Mathematics (CSEC)
Geometry & Trigonometry
Angle Properties
Angles at a point
If two or more angles are formed at the same
point, the sum of the angles is 3600
Angles on a Straight line
If two or more angles are formed at the same
point on a straight line, then the sum of the
angles will be 1800
Vertically Opposite Angles
When two lines intersect, an “X” formation can be formed. When
the happens, the angles are opposite each other.
Each pair of angles that are opposite to each other are Equal and
are called Vertically Opposite Angles.
In the above diagram, Angles B and D and Angles A and C are
vertically opposite angles. Therefore, if Angle A is 40 0, Angle C
will also be 400 and if Angle B is 1200, angle D is also 1200
Please note that all four (4) angles meet a point, therefore the
sum of all four (4) angles must be 3600.
Supplementary Angles
When two angles add up to 180 0, they are said to be
Supplementary Angles.
In the diagram above, Angles A and D would be supplementary,
because they lie on a straight line and therefore the sum of both
angles would add up to 1800.
In the same diagram, Angles B and C would also be
supplementary, because they lie on a straight line and therefore
the sum of both angles would add up to 1800.
Complementary Angles
When two angles add up to 90 0, they are said to be
complementary Angles.
Parallel Lines and Types of Angles
Alternate or Z Angles
Alternate Angles are Equal.
Corresponding Angles
Corresponding Angles are Equal. These angles look alike, but they
have different positions and are on the same side of the
transversal (this is a line which crosses a pair of parallel lines).
Co-Interior Opposite Angles
These are angles that are located on the inside and on the same
side of the transversal.
These angles are supplementary which means that the sum of both
angles must add up to 1800.
Corresponding angles tend to make a C-like shape
Properties of Triangles and Quadrilaterals
Triangle
A triangle is a plane closed figure bounded by three (3) straight lines.
A triangle has interior angles.
The sum of the interior angles is 1800
Type of Triangle Diagram Properties of Properties of
Sides Angles
Scalene No two sides are No two angles
equal are equal
Isosceles Two sides are Two angles
equal are equal
Equilateral All sides are equal All angles are
qual
Right-Angled Triangle
A triangle in which one of the angle measures 900
Quadrilaterals
Quadrilaterals are four-sides shapes.
The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 3600
POLYGONS
A polygon is the name for a closed shape made of three or more straight
sides.
Polygons have both interior angles (angles inside the polygon) and
exterior angles (angles outside the polygons).
Interior angles make a straight line with the Exterior angles. This means
that the interior and the exterior angles of a polygon is supplementary
(they both add up to 1800).
All the exterior angles of any polygon add up to 3600.
A regular polygon, all the sides are equal, all the interior angles are
equal, and all the exterior angles are equal.
Finding the total sum of all the interior angles of a given polygon
(n – 2) x 180, where n = no. of sides of the polygon.
To find the value of all the interior angles of a Pentagon
(5 – 2) x 180
3 x 180
= 5400
Finding the size of each interior angle of a given polygon.
You must first calculate the sum of all the interior angles using the formula (n-
2) x 180 and then divide your answer by the no. of sides.
A regular polygon has 10 sides. Find the size of each interior
angle.
Step 1: sum of all the interior angles
(n- 2) x 180
(10 – 2) x 180
8 x 180
= 14400
The sum of all the interior angles of the 10 sides polygon is 1440 0.
To calculate the value of each angle = 1440/10 (no. of sides) = 144 0. Each
angle therefore measures 1440
Finding the number of sides, given the size of the Exterior angle of a regular
polygon.
No. of Size = 3600
Size of Exterior Angle
Each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 300. Find the number of
sides
360/30 = 12. This is a 12-sided polygon.
To find the value of each exterior angle of a polygon – 3600
Number of Sides
Find the size of each exterior angle of a regular octagon
360/8 = 450
Three-Dimensional Shapes
Three-dimensional shapes are sometimes called solids.
A flat surface on a solid is called a face
Two faces meet at an edge
Edges meet at a vertex (vertices (plural).
Circle Theorems
Parts of the Circle
Circumference, Radius, Chord, Diameter, Tangent, Sector, Segment, Quadrant,
Semi-circle.
Theorem 1
The angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference
So, if angle AOB is 300, Angle ACB is 150
Theorem 2
Angles in the same segment are equal
AXB = AYB = AZB
Theorem 3
If the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on the circumference of a circle, it is
called a cyclic quadrilateral.
The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral add to 180 0 (the angles are
supplementary).
Theorem 4
The angle in a semicircle is a right angle
Theorem 5 – the exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior
opposite angle.
Angle Z is equal to Angle X
Theorem 6 – the angle between a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle
subtended at the circumference by the same chord in the alternate segment.
