves.
Measurement of resistors with a DMM is a very straight forward process. Simply set the DMM to the
resistance function and choose the first scale that is higher than the expected value. Clip the leads to the
resistor and record the resulting value.
Equipment
(1) Digital Multimeter model:________________ srn:__________________
Procedure
1. Given the nominal values and tolerances in Table 3.1, determine and record the corresponding color
code bands.
2. Given the color codes in Table 3.2, determine and record the nominal value, tolerance and the
minimum and maximum acceptable values.
3. Obtain a resistor equal to the first value listed in Table 3.3. Determine the minimum and maximum
acceptable values based on the nominal value and tolerance. Record these values in Table 3.3. Using
the DMM, measured the actual value of the resistor and record it in Table 3.3. Determine the
deviation percentage of this component and record it in Table 3.3. The deviation percentage may be
found via: Deviation = 100 * (measured-nominal)/nominal. Circle the deviation if the resistor is out
of tolerance.
4. Repeat Step 3 for the remaining resistor in Table 3.3.
Laboratory Manual for DC Electrical Circuits 19
Data Tables
Value Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4
27 @ 10%
56 @ 10%
180 @ 5%
390 @ 10%
680 @ 5%
1.5 k @ 20%
3.6 k @ 10%
7.5 k @ 5%
10 k @ 5%
47 k @ 10%
820 k @ 10%
2.2 M @ 20 %
Table 3.1
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Colors Nominal Tolerance Minimum Maximum
red-red-black-silver
blue-gray-black-gold
brown-green-brown-gold
orange-orange-brown-silver
green-blue-brown –gold
brown-red-red–silver
red-violet-red–silver
gray-red-red–gold
brown-black-orange–gold
orange-orange-orange–silver
blue-gray-yellow–none
green-black-green-silver
Table 3.2
Value Minimum Maximum Measured Deviation
22 @ 10%
68 @ 5%
150 @ 5%
330 @ 10%
560 @ 5%
1.2 k @ 5%
2.7 k @ 10%
8.2 k @ 5%
10 k @ 5%
33 k @ 10%
680 k @ 10%
5 M @ 20 %
Table 3.3
Laboratory Manual for DC Electrical Circuits 21
Questions
1. What is the largest deviation in Table 3.3? Would it ever be possible to find a value that is outside the
stated tolerance? Why or why not?
2. If Steps 3 and 4 were to be repeated with another batch of resistors, would the final two columns be
identical to the original Table 3.3? Why or why not?
3. Do the measured values of Table 3.3 represent the exact values of the resistors tested? Why or why
not?
22 Laboratory Manual for DC Electrical Circuits
Laboratory Manual for DC Electrical Circuits 23
Ohm’s Law
Objective
This exercise examines Ohm’s law, one of the fundamental laws governing electrical circuits. It states
that voltage is equal to the product of current times resistance.
Theory Overview
Ohm’s law is commonly written as V = I * R. That is, for a given current, an increase in resistance will
result in a greater voltage. Alternately, for a given voltage, an increase in resistance will produce a
decrease in current. As this is a first order linear equation, plotting current versus voltage for a fixed
resistance will yield a straight line. The slope of this line is the conductance, and conductance is the
reciprocal of resistance. Therefore, for a high resistance, the plot line will appear closer to the horizontal
while a lower resistance will produce a more vertical plot line.
Equipment
(1) Adjustable DC Power Supply model:________________ srn:__________________
(1) Digital Multimeter model:________________ srn:__________________
(1) 1 kΩ resistor __________________
(1) 6.8 kΩ resistor __________________
(1) 33 kΩ resistor __________________
Schematic
Figure 4.1
24 Laboratory Manual for DC Electrical Circuits
Procedure
1. Build the circuit of Figure 4.1 using the 1 kΩ resistor. Set the DMM to measure DC current and insert
it in-line between the source and resistor. Set the source for zero volts. Measure and record the current
in Table 4.1. Note that the theoretical current is 0 and any measured value other than 0 would produce
an undefined percent deviation.
2. Setting E at 2 volts, determine the theoretical current based on Ohm’s law and record this in Table
4.1. Measure the actual current, determine the deviation, and record these in Table 4.1. Note that
Deviation = 100 * (measured – theory) / theory.
3. Repeat step 2 for the remaining source voltages in Table 4.1.
4. Remove the 1 kΩ and replace it with the 6.8 kΩ. Repeat steps 1 through 3 using Table 4.2.
5. Remove the 6.8 kΩ and replace it with the 33 kΩ. Repeat steps 1 through 3 using Table 4.3.
6. Using the measured currents from Tables 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, create a plot of current versus voltage. Plot
all three curves on the same graph. Voltage is the horizontal axis and current is the vertical axis.
Data Tables
E (volts) I theory I measured Deviation
0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Table 4.1 (1 kΩ)
Laboratory Manual for DC Electrical Circuits 25
E (volts) I theory I measured Deviation
0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Table 4.2 (6.8 kΩ)
E (volts) I theory I measured Deviation
0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Table 4.3 (33 kΩ)
Questions
1. Does Ohm’s Law appear to hold in this exercise?
2. Is there a linear relationship between current and voltage?
3. What is the relationship between the slope of the plot line and the circuit resistance?
26 Laboratory Manual for DC Electrical Circuits
