When the cost relationship is linear, the total cost of the principal variable will vary in proportion to the

change in pr
Management and financial accounting is used for the following purposes? AM (internal), AK (external)
Which of the following is not generally considered a fixed overhead cost?
Broadly speaking, cost accounting can be defined as an internal reporting system that provides product costing a
Which of the following defines the behavior of variable costs? Total reaction cost to increase activity - Cost per unit
Which of the following statements about the standard cost system is correct? A favorable variance is not necessari
Which of the following is not a valid method for determining product costs? cost-benefit measurement
Cost accounting is geared towards needs internal side
In comparing financial and management accounting, which of the following best describes management accounting i
The standard fee card contains the amount and cost for direct materials, direct labor, and overhead.
The standard cost system can be used in either order costing or process costing.
One major difference between financial and management accounting is that…
Which of the following statements about financial management or accounting is wrong? Both management and fin
Costs that remain constant in total but vary per unit with changes in activity are called fixed cost
The main purpose of using a standard costing system is to provide different measures of cost control.
Standard fees can be used for planning, product costing, controlling
An example of a fixed cost is straight line depreciation
Modern management accounting can be characterized by flexibility
Cost accounting required bytingkat konversi yang tinggi ditemukan dalam bisnis tertentu.
Akuntansi manajemenlebih peduli dengan masa depan daripada akuntansi keuangan.
oportion to the change in production volume
, AK (external)

provides product costing and other information used by managers in performing their functions.
ease activity - Cost per unit of reaction to increase activity (Increase - Remain constant)
e variance is not necessarily a good variance.
measurement

es management accounting information??budgeted, informative, adaptable

nd overhead.

Both management and financial accounting are subject to mandatory recordkeeping requirements.

of cost control.
 Management Accounting
Form Specific detailed report
Scope Internal
Influence Take effect
User sales, manager, spv, executive
Specific to a section (production, marketing etc.)
Time Flexible (daily, weekly)
Information focus Days to come
Measuring operations
Nature of information Closed (internal only)
For directing, planning control, and organizing.
Management accounting is not under the jurisdiction of the stock exchange
Government regulations do not apply to management accounting.
 Financial Accounting
Certain period of financial statements
External
Has no effect on decision making
investors, creditors, government
comprehensive (income statement, etc.)
Inflexible time (yearly, quarterly etc)
Past
based on Financial Accounting Standards (SAK)
Open (external can be seen)
must be testable, objective, accurate, and require high precision.
Is under the jurisdiction of the Stock Exchange
Government regulations apply
Direct materials
Hamburger meat, lettuce, tomatoes, and buns

Direct labor
Cooks’ wages *Cooks are direct laborers because they make the hamburgers.

Overhead
also known as factory burden or manufacturing overhead
Ex : depreciation on buildings and equipment, maintenance, supplies, supervision, material handling, power, property taxes, l
Ex : Other ingredients, utilities, depreciation on the cooking equip_x0002_ment, janitor’s wages, janitorial supplies, and rent
*Other ingredients are overhead because of cost and convenience, even though technically they are direct materials

Selling and Administrative Expense

Servers’ wages, supervisor’s salary, depreciation on the cash register, and advertising
dling, power, property taxes, landscaping of factory grounds, and plant security
janitorial supplies, and rent
y are direct materials
Activity-based management differs from functional-based management on which of the following dimensions?
It is more tracing intensive.
It provides detailed activity information.
It uses both unit-level and non-unit-level drivers.
It focuses on managing activities.
ng dimensions?
Management Accounting are described by activities such as collecting, measuring, storing, analyzing, reporting, and managing
The management accounting system has three broad objectives:
1. To provide information for costing out services, products, and other objects of interest to management.
2. To provide information for planning, controlling, evaluation, and continuous improvement
3. To provide information for decision making.

Planning is the detailed formula_x0002_tion of action to achieve a particular end.

Controlling is the monitoring of a plan’s implementation.
Decision making is choosing among competing alternatives

The management process is defined by the following activities: (1) planning, (2) con_x0002_trolling, and (3) decision making

The financial accounting informa_x0002_tion system is primarily concerned with producing outputs for external users, using w

Activity-based manage_x0002_ment is a systemwide, integrated approach that focuses management’s attention on activities
Activity-based management has the objective of increasing customer value by man_x0002_aging activities.
Customer value is the difference between what a customer receives (customer realization) and what the customer gives up (c

Numerous forms of certification are available to management accountants.

1. Certificate in Management Accounting CMA Four areas are emphasized: (1) economics, finance, and management; (2
2. Certificate in Public Accounting CPA certified public accountant (CPA) is permitted (by law) to serve as an ex
3. Certificate in Internal Auditing CIA Internal auditing differs from external auditing and management accoun
zing, reporting, and managing information. I

ing, and (3) decision making

puts for external users, using well-specified economic events as inputs and processes that meet certain rules and conventions

ment’s attention on activities with the objective of improving customer value and the resulting profit.

what the customer gives up (customer sacrifice). What is received is called the total product.

, finance, and management; (2) financial accounting and reporting; (3) management reporting, analysis, and behavioral issues; and (4) dec
tted (by law) to serve as an external audi_x0002_tor
iting and management accounting, and many internal auditors felt a need for a special_x0002_ized certification.
and conventions

behavioral issues; and (4) decision analysis and information systems.

1 Product Costing Accuracy / Akurasi penetapan biaya produk
Akurasi penetapan biaya produk berarti menetapkan biaya sumber daya yang dikonsumsi oleh

2 Cost objective
item/aktivitas yg biayanya bisa diukur

3 Activity
unit kerja yg dilakukan oleh organisasi

4 Direct cost
biaya yg dapat ditelusuri lgsg ke cost object
Indirect cost
gabisa

5
Historical experience should be used with caution in setting standards because they may perpetuate operating inefficiencies
Standards set by engineering studies can determine the most efficient way of operating, can provide very rigorous guidelines,
To determine the standard cost per unit of output for a particular input, the manager must
currently attainable standard is one that can be achieved under efficient operating conditions.
An ideal standard is one that makes no allowances for normal breakdowns, interruptions, less than perfect skills and relies on
Standard costing systems are adopted to enhance operational control.
uate operating inefficiencies
vide very rigorous guidelines, may not be achievable by operating personnel, often do not allow operating personnel to have much input

an perfect skills and relies on maximum efficiency

personnel to have much input.
Soal 2-10

Sterling Company manufactures laundry detergent. At the beginning of February, the following information was supplied by it
Raw materials inventory $ 73,000
Work-in-process inventory $ 80,400
Finished gooods inventory $ 62,000

During February, direct labor cost was $210,400, raw materials’ purchases were $301,800, and the total overhead cost was $4
Raw materials inventory $ 56,000
Work-in-process inventory $ 103,000
Finished Goods inventory $ 95,240

COGM February : COGS February :

Sterling Company Sterling Company

Statement of Costs of Goods Manufactured Statement of Costs of Goods Sold
For the Year Ended February For the Year Ended February
Direct materials : Beginning finished goods inventory
Beginning inventory $ 73,000 Add : Cost of Goods Manufactured
Add : Purchases $ 301,800
Materials available $ 374,800 Cost of Good Available for Sale
Less : Ending inventory $ 56,000 Less : Ending finished goods inventory
Direct materials used $ 318,800 Cost of Good Sold
Direct labor : $ 210,400
Manufacturing overhead : $ 478,590
Total manufacturing cost added : $ 1,007,790
Add : Beginning work in process $ 80,400
Total Manufacturing costs $ 1,088,190
Less : endirng work in process $ 103,000
Cost of Goods Manufactured $ 985,190

Soal 2-12

Mellon Company, a manufacturing firm, has supplied the following information from its accounting records for the year 2008
Purchases of raw materials $ 76,000
Direct labor cost $ 52,500
Supplies used $ 5,300
Factory insurance $ 1,050
Commissions paid $ 7,500
Factory supervision $ 9,675
Advertising $ 2,400
Material handling $ 11,000
Work-in-process inventory, December 31, 2007 $ 47,500
Work-in-process inventory, December 31, 2008 $ 42,000
Materials inventory, December 31, 2007 $ 10,400
Materials inventory, December 31, 2008 $ 28,500
Finished goods inventory, December 31, 2007 $ 20,055
Finished goods inventory, December 31, 2008 $ 10,750

COGM COGS
Mellon Company Mellon Company
Statement of Costs of Goods Manufactured Statement of Costs of Goods Sold
For the Year Ended December 31, 2008 For the Year Ended December 31, 20
Direct materials : Beginning finished goods inventory
Beginning inventory $ 10,400 Add : Cost of Goods Manufactured
Add : Purchases $ 76,000
Materials available $ 86,400 Cost of Good Available for Sale
Less : Ending inventory $ 28,500 Less : Ending finished goods inventory
Direct materials used $ 57,900 Cost of Good Sold
Direct labor : $ 52,500
Manufacturing overhead :
Supplies $ 5,300
Insurance $ 1,050
Supervision $ 9,675
Material handling $ 11,000
Total overhead cost $ 27,025
Total manufacturing cost added : $ 137,425
Add : Beginning work in process $ 47,500
Total Manufacturing costs $ 184,925
Less : endirng work in process $ 42,000
Cost of Goods Manufactured $ 142,925

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡+𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=$57,900+$52,500 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=$57,900+$27,02
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=$110,400 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=$79,525
mation was supplied by its accountant:

tal overhead cost was $478,590. The inventories at the end of February were

terling Company
nt of Costs of Goods Sold
e Year Ended February
oods inventory $ 62,000
Manufactured $ 985,190

$ 1,047,190
d goods inventory $ 95,240
$ 951,950

ecords for the year 2008 (in thousands of dollars):

Mellon Company
nt of Costs of Goods Sold
Ended December 31, 2008
oods inventory $ 20,055
Manufactured $ 142,925

$ 162,980
d goods inventory $ 10,750
$ 152,230

𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡+𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=$57,900+$27,025
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=$79,525
Kim Wilson, controller for Max Enterprises, has decided to estimate the fixed and variable components associated with the co
She has collected the following data for the past six months:

Packages shipped Total Shipping Cost Data regression

10 $ 800 10 800 independentnya itu x
20 $ 1,100 20 1100 dependentnya itu y (cost)
15 $ 900 15 900
12 $ 900 12 900
18 $ 1,050 18 1050
25 $ 1,250 25 1250

Required
a. Estimate the fixed and variable components for the shipping costs using the high-low method.
Using the cost formula, predict the total cost of shipping if 14 packages are shipped.
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒= 〖𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡〗∕〖𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡〗 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 −(𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒= 〖 (1,250−800) 〗∕〖 (25−10) 〗 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=1,250−(30×25)
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒=450 :15 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=500
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒=$30 per package

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=$500+$30𝑋
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=$500+$30 (14)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡=$920

b. Estimate the fixed and variable components using the method of least squares. Using the cost formula, predict the total co
ents associated with the company’s shipping activity

entnya itu x
ntnya itu y (cost)

𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 −(𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ×𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡)

rmula, predict the total cost of shipping if 14 packages are shipped.

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.9845229122
Square 0.9692853647
Adjusted R Squa0.9616067058
Standard Error 32.196567251
Observations 6

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 130853.52423 130853.524229 126.2310756972 0.00035745668
Residual 4 4146.4757709 1036.61894273
Total 5 135000

Coefficients Standard Error Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%

Intercept 509.91189427 45.557888308 11.1926147855 0.000362793764 383.422918277 636.4009
Variable 1 29.405286344 2.6172322992 11.2352603751 0.000357456677 22.1386845374 36.67189
Lower 95.0%
Upper 95.0%
383.4229 636.4009
22.13868 36.67189
9-3
Garrison Company has a contract with a major computer manufacturer to do war_x0002_ranty repairs for computers with a g
During the year, Garrison Company repaired 1,700 units. Garrison’s materials and labor standards for performing the repairs a
Direct materials (4 components @ $14.00) $ 56
Direct labor (1.5 hr. @ $16) $ 24

1 Compute the standard hours allowed for the repair of 1,700 units.
𝑆𝐻=𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 ×𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝐻=1.5 ℎ𝑟×1,700
𝑆𝐻=2,550 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 2550

2 Compute the standard number of components allowed for the repair of 1,700 units
𝑆𝑄=𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 ×𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑄=4×1,700
𝑆𝑄=6,800 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

9-4
1 Compute the standard quantity of direct materials allowed for the production of 47,000 bunnies.
𝑆𝑄𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑=𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 /𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑄=340,000/40,000 8.5
𝑆𝑄=8.5 𝑜𝑧

2 Compute the direct labor hours allowed per bunny in hours

𝑆𝐻 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑=𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 /𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝐻 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑=10,000/40,000
𝑆𝐻 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑=0.25 ℎ𝑟𝑠

3 Set up a standard cost card for the prime cost of one chocolate bunny
Standard cost
Standard price Standard usage Standard cost
Direct materuals 0.3 8.5 2.55
Direct labor 9 0.25 2.25
Total standard unit prime cost 4.8

9-5
1 Compute the standard quantity of direct materials allowed for the production of 47,000 bunnies.
𝑆𝑄=𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 ×𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑄=8.5×47,000
399500

2 Compute the standard hours allowed for the production of 47,000 bunnies
SH = 0.25 x 47,000
11750

3 Standard price Standard usage Standard cost

Direct materuals 0.3 399500 119850
 Direct labor 9 11750 105750
Total standard unit prime cost 225600

9-8
1 Compute price and usage variances for direct materials.
Material Price variance = (ap-sp)aq Material Usage variance = (aq-sq)sp
Material price variance = (0.047-0.046)6,420,000 Material Usage Variance = (6,420,000-6,656,000) 0.046
Material price variable = $6,420 U (krn actual>standard) -10856 mutlak

52000 x 128
6656000

2 Compute the rate variance and the efficiency variance for direct labor.
Labor Rate Variance (LRV) = (AR-SR)AH LEV = (AH-SH)SR 4.75
Labor Rate Variance (LRV) = (12,50-12,00)2,000 LEV = (2,000-1,976)12,00
1000 288 un favorable
52,000 x 0.038
1976

9-9
1 Compute the variable overhead spending and efficiency variances

Actual Variable Overhead Variable Overhead Variable Overhead

Rate x Actual Hours Rate x Standard Hours
160,000 x 52000 x (0.75 *73,000)

Spending Efficiency
4000 8250
U F

2 Compute the fixed overhead spending and volume variances.

Actual Fixed Overhead Budgeted Fixed Overhead Applied Fixed Overhead

710,000 $ 700,000 766500

Spending variance Volume Variance

$ 10,000 $ 66,500
Unfavorable Favorite

Total Variance
$ 56,500

Q 9-11
1 Compute the materials price and usage variances
 MPV =(Ap-Sp)Aq MUV = (Aq-Sq)sp
MPV = (8.05 - 7.95) 222,500 MUV = (222,500-(20,100*11))7.95
22250 $ 11,130

$ 221,100

2 Compute the materials price and usage variances

LRV = (AR-SR)AH LEV = (AH-SH)SR
LRV = (9.5-9.4)79,900 LEV = (79,900-80,400)9.4
7990 $ 4,700

9.5 $ 80,400
 rs for computers with a given set of failure diagnostics.
r performing the repairs are:
20,000-6,656,000) 0.046

ndard Hours

ixed Overhead