AWS B4.

OM:2000
An American National Standard

Standard Methods
for Mechanical
Testing of Welds

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 Key WOrdS-Mechanical tests, bend tests, nick- AWS B4.OM:2000
break tests, shear tests, tension tests, An American National Standard
fracture toughness tests, fillet weld
tests, stud weld tests, hardness tests, Approved by
weldability tests, groove weld tests,
soundness tests, nick-break tests
American National Standards Institute
July 25,2000

Standard Methodsfor
Mechanical Testingof Welds

Prepared by
AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testing of Welds

Under the Direction of

AWS Technical Activities Committee

Approved by
AWS Board of Directors

Abstract
Mechanical test methods that are applicable to welds and welded joints are described. For each testing method, informa-
tion is provided concerning applicable American National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM), and American Petroleum Institute (API) documents; the required testing apparatus, specimen prepa-
ration, procedure to be followed, and report requirements are also described.

AmericanWelding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126

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 STD.AWS B4.Of-l-ENGL 2000 m D7842b5 05L7b3D T 3 q

Statement on Use of AWS American National Standards

All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American
Welding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have been developedin accordance with the rules of the American
National Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are
included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry
the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the
governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all
cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards.
Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by
agreement between the contracting parties.
International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-622-4
American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
O 2000 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings
to achieve consensus. WhileAWS administers the process
together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests
and establishes rules to promote fairness i n the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or
verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.
AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-
cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, useof, or reliance on this
standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.
In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services foror on
behalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone
else. Anyone using these documents should relyon his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice
of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.
This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have thelatest edition.
Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement
of any patent resulting from the useor reliance on this standard,
Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained bysending a request, in writ-
ing, to the Managing Director Technical Services, American Welding Society,550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
(see Annex C). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may
be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them.These
individuals do not speak on behalfof AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute officialor unofficial opinionsor interpreta-
tions of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and shouldnot be used as a substitute foran official interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testing of Welds. I t must be re-
viewed every five years andif not revised, it must be either reapprovedor withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, addi-
tions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be
addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS B4 Committee on Me-
chanical Testing of Welds and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the com-
ments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testing of Welds to express
their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the
Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American
Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
Photocopy Rights
Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or
educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the
appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400;
online: http://www.copyright.com.

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 Personnel
AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testingof Welds
J. R. Crisci, Chair Consultant
H. Hahn, Chair 1992-1999 Consultant
R. E Waite, PE., Ist Vice Chair Consultant
D. A. Fink, 2nd Vice Chair The Lincoln Electric Company
C. B. Pollock, Secretary American Welding Society
*J. J . DeLoach, JI: Naval Surface Warfare Center
*E. L. Lavy Consultant
T. McGaughy Edison Welding Institute
*T. Melvin General Electric Aircraft Engines
H . U! Mishler Consultant
*A. G. Portz Consultant
*H. S. Sayre Consultant
*A. E. Schuele Corrpro CompaniesIncorporated
D, E. Smith Consultant
J. H. Smith NlST
*U! U! st. cy5 II NASA
R. J. Wong Naval Surface Warfare Center
K. Zerkle Hobart Institute
*Advisor

...
III

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 Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of AWS B4.OM:2000,Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, but is included
for information purposes only.)
This standard covers the common tests for the mechanical testing of welds. They are defined and illustrated in five
parts related to testing of groove welds, fillet welds, and stud welds. The tests include: bend tests, tension tests, fracture
toughness tests, soundness tests, shear tests, nick-break test, hardness tests, stud weld tests, and selected weldability tests.
This document extensively uses American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Methods and specifies
how to use these methods when testing weldments. It takes into consideration the variations i n properties that can occur
between different regions (base metal, heat-affected zone, and weld metal)of a weldment.
Methods of hardness testing and mechanical property tests for base metals arc covered by ASTM standards or the
individual material specification.The joint tests for brazements are coveredin AWS C3.2, Standard Methods for Evaluating
the Strengthof Brazed Joints in Shear.
This Foreword applies to all five parts. Additional information on the mechanical testing of welded joints may be
obtained from the AWS Welding Handbook, Volume 1 .
The values stated i n SI Units and used throughout this document are to be regarded as standard. Recommendation for
style and usage of SI Units may be found in AWS Al . l , Metric Practice Guidefor the Welding Industry.
An expanded section on weldability testing is included in this edition of B4.OM. Selected weldability test methods are
described.
Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting,
and Allied Processes, published by the American Welding Society.
Note: This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport to
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate
safety and health practices. The user should determine the applicability of any regulatory limitationsprior touse.
Comments or inquiries on this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS B4 Committee on
Mechanical Testing of Welds, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in
writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL
33126. A formal reply will be issued after review by the appropriate personnel following established procedures.

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 S T D - A U S B4-OM-ENGL 2000 0 7 6 9 2 b 5 O5L9b33
743

Table of Contents
Page No .
Personnel ....................................................................................................................................................................
...
iii
Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................... ¡v
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................................. ¡x
Part A-Testing of Groove Welds
A l . Bend Tests ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 . Applicable Documents ......................................................................................................................................... 1
3. Summary of Method ............................................................................................................................................ 2
4 . Significance .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
5 . Definitions and Symbols ...................................................................................................................................... 2
6. Apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
7. Specimens ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
8. Procedure ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................... 3
10. Commentary ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
A2 . Tension Tests....................................................................................................................................................... 15
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 15
2. Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 15
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 15
4. Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
5. Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 16
h. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 16
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
A3 . Fracture Toughness Tests................................................................................................................................... 24
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 24
2. Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 24
3 . Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 24
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
5 . Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 25
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
8 . Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
9 . Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Part B-Testing of Fillet WeMs
BI . Longitudinal Guided-Bend Test ......................................................................................................................... 33
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
2. Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 33
3 . Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 33
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
S . Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 33
6 . Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 34

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 Page No.

7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 34
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 34
B2. Soundness Tests.................................................................................................................................................. 36
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 36
2. Applicable Documents....................................................................................................................................... 36
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 36
4. Significance........................................................................................................................................................ 36
5. Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 36
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 36
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 37
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 37
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 37
B3. Shear Tests ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 41
2. Applicable Documents....................................................................................................................................... 41
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 41
4. Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 41
5. Definitions and Symbols.................................................................................................................................... 41
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 42
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 42
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 42
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Part C-Testing of Groove andFillet Welds
"

CI . Nick-Break ..................................................................................................................................................
Test 45
.
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 45
2. Applicable Documents....................................................................................................................................... 45
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 45
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
5. Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 46
6 . Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 46
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 47
c2. Hardness Tests.................................................................................................................................................... 55
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 55
2. Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 55
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 55
4. Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
5. Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 56
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 56
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 56
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 56
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Part &Stud Weld Tests
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 57
2. Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 57
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 57
4. Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 58
5. Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 58

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 Page No .
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 58
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 58
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 58
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Part E- Weldability Testing
.
EI . Controlled Thermal Severi9 (CTS) Test ............................................................................................................ 62
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 62
2. Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 62
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 62
4. Significance........................................................................................................................................................ 62
5. Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 63
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 63
7 . Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 63
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 64
E2. Cruciform Test.................................................................................................................................................... 70
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 70
2 . Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 70
3 . Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 70
4. Significance........................................................................................................................................................ 70
5. Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 70
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 71
7 . Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
8 . Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 71
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 71
E3. Implant Test........................................................................................................................................................ 75
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 75
2. Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 75
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 75
4. Significance........................................................................................................................................................ 75
5 . Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 75
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 75
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 76
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 76
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 76
1O. Commentary ....................................................................................................................................................... 76
E4. Lehigh Restraint Test .......................................................................................................................................... 80
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 80
2 . Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 80
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 80
4. Significance........................................................................................................................................................ 80
5. Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 80
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 81
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 81
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 81
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 81
E5. Varestraint Test ................................................................................................................................................... 84
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 84
2. Applicable
.. Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 84
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 84

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 S T D - A W S B4.CIM-ENGL 2000 = 078q2b5 05L7b3b 452 W

Page No.
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 84
5 . Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 85
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 85
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 85
8. Procedure ...........................................................................................................................................................
85
9. Report .................................................................................................................................................................
86
1o. Commentary .... .................................................................................................................................................. 86
I

E6. Oblique Y-Groove Test ....................................................................................................................................... 90

1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 90
2. Applicable Documents....................................................................................................................................... 90
3 . Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 90
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 90
5 . Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 90
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
7 . Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 91
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 91
Anna Aqibliographyof Weldability Tests.............................................................................................................. 97
A n n a B-Round Tensile Specimen-5:I Gage Length to Diameter Ratio ................................................................ 99
Anna C-Cuidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiriesfor AWS Technical Committees ............................... 103

...
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 List of Figures
Figure Page No.
Part A-Testing of Groove Welds
Bend Tests
Al TypicalBottomEjectingGuidedBendTestFixture ...................................................................................... 5
A2 TypicalBottom Guided BendTestFixture .................................................................................................... 6
A3 TypicalWraparoundGuidedBend Test Fixture ............................................................................................ 7
A4 BendTestNomograph .................................................................................................................................... 8
A5 Transverse Side Bend Specimens (Plate) ....................................................................................................... 9
A6 Transverse Face Bend and Root Bend Specimens (Plate) ........................................................................... 10
A7 Transverse Face Bend and Root Bend Specimens (Pipe) ............................................................................ 11
A8 LongitudinalFaceBendandRootBend Specimens (Plate) ........................................................................ 12
A9 FilletWeldRootBend Test Specimen ......................................................................................................... 13
A10 Surfacing Weld Face Bend and Side Bend Specimens ................................................................................ 14
Tension Tests
Al 1RoundTensile Specimens ............................................................................................................................ 18
A12 Transverse Rectangular Tension Test Specimen (Plate) .............................................................................. 20
A13 Longitudinal Rectangular Tension Test Specimens (Plate) ......................................................................... 21
A14 Tension Specimens for Pipe Greater than 75 mm Nominal Diameter ......................................................... 22
A15 Tension Specimen for Pipe 75 mm Nominal Diameter and Less ................................................................ 23
Fracture Toughness Tests
A16 CharpyV-NotchImpact Specimen .............................................................................................................. 26
A17 Dynamic Tear Test Specimen, Anvil Supports, and Striker Tup.................................................................. 27
A18 Compact Tension Fracture Toughness Specimen ......................................................................................... 28
A19 Standard Drop Weight Nil-Ductility Temperature Test Specimen ............................................................... 29
A20 Orientation of Weld Metal Fracture Toughness Specimens in a Double-Groove Weld Thick Section
Weldment ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
A21 Crack Plane Orientation Code for Compact Tension Specimens from Welded Plate .................................. 30
A22 Recommended Ratio of Weld Metal to Specimen Thickness for Weld-Metal Fracture Toughness
Specimen ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
A23 Suggested Data Sheet for Drop Weight Test ................................................................................................ 32
Part &Testing of Fillet Welds
Bend Test
B1 LongitudinalGuidedFilletWeld BendTest ................................................................................................ 35
Soundness Tests
B2 FilletWeldBreak Specimen for ProcedureQualification ............................................................................ 38
B3 Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Primer Coated Materials ........................................................................... 38
B4FilletWeldBreak Specimen forGalvanizedMaterials ................................................................................ 39
B5FilletWeldBreak Specimen forWelderQualification ................................................................................ 39
B6 Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Tack Welder Qualification ........................................................................ 40
B7 Method of TestingFillet WeldBreakSpecimen .......................................................................................... 40
Shear Tests
B8 LongitudinalFillet Weld Shear Specimen ................................................................................................... 43
B9TransverseFilletWeld Shear Specimen ....................................................................................................... 44
B10 Shear Strength Calculation ........................................................................................................................... 44

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 Figure Page No.
Part C-Testing of Groove and Fillet Welds
Nick-Break Test
C1 Nick-Break Testing Fixture Made Out of 150 mm Pipe .............................................................................. 48
C2 Nick-BreakTestUsingVise ......................................................................................................................... 49
C3 Testing of FilletWelded Specimens............................................................................................................. 49
C4 Nick-BreakTest Specimen........................................................................................................................... 50
C5Specimen for Flash Butt Welds .................................................................................................................... 51
C6 Specimens for Nick-Break Test of Branch Joint Connections ..................................................................... 52
C7 Pipe Sleeve TestSpecimen ........................................................................................................................... 53
C8 FilletWeldedPlateSpecimen ...................................................................................................................... 54
Part &Testing of Stud Welds
Dl Equipment for BendTests for Welded Studs ............................................................................................... 59
D2 Equipment for Applying a Tensile Load to a Welded Stud Using Torque ................................................... 60
Part E- Weldability Testing
El Fixture Used to Position CTS Specimen for Welding ................................................................................. 65
E2 Cooling Bath Arrangement for CTS Test ..................................................................................................... 66
E3 CTS Test Specimen ...................................................................................................................................... 67
E4 Sectioning of CTS Specimen ....................................................................................................................... 68
E5 Typical Location of Vickers Hardness Impressions..................................................................................... 68
E6 Suggested Data Sheet for CTS Test ............................................................................................................. 69
E7 Cruciform Test Assembly ............................................................................................................................ 72
E8 Locations of Specimens for Examination of Cracks in cruciform Test ...................................................... 73
E9 Suggested Data Sheet for Cruciform Test.................................................................................................... 74
E10 Implant TestSpecimen and Fixture.............................................................................................................. 77
El 1 Typical Data for Implant TestSeries............................................................................................................ 78
El 2 Suggested Data Sheet for Implant Test........................................................................................................ 79
El 3 Lehigh Restraint Test Specimen ................................................................................................................... 82
E14 Suggested Data Sheet for Lehigh Test......................................................................................................... 83
El 5 Varestraint Test Fixture and Specimen ......................................................................................................... 87
El 6 Auxiliary Bending Plates............................................................................................................................. 88
El 7 Typical Indications on Top Surface of Test Weld ........................................................................................ 88
E18 Suggested Data Sheet for Varestraint Test ................................................................................................... 89
El 9 Oblique Y-Groove Test Assembly................................................................................................................ 92
E20 Oblique Y-Groove Test Weld Configuration ................................................................................................ 93
E21 Suggested Data Sheet for Oblique Y-Groove Test ....................................................................................... 95

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 S T D - A W S B4.0M-ENGL 2000 078'42b5 05L7b37 L b L W

AWS B4.0M:2000

Standard Methods for

Mechanical Testingof Welds

Part A
Testing of Groove Welds

Al. Bend Tests 1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con-
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld-
1. Scope ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
1.1 This section covers the bend testing of groove welds
in butt joints and the bend testing of surfacing welds. The Note: This standard may involve hazardous materials,
standard gives the requirements for bend test specimen operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur-
preparation, test parameters and testing procedures but port to address all of the safety problems associated with
does not specify the bend radius requirements or accep- its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap-
tance criteria. propriate safety and health practices.The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
1.2 The base materials may be homogenous, clad or prior to use.
otherwise surfaced, except for hardfacing.

1.3 This standard is applicable to the following, where 2. Applicable Documents

specified:
(1) Qualification of materials, welding personnel and Reference should be made to the latest editlon of the
welding procedures following documents:
(2) Information, specifications of acceptance, manu- ANWASME 846.1 Surface Texture
facturing quality control
(3) Research and development ASTM E 190 Standard Method for Guided
Bend Test for Ductility of Welds
1.4 When this standard is used, the following informa-
ASTM A370 Standard TestMethodsandDefi-
tion shall be furnished:
nitions for Mechanical Testing
(1 ) The specific location and orientation of the specimens of Steel Products
(2) The specific types of tests, for example, face bend,
side bend or root bend and number of specimens required AWS A2.4 Standard
Symbols for Welding,
(3) The type of data required and observations to be Brazing, and Nondestructive
made Examination
(4) Bend radius or percent (%) elongation AWS A3.0 Standard Welding
Terms
and
(5) Postweld thermal or mechanical processing treatments Definitions

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

The sources for these documents are the following: T = specimen thickness
t = thickness of test weldment
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) W = specimen width
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

1O0 Barr Harbor Drive
6. Apparatus
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 6.1 Guided bend specimens may be tested in either of
two types of fixture. One type is the guided bend fixture,
American Welding Society (AWS)
which is designed to support and load the specimen in a
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
three point bending mode. The alternate is a wraparound
Miami, FL 33126
bend fixture that fixesone end of the specimen and uses a
roller to force the specimen to bend around a mandrel.
6.2 The guided bend fixture shall have the dimensions
3. Summary of Method given in Figures AI or A2.

3.1 The specimens are guided in the bending process by 6.3 The wraparound bend fixture shall have the dimen-
a test fixture that employs a mandrel with wraparound sions given in Figure A3.
roller or end supports with plunger. 6.4 The radii of the plunger shown in Figures A l and A2
or the mandrel shown in Figure A3 shall be specified or
3.2 The maximum strain on the tension surface is con-
determined from the relationship expressed by Figure A4
trolled by the thickness of the specimen and the radius of
between minimum required elongation and the thickness
the mandrel or plunger.
of the specimen. When specimens wider than 38 mm are
to be bent, the mandrel shall be at least 6 mm wider than
the specimen width.

4. Significance
4.1 The ductility of a welded joint, as evidenced by its
ability to resist tearing and the presence of discontinui- 7. Specimens
ties on the tension surface, is determined i n a guided Bend test specimens shall be prepared by cutting the
bend test. weld and the base metal to form a specimen rectangular
in cross section. The surfaces cut transverse to the weld
4.2 Bend tests of weld cladding are used to detect incom-
shall be designated as thesides of the specimen; the other
plete fusion, tearing, delamination, macro-discontinuities
two surfaces shall be designated as the face androot sur-
and the effect of bead configuration.
faces as appropriate. Transverse specimens may have the
side, face or root of the weld as the tension surface. Lon-
gitudinal specimens may have the face or the root of the
weld as the tension surface of the specimen.
5. Definitions and Symbols
7.1 Transverse Side Bend. The longitudinal axis of the
The welding symbols and terms used i n this section specimen is perpendicular to the weld, and the specimen
are i n accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4, is bent so that one of the side surfaces becomes the ten-
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestruc- sion surface of the specimen. The sideshowing the more
tive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding significant discontinuities (if any) shall be the tension
Terms and Definitions. side. Transverse side bend test specimens shall conform
Unlessotherwisenoted,thefollowingdesignations to Figure A5. Transverse side bend specimens are used
are used: for plates or pipe that are too thick for face bend or root
bend specimens and are recommended for welds with
A = plunger or mandrel radius
narrow fusion zones.
B = die radius
ID = inside diameter 7.2 Transverse Face Bend. The longitudinal axis of the
L = test plate length specimen is perpendicular to the weld and the specimen
R = radius is bent so that the weld face becomes the tension surface
S = surfacing weld thickness of the specimen. Transverse face bend specimens shall

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

conform to the requirements of Figure A6 for plate and (3) For bend fixtures with a bottom open (Figure Al),
Figure A7 for pipe welds. apply the load on the plunger until the specimen is bot-
tom ejected.
7.3 Transverse Root Bend.The longitudinal axis of the
(4) Forbend fixtures with a bottom radius (Figure
specimen is perpendicular to the weld and the specimen
A2), the plunger shall force the specimen into the die
is bent so that the root surface of the weld becomes the
until the specimen becomes U-shaped.The weld and heat-
tension surface of the specimen. Transverse root bend
affected zones shall be centered and completely within
specimens shall conform to the requirements of Figure
the bent portion of thespecimen after testing.
A6 for plate and Figure A7 for pipe welds.
8.1.2 Longitudinal Specimens
7.4 Longitudinal Face Bend. The longitudinal axis of
(1) Centerthetension side of the specimen onthe
the specimen is parallel to the weld and the specimen is
bent so that the face of the weld becomes the tension sur- supporting surfaces of the bend fixture.
face of the specimen. Longitudinal face bend specimens (2) Proceed as described in 8.1.1 (2), (3), and (4) for
shall conform to the requirements of Figure A8. Transverse Specimens.

7.5 Longitudinal Root Bend. The longitudinal axis of 8.2 Wraparound Bend Test Fixture.The specimen shall
the specimen is parallel to the weld and the specimen is be firmly clamped on one end so that there is no sliding of
bent so that the root of the weldbecomes the tension sur- the specimen relative to the mandrel during the bending
face of the specimen. Longitudinal root bend test speci- operation. Alternatively, the specimen may be held sta-
mens shall comply withthe requirements of Figure A8. tionary against a rotated, non-slipping mandrel of Diame-
ter A by a stationary compressive roller. In this case the
7.6 Fillet Weld Root Bend. The fillet weld root-bend specimen is wrapped around the rotating mandrel by
test sample shall be welded and prepared as shown in draw-bending the specimen from between theouter roller
Figure A9. The root of the weld shall be the tension sur- and the point where the rotating mandrel holds the speci-
face of the specimen. The fillet weld root bend test is an men tight against the roller. The weld and heat-affected
alternate to the fillet weld break test in some codes and zones shall be completely within the bent portion of the
specifications (see Part B). specimen. Test specimens shall not be removed from the
7.7 Surfacing Weld Specimens. The face bend and side fixture until the point where the outer roller contacts the
bend specimens for surfacing weldsshall conform to the bend specimen has moved 180 degrees from its starting
requirements of Figure Alo. The length of the specimens point along the convexsurface of the bend specimen.
shall be perpendicular to the weld direction of trans- 8.3 Specimen Inspection. The specimen shall be re-
verse-bend specimens; the weld direction of the longitu- moved from the bend fixture and the tension surface of
dinal bend specimens shall be parallel to the lengthof the the specimen (weld metal and HAZ) visually examined
specimen. for tears or other open defects, and all defect types, quan-
tities, sizes and locations shall be recorded. When frac-
ture of the weld specimen occurs prior to completing a
8. Procedure 180 degree bend, the angle at which it fractured shall be
recorded, if possible. The weld and heat-affected zone
Unlessotherwise specified, thespecimen shall be shall be centered and completely within the bent portion
tested at ambient temperature and deformation shall of the specimen after testing.
occur in a time period no shorter than 15 seconds and no
longer than 2 minutes. If weld and heat-affected zone
(HAZ) are not within the curved portion of the specimen,
the specimen shall be discarded and another specimen 9. Report
prepared and tested.
In addition to the requirements of the applicable docu-
8.1 Guided Bend Testing ment, the report shall include the following:
8.1.1 Transverse Specimens (1) Materials Identification
(1) Place the tension side down on the supporting sur- (a) Base metal specification
face of the bend fixture shown in Figures Al or A2. The (b) Filler metal specification
weld shall be centered in the fixture with the centerline ( 2 ) Specimen thickness and width
of the weld within 2 mm of the center of the fixture. (3) Type of welded joint or surfacing weld
(2) Any means may be used for smoothly moving the (4) Welding Procedure Specifications and Procedure
plunger in relation to the support members of the bend Qualification Record numbers (if applicable) including
fixture. any supplemental information

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

(5) Specific tests performed yield strength less than that of the base metal, yielding
(6) Bend radius will begin in the weld first, resulting in a true bend radius
(7) Test temperature less than that of the plunger. A smaller effective bend ra-
(8) Number of tests per conditionor lot dius results in a more severe test of the deposited weld
(9) The following additionalinformationshouldbe metal.
included: Number, type, size and location of defects, if On the other hand, when the deposited weld metal is
any stronger than the base metal, bending will begin in the
(10) Bend angle, if specimen fractured prior to bending HAZ and adjacent base metal, resulting in bending with
180 degrees a small radius at these points and little, if any, bending
(1 1) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the occurring in the weld metal. The obvious result of this
specimens or procedure situation is a more stringenttest of the HAZ.
It is recommended that the wraparound fixture shown
in Figure A3 be used in these situations or longitudinal
bend specimens be used in place of the transverse guided
10. Commentary bend specimens. Testing of welds in dissimilar metals
Whentestingweldbend specimens havingsignifi- (such as high tensile strength plate to ordinary structural
cantly different tensile and yield strengths using the test grade steels) can produce similar effectsand result in in-
fixture shown in Figures A l or A2, bending will not be valid test results because of the tendency for the speci-
uniformly distributed across the weld, HAZ, and base mens to shift (slide sideways) during loading when using
metal. For example, if the deposited weld metal has a the fixtures shown in FiguresA l and A2.

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 PLUNGER

A
SHOULDERS OR 7

T = SPECIMEN THICKNESS

Notes:
1. Either hardened and greased shoulders or hardened rollers free to rotate shall be used.
2. The shoulder or rollers shall have a minimum bearing length of 50 mm for placementof the specimen.
3. The shoulders or rollers shall be highenough above the bottom of the fixtureso that the specimen will clear the shoulders or rollers
when the plungeris in the l o w position.
4. The plunger shall be fitted with an appropriate base and provision for attachment to the testing machine and shall be designed to
minimize deflectionor misalignment.
5. The shoulder or roller supports may be made adjustablein the horizontal direction so that specimens of various thickness may be
tested in the same bend fixture.
6. The shoulder or roller supports shall be fitted to a base designed to maintain the shoulders or rollers centered and aligned with
respect to the plunger, and minimize deflection or misalignment.
7 . The maximum plunger radius, A, shall be as specified
or as determined from the formulaor nomograph in Figure A4.

Figure Al-'Qpical Bottom Ejecting Guided Bend Test Fixture

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 4 AS REQUIRED
1 I
NOTE 1
2o II
"l
L -PLUNGER- I

II
I
75 MIN
I
R = 20

r
1

ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS

Fixture Dimensionsfor 20% Elongation of Weld

Specimen
Thickness,
Plunger
T Radius,
Die
ARadius, B
mm mm mm
10 20 32
2T T A+T+2

Notes:
1. Tapped hole of appropriate size, or other suitable means for attaching plunger totesting machine.
2. Either hardened and greased shoulders or hardened rollers free to rotate shallbe used in die.
3. The plunger andits base shall be designed to minimize deflection and misalignment.
4. The plunger shall forcethe specimen into the die until the specimen becomes U-shaped. The weld and heat-affected zones shall be
centered and completely within the bent portion of the specimen afler testing.
5. For a given specimen thickness, T, the maximum plunger radius, A, shall be as specifiedor as determined from the formulaor nomo-
graph in FigureA4. For example,fixture dimensionsfor 20% elongation anda specimen thickness, T,of 10 mm: the plunger radius,A,
is equal to 20mm and die radius,B, is equal to32 mm.
6 . Weld sizes indicated are recommendations. The actual size is the responsibility of the user to ensure rigidity and design adequacy.

Figure AZ-Qpical Bottom Guided Bend Test Fixture

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 S T D - A W S B Y - O M - E N G L 2000 D 07842b5 0 5 1 9 b q 5 Yb5
AWS B4.OM:2000

T = SPECIMEN THICKNESS

Notes:
1. Radius A shall be as specified, or as determined from the nomograph in Figure A4. Dimensions not shown are the optionof the designer,
except that the minimum width of the components shall be 50 mm.
2. It is essential to have adequate rigidityso that the bend fixture willnot deflect during testing. The specimen shall
be firmly clampedon
one endso that it does not slide during the bending operation.
3. Test specimens shallbe removed from the bend fixture when the roller has traversed 180"from the starting point.

Figure &Typical Wraparound Guided Bend Test Fixture

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

10
E
E
ui
2
c3
a
U
n
z
W
m 15

20

25

or use the following formula:

e = T-x 100
2A+T
where:
e = percent elongation at outer surface
T = specimenthickness(mm)
A = radius of curvature at the inside surface of the bend

Notes:
It is generally recommended that the specimen thickness for the bend tests be approximately
1O mm. However,the specimen thickness
may be any value within the range given above as dictatedlhebymaterial thickness, available equipment, lhe
or applicable specification.
Required accuracyof measurement is as follows:
(1) Specimen thickness: k0.5 mm
(2)Elongation: t 1 percent
(3) Bend radius: k1.6 mm
Example: If a standard requires a minimum elongation of 20 percent and if the specimen is 10 mm thick, a line is drawn between
these two points and extended to determine the appropriate bend radius which be 20 mm.
would

Figure A A B e n d Test Nomograph

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 IF THERMALLY CUT, NOT LESS THAN 3 mm SHALL
BE MECHANICALLY REMOVED FROM THE EDGES
R
,
\h"
"""
""-
\ "- I I ""-
Ir"7-
--
I

1
L" """"""d LL-Z -
I
-F 150MIN
mm j-- 3 mm R MAXL

6GR SPECIMEN
I/"- I.
r------ 1
\ I
r-""
I t I

" "-
7 3
MACHINE THE MINIMUM AMOUNT
(*) S'NGLE-V-GRooVE WELD NEEDED TOOBTAIN
PLANE
PARALLEL
FACES (OPTIONAL)

1 I l
WELD

7 FACE
WIDTH
mm R MAX

"""

20 mm MIN

"""

I \ \\\ -"c-
l
t \\
150 mm MIN 4-
SEE NOTE 2
(B) DOUBLE-V-GROOVE WELD

Notes:
1. If the thickness, t,of a single-groove weld joint exceeds 38 mm, the specimen may be cut into approximately equal strips between 20 mm
and 38 mm wide. Each strip shall be tested by bendingto the same radius as specified or as determined by the nomographin Figure A4.
2. If the platethickness, t, of a double-groove weld joint exceeds 38 mm, the specimen may becut into multiple stripsso that therOat of
the weld is centered in one of the strips as shown. Whenever possible it is recommended thatNote 1 to FigureA4 be followed regard-
ing specimen thickness,T, with each specimen having a width exceeding its thickness. These strips shall beto bent the same radius
as specified or as determinedby the nomograph in Figure A4.
3. The weld reinforcement and backing, any, if shall be mechanically removed flush with the specimen surface. For performance qualifi-
cation, if sufficient materialis available, acceptable undercut shouldbe removed while maintaining specimen dimensions.
4. The diameter of the test plunger should be equal to or exceed the widthof the remaining weldface width in order to test the weld HAZ and
base metal.If this requirement cannot be met, a greater thickness, T, may be chosen in accordance with the nomograph in Figure A4.
5. All longitudinal surfaces should be no rougher than 4 micrometers R,. It is recommended that the lay of the surface roughness be oriented
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.

Figure AS-Ilansverse Side Bend Specimens (Plate)

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 I I

> 10 mm 10 mm

(A) FACE BEND SPECIMEN

c """" "c"'r """"

I \I
,51-1 mm MIN4-
(B) ROOT BEND SPECIMEN

Notes:
1. The specimen edges may be thermally cut but, in this case, at least 3 mm of material shall be mechanically removed from the
thermally cut surface.
2. For clad metals having an elongation requirement of at least 25 percent, the specimen thickness, T, may be reduced when using a
fixed bend-radius testing bend fixture. The specimen thickness shall be determined by the nomograph in Figure A4.
3. If the weld joins base metals of different thicknesses, the specimen should be reduced to a constant thickness based on the thinner
base metal.
4. The weld reinforcement and backing, if any, shall be mechanically removed flush with the specimen surface. For performance qualifi-
cation, if sufficient material is available, acceptable undercut should be removed while maintaining specimen dimensions.
5. The diameter of the test plunger should be equal to or exceed the width of the remaining weld face. If this requirement cannot
be met,
a greater thickness,T, may be chosen in accordance with the nomograph in Figure A4.
6. All longitudinal surfaces should be no rougher than 4 micrometers R., It is recommended that the lay of the surface roughness be parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.

Figure A6-Transverse Face Bend and Root Bend Specimens (Plate)

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 ~~

S T D = A W S B4.0R-ENGL 2000 D 0 7 8 q 2 b 5 0517b49 O00

AWS 64,OM:2000

,-3 mm R MAX (TYP)

150 mm MIN

(A) FACE BEND SPECIMEN > 10mm 10 mm

(B) ROOT BEND SPECIMEN

Notes:
1. The specimen edges may be thermally cut but, in this case, at least3 mm of material shall be mechanically removed fromthe ther-
mally cut surfaces.
2. If the weld joins base metalsof different thicknesses, the specimen should be reduced to a constant thickness based onthe thinner
base metal.
3. The specimen width shall be 4T, except thatit shall notexceed ID/3 where ID is the inside diameterof the pipe.
4. The weld reinforcement and backing, if any, shall be mechanically removed flush with the specimen surface. If the back of the joint is
recessed, this surface of the specimenmay be removed toa depth not exceeding the recess. For performance qualification, if sufficient
material is available, acceptable undercut should be removed while maintaining specimen dimensions.
5. The diameter of the test plunger shouldbe equal toor exceed the weld width. If this requirement cannot be met, a greater thickness,
T, may be chosen in accordance with the formula or nomograph in Figure A4.
6. All longitudinal surfaces should be no rougher 4 than
micrometers R,. It is recommended that the lay of the surface roughness be oriented
parallel tothe longitudinal axisof the specimen.

Figure A7"kansverse Face Bend andRoot Bend Specimens (Pipe)

11

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

I 3 1
-ITt

ROOT
BEND

Notes:
1. The specimen edges maybe thermally cut, but in this case, at least 3 mm of material shall be mechanically removed from the ther-
mally cut surface.
2. If the weld joins base metalsof different thicknesses, the specimen shouldbe reduced to a constant thickness based on the thinner
base metal.
3. Weld reinforcement and backing, if any, shall be mechanically removed flush with the surfaceof the specimen. For performance qual-
ification, if sufficient material
is available, acceptable undercut should be removed while maintaining specimen dimensions.
4. All longitudinal surfaces should be no rougher than4 micrometers R,. It is recommended that the lay the
of surface roughnessbe oriented
parallel tothe axis of the specimen.

Figure A8”Longitudinal Face Bend and Root Bend Specimens (Plate)

12

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 S T D - A W S BII*OM-ENGL 2000 W 078'42b5 0539b53 7b7 =
AWS B4.OM:2000

r 20 mm MIN

mm MAX

THE PORTION BETWEEN

FILLET WELDSMAY BE
WELDED IN ANY POSITION

10 mm MAXIMUM SIZE OF
SINGLE-PASS FILLET WELD

Notes:
1. The backing shall be1O mm by 50 mm minimum unless the test weld is to be inspected radiographically, in which case the backing
bar shallbe 1O mm by 75 mm minimum. The backing barshall be in intimate contact with the base plate.
2. The test plate length L, shall be sufficient
for the requirednumber of specimens. Specimens shallbe removed mechanically fromthe
test plate.
3. The weld reinforcement and backing bar shall be removed mechanically, flush with the base plate.
be no rougher than4 micrometers R., It is recommended thatthe lay ofthe surface roughness be oriented
4. All longitudinal surfaces should
parallel withthe longitudinal axisof the specimen.

Figure A9-Fillet Weld Root Bend TestSpecimen

13

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

I I
t I I
I I
I I
I I

,-3 mm R MAX

I
I I

(B) SIDE BEND SPECIMEN

Notes:
i.The dimension,T, is the thicknessof the test specimen and shall be 1O mm unless otherwise specified.
of the specimen shall be parallel to the welding direction.
2. For the longitudinal bend test, the long axis theFor
transverse bend test, the
long axis shallbe perpendicular to the weld direction length
of the test specimen.
3. The amountof surfacing weld removed from the face-bend specimen surface shall be the minimum necessary a smooth
to obtain
surface.
The minimum thicknessof surfacing weld after finishing shall be3 mm.
4. All longitudinal surfaces should be no rougher than 4 micrometers
R,. It is recommended that the lay
of the surface roughnessbe oriented
with the longitudinal axisof the specimen.

Figure Alo-Surfacing Weld Face Bend and Side Bend Specimens

14

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 AWS &.OM:2000

A2.Tension Tests ASTM B 557 Standard Methods

Tension
of
Testing Wrought and Cast Alu-
1. Scope minum, and Magnesium Alloy
Products
1.1 This section covers the tension testing of welded
joints.
AWS
A2.4 Standard
Symbols Welding,
for
1.2 This standard doesnot specify required properties or Brazing, and Nondestructive
acceptance criteria. Examination
1.3 When this standard is used as a portion of a specifica- AWS A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and
tion for a welded structure or assembly or for qualifica-
Definitions
tion, the following information shall be furnished:
(1) The specific type(s) andnumber of specimens The sourcesof these documents are the following:
required
(2) Base metal specification/identification American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
(3) Filler material specification/identification Three Park Avenue
(4) The anticipated property values and whether they New York, NY 10016
are maximum or minimum requirements
( 5 ) Location and orientation of the specimens American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM)
(6) Report form when required 1 O0 Barr Harbor Drive
(7) Postweld thermal or mechanical processing treat- West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ments, as applicable
1.4 This standard is applicable to the following, when American Welding Society (AWS)
specified: 550 N.W. LeJeune Road
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures Miami, FL 33126
where specified mechanical properties are required
(2) Information, basis for acceptance andmanufac-
turing quality control where mechanical properties are
requested 3. Summary of Method
(3) Research and development
Tension testing of welded joints is done by means of a
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- calibrated testing machine and devices followingthe pro-
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld- cedures described in Section 8.
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
Note: This standardmay involve hazardousmaterials,
operutions, and equipment. The standard does not pur- 4. Significance
port to address all of the safetyproblems associated with 4.1 Tension tests provide information on the loadbearing
its use. I t is the responsibility of the user to establish ap- capacities, joint design and ductility of welded joints.
propriate safety and health practices. The user should The data obtained from tension tests may include:
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations ( 1 ) Ultimate tensile strength
prior to use. (2) Yield strength
(3) Yield point if it occurs
(4) Percent elongation
2. Applicable Documents (5) Percent reduction of area
(6) Stress-strain diagram
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
(7) Location and mode of fracture
following documents:
ANSVASME B46.1 Surface Texture 4.2 Tension tests provide quantitative data which can be
compared and analyzed for use in the design and analysis
ASTM EStandard
4 Practices
for LoadVer-
of welded structures. Fracture surfaces may also provide
ification of Testing Machines
information on the presence andeffects of discontinuities
ASTM E 8 Standard Methods of Tension such as incomplete fusion, incomplete joint penetration,
Testing of Metallic Materials porosity, inclusions and cracking.

15

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 S T D * A W S B11mOM-ENGL 2000 07BL12b5 0519b511 1178 W

AWS 84.0M:2000

3 mm from the fusion line along the bevel faces (see Fig-
A = length of reduced section
ure Al 1).
B = length of end section
(2) Round Transverse Weld Specimen. The transverse
C = dimension of grip section
weld specimen is used together with thebase metal or all-
D = diameter
weld-metal tension tests to evaluate joint efficiency. Only
E = length of shoulder and fillet
the ultimate tensile strength is normally determined for
F = diameter of shoulder
specimens taken transverseto the centerline of the weld.
G = gage length
ID = inner diameter 7.4 Rectangular Tension Test Specimen, Transverse
OD = outer diameter and Longitudinal. The tension specimens for welded
L = overall length butt joints other than pipe or tubing shall be either trans-
P = load verse weld tension specimens or longitudinal weld ten-
R = radius of fillet sion specimens that comply with Figure A12 or A13.
T = specimen thickness When thickness of the test weldment is beyond the ca-
t = thickness of test weldment pacity of the available test equipment, the weld shall be
W = specimen width divided through its thickness into as many specimens as
required to cover the full weld thickness and still main-
tain the specimen size within the test equipment capacity.
Unless otherwise specified, the results of the partial
6. Apparatus thickness specimens shall be averaged to determine the
properties of the full thickness joint. Only ultimate ten-
The test shall be performed on a tensile testing ma- sile strength is normally determined in specimens taken
chine in conformance with the requirements of ASTM transverse to the centerline of the weld.
E 8. The machine shall be calibrated in accordance with
ASTM E 4. 7.5 Tubular Tension Test Specimen. Two types ofspec-
imens are used in determining the tensile properties of
welded tubular products. For pipe or tubing larger than
75 mm nominal diameter, the reduced rectangular sec-
7. Specimens tion specimen may be used. The full section specimen
shall be used to test weld joints in pipe or tubing 75 mm
7.1 Test specimen type shall be specified by the applica- or less nominal diameter and may be usedfor larger sizes
ble code, specification or fabrication document. It is rec- subject to limitations of testing equipment.
ommended that test specimens which provide the largest (1) GreaterThan 75 mmDiameter. The reduced
cross-sectional area be tested within the capabilities of rectangular-section specimen shall comply with Figure
available test equipment. Al 4.
(2) Less Than or Equal to 75 mm Diameter. The full-
7.2 Unless otherwise stated, specified specimens shall be section specimen shall comply with Figure A15. Only
tensile tested in the as-received condition. ultimate tensile strength is normally determined i n speci-
mens taken transverse to the centerline of the weld.
7.3 Round Tension Test Specimens. Round tension
specimens with a 4:l gage length to diameter ratio are 7.6 Preparation. Excessively deep machine cuts that
shown in Figure A l 1. Round tension specimens with a will cause invalid test data or that leave tears in the sur-
5:l gage length to diameter ratio are shown in Annex B. face of the finished dimensions shall be avoided. The sur-
(1) RoundAll-Weld-MetalSpecimen. The all-weld- face finish on surfaces requiring machining shall be as
metal tension specimen is used for evaluation of the specified in the specimen drawings. Imperfections
deposited weld metal ultimate tensile strength, yield present within the gage length due to welding shall not
strength, elongation and reduction in area. When base- be removed.

16

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 S T D * A W S B4.OM-ENGL 2000 07842b5 0 5 1 9 b 5 5 30'4 - AWS B4.OM:2000

8. Procedure Percent Reduction of Area =

8.1 The testing procedure for weld specimens shall be as (Original Diameter)' - (Final Diameter)2 x =
specified in ASTM E 8. 2
(Original Diameter)
8.2 Round Tension Specimens. Mechanical properties,
namely ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength at
the specified offset,yield point if it occurs, elongation in
a specified gage length and reduction of area are deter-
mined for round all-weld-metal tension specimens. If a 8.3 Rectangular Tension Tests (Figures A12, A13,
yield point is reported, it shall have been determined in A14). The ultimate tensile strength calculationfor rect-
accordance with ASTM E 8. The minimum original di- angular tension test is the following:
ameter shall be used for all calculations. For round trans-
verse weld tension specimens, only ultimate tensile Ultimate Tensile Strength =
strength is determined, unless otherwise specified.
Maximum Load -~ ~ " I M U M ~

Ultimate Tensile Strength = Original Area WxT

8.4 'hbular Tension Tests. The ultimate tensile strength

Maximum Load -- M MAXIMUM^ calculation for reduced section (Figure A14) is the same
Original Cross SectionalArea as shown in section 8.3. The ultimate tensile strength cal-
culation for full section (Figure Als) is as follows:
Ultimate Tensile Strength =
Yield Strength at Specified Offset =
MaximumLoad -- MAXIMUM)
OriginalArea 0.7854 x ( 0 ~ID')
~ -
Load at Specified Offset - P(specimomq
Original Cross SectionalArea

9. Report
In addition to the requirements of applicable docu-
Yield Point =
ments, the report shall include the following:
(1) Base metal specification
Maximum Load prior to Specified Offset = h (2) Filler metal specification
Original Cross SectionalArea (3) Welding procedure (process and parameters)
(4) Specimen type
( 5 ) Joint geometry
(6) Location of fracture and type of failure (ductile or
Percent Elongation = brittle)
(7) Calculated ultimate tensile strength
Final gage length - Original gage length x = (8) Forround all-weld-metal specimen only: yield
Original gage length strength at the specified offset, yield point if it occurs,
percent elongation in the specified gage length and per-
cent reduction of area
(9) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimens or procedure

17

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

L L

N 1 SPECIMEN

SPECIMEN 3 SPECIMEN 4

SPECIMEN 5

Dimensions in mm*
Specimen
Specimen
1 2 Specimen 3 Specimen
Specimen
4 5
G. Gage length 50.0 f 0.1 50.0 f 0.1 50.0 f 0.1 50.0 f 0.1 50.0 f 0.1
D. Diameter (Note 1) 12.5 f 0.2 12.5 f 0.2 12.5 f 0.2 12.5 2 0.2 12.5 f 0.2
R. Radius of fillet, min 10 10 10 10 10
A. Length of reduced section 57 57 1O0 57 57
L. Overall length, approx 127 140 140 121 242
B. Length of end section (Note 2) 35 approx 25 approx 19 approx 13 approx 76 min
C. Diameter of end section 20 20 18 22 20
E. Length of shoulder andfillet - 16.0 - 19 16
section, approx
F. Diameter of shoulder - 16 15
- 16
Various types of ends for standard round tension test specimens

Figure A l 1-Round Tensile Specimen&: 1 Gage Length to Diameter

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 SPECIMEN SPECIMEN
LOCATION7 LOCATION1

Dimensions in mm*

Standard
Specimen
Small-Size
Specimens
Proportional To Standard
Specimen
Nominal Diameter 12.5 9.0 6.5 4.0 3.0
G. Gage length 50.0 f 0.1 36.0 f 0.1 26.0 2 0.1 16.0 2 0.1 12.0 f 0.1
D. Diameter (Note 1) 12.5 2 0.2 9.0 f 0.1 6.5 2 0.1 4.0 2 0.1 3.0f 0.1
R. Radius6of fillet, min 10 5 4 2
A. Length of reduced section,
57 45 32 19 16
min (Note2)
Standard 12.5 mm round tension test specimens with50 mm gage length and examplesof small size specimensproportionalto the
standard specimen.
*Rounded to the nearest0.5mm or 0.05 mm.
Notes:
1. The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center with the ends not more than largerin diam-
1 percent
eter than the center (controlling dimension).
2. If desired, the lengthof the reduced sectionmay be increased to accommodate an extensometer of any convenient gagelength. Ref-
erence marks for the measurement of elongation should nevertheless be spaced at the indicated gage length.
3. The gage length and fillets shall be as shown but themay ends be of any formto fit the holders of the testing machinein such away
that the load shall be axial.If the endsare to be heldin wedge gripsit is desirable to make the length of the grip section great enough
to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal to 2/3 of orthe
morelength of the grips.
4. The gage lengths are equal to 4 times the nominal diameter. In some product specifications, other specimens may be provided for
but unless the4 to 1 ratiois maintained within dimensional tolerances, the elongation values may not be comparable with those ob-
tained from the standard test specimen. Note that most other metric based codes 5 to 1a ratio of gage length to diameter
use (see
Annex 6).
5. The use of specimens smaller than6.5 mm diameter shall be restricted to cases when the material to be tested is of insufficient size
to obtain larger specimens or when all parties agree to their use for acceptance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equip-
ment and greater skillin both machining and testing.
6. For transverse weld specimens, the weld shall be approximately centered between gage marks.
7. On specimen 5, it is desirable to make the length of the grip section sufficient to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a dis-
tance equal to2/3or mofe of the length of the grips.
8. Any standard thread size is permissible that provides for proper alignment and aids in assuring that the specimen will break within
the reduced section.
9. The use of a fine series of thread is recommended for high-strength, brittle materials to avoid fracture in the threaded portion.
1O. Surface finish within the gage length shall be no rougher than 2 micrometers R,.

Figure A l l (Continued)-Round Tensile Specimens"4:l Gage Length to Diameter

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 S T D = A W S B q e O M - E N G L 2000 0 7 8 9 2 b 5 0517b58 013 W

AWS B4.OM:2000

THESE EDGES MAY BE THERMALLY CUT

THIS SURFACE MACHINED, PREFERABLYBY MILLING

1T

I < 25 mm
2 25 mm I 38 0.3 mm
25 f 0.3 mm

Notes:
1. Thin base metal being tested tends to tear and break near the shoulder. In such cases, dimension C shall be no greater than 1-1/3
times the widthof the reduced section.
2. Weld reinforcement and backing strip, if any, shall be removed flush with the surfaceof the specimen.
3. When the thickness, t, of the test weldmentis such thatit would not provide a specimen within the capacity limitationsof the available
test equipment, the specimen shall be parted through its thickness into as many specimens as required.
4. The lengthof reduced sections shallbe equal to the width of the widest portionof weld, plus6 mm minimum on each side.
5. All surfaces in the reduced section should be no rougher than 4 micrometers R,.
6. Narrower widths (W and C)may be used when necessary.In such cases,the width of the reduced section shouldbe as large asthe
width of the material being tested permits. the
If width of the material is less than W, the sides may be parallel throughoutthe length
of the specimen.

Figure Al2”hansverse Rectangular Tension Test Specimen (Plate)

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 STD-AUS 84-0H-ENGL 2000 O7B112b5 0519b59 T 5 T
AWS B4.OM:2000

THESE EDGES MAYBE THERMALLY CUT

THIS SURFACE MACHINED, PREFERABLY BY MILLING

25 mm R MIN

T I 5
If

Dimensions in mm

Specimen 1 Specimen 2
W =Width 25 f 2 38 f 3
B = Width of weld 13 approx 20 approx
Nominal C = Width of grip section 38 50

Notes:
1. The weld reinforcement and backing,any,if shall be removed, flush with thesurface of the specimen.
2. The width of the weld may be varied to approximate112 W by selecting an appropriate specimen thickness, T, and its location within
the weld.
3. The width.W, may be varied within reason to accommodate the width of the weldif it is not possible to meet the requirements of Note 2.
4. The grip sectionsof the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center ofline the reduced section, within3 mm.
5. All surfaces in the reduced section should be no rougher than 4 micrometers R,.
6. Narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary.In such cases, the width of the reduced section should be as large asthe
If the width of the material is less than
width of the material being tested permits. W, the sides may be parallel throughout the length
of the specimen.

Figure A13"Longitudinal Rectangular Tension Test Specimens (Plate)

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

FOR UNEQUAL WALL THICKNESSES,

MACHINE THE MINIMUM AMOUNT
NEEDED TO OBTAIN PLANE PARALLEL
"" SURFACES
OVER THE
REDUCED
SECTION

WELD TO BE APPROXIMATELY
CENTER OF REDUCED SECTION

T
L
4k i THESEEDGES MAY
BE THERMALLY CUT
f7
FOR ALTERNATE
SPECIMEN, MACHINE
THE MINIMUM AMOUNT
NECESSARY TO OBTAIN
PARALLEL FACES OVER
THIS SURFACE MACHINED, THE REDUCED SECTION
PERFERABLY BY MILLING

Dimensions in mm
No. Specimen A
W C
13 1 f 0.4 5720 approx
2 20 f 0.8 25 approx 57
113
3 25 f 0.6 5738 approx
113
4 38 f 3 50 approx 57
113
225

Notes:
1. The weld reinforcement and backing, any, if shall be removed flush with the specimen.
2. Alternate specimen shall not be used for nominal wall thickness less than 10 mm.
3. Only grip sections of the specimenmay be flattened.
4. In the case of full wall thickness specimens, cross-sectional area may be calculated by multiplyingW and t (t= T).
5. T is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable specification.
6. The reduced section shallbe parallel within0.3 mm and may have a gradual taper in width from the ends toward the center with the
ends not more than 0.3 mm wider than the center,
7. The grip sectionof the specimen shallbe symmetrical withthe center line of the reduced section within mm. 3
8. All surfaces in the reduced section should be no rougher than 4 micrometers R,.
9. Narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary. In such cases, the width of the reduced section should be as large asthe
width of the material being tested permits. W, the sides may be parallel throughout the length
If the width of the material is less than
of the specimen.

Figure Al4-Tension Specimens for Pipe Greater than75 mm Nominal Diameter

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AWS B4.OM:2000

WELD REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE

RETAINED UNLESS THE APPLICABLE
CODE OR SPECIFICATION CALLS
FOR MACHINING FLUSH WITH
BASE METAL

T- 2D,I
D MIN
.V-JAWS \
L - -/- OF
TESTING
MACHINE
I

PLUG
D = INSIDE DIAMETER OF PIPE

Figure A15-Tension Specimen for Pipe 75 mm Nominal Diameter and Less

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AWS B4.0M:2000

4. Significance test specimens shall be located as close to the weld face

as possible to provide maximum weld metal area in
4.1 Fracture toughness testing provides a measure of re- groove joints. A higher integrated toughness energy,
sistance to crack initiation or propagation or both. which indicates the unsafe lower intrinsic fracture tough-
4.2 The welding process and welding procedure have a ness of the weld metal, may be obtained when the frac-
significant effect on the mechanical properties of a weld ture surface involves weld metal, HAZ, and base metal.
joint. If the fracture toughness of a weld joint sample is 7.5 When an evaluation of the base metalor HA2or both
to be representative of its structural performance, the is required, the locationof the notch shall be Specified.
same weldingprocess, procedure, and weld cooling rates
as a function of distance and thicknessmust be used for
the sample and the structure.
8. Procedure
Test specimen preparation and testprocedure for mea-
5. Definitions and Symbols suring the fracture toughness of a weldment shall be in
The welding symbols and terms used in this section accordance with the following ASTM standard methods:
are in accordance with the latest editions of AWS A2.4, (1) Charpy V-notch, E 23, except that values upto and
Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, and Nondestruc- including 100% of the testing machine capacity shall be
tive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding accepted and reported as fracture energy if the specimen
Terms andDefinitions. breaks. The full machine capacity followedby a plus sign,
(+), shall be reported if the specimen is not broken. All
these results may be used to calculate the average energy
absorbed provided the minimum average required for ac-
6. Apparatus ceptance is within the verified rangeof the machine.
Theapparatus for conducting the various fracture (2) Dynamic Tear, E 604
toughness tests shall be in accordance with the following (3) Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness, E 399
ASTM Standard Methods: (4) Drop-WeightNil-Ductility Transition Tempera-
(1) Charpy V-notch, E 23 ture, E 208
(2) Dynamic Tear, E 604
(3) Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness, E 399
(4) Drop-WeightNil-Ductility Transition Tempera-
ture, E 208 9. Report
9.1 In addition to the requirements of applicable doc-
uments, the report shall include the following:
7. Specimens (1) Base metal specification
7.1 Sufficient information shall be provided to properly (2) Filler metal specification
locate specimens and weld joint. For specimens removed (3) Welding procedure (processand parameters)
from double bevel groove welds, the identification shall (4) Joint geometry
include a reference with respect to theside of the weld. ( 5 ) Specimen type
(6) Specimen location, crackplane orientation and
7.2 Test specimens shall not contain metal that has been machined notch position
affected thermally as a result of cutting or preparation. (7) Type of testequipment
7.3 Unless otherwise specified, the nominal dimensions, (8) Fracture appearance and location
orientation and notch location of specimens shall be that (9) Test temperature
shown in Figures A16 through A21 respectively. Work- (10) Energy absorbed (if applicable)
ing drawings are provided in the referenced documents. (11) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimens or procedure
7.4 Unless otherwise specified, the weld metal width to
specimen thickness relationship for the compact tension 9.2 Testdata should berecordedona Test Results
specimen shall be as shown in Figure A22. Weld metal Sheet similar to Figure A23.

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AWS B4.0M:2000

4. Significance test specimens shall be located as close to the weld face

as possible to provide maximum weld metal area in
4.1 Fracture toughness testing provides a measure of re- groove joints. A higher integrated toughness energy,
sistance to crack initiation or propagation or both. which indicates the unsafe lower intrinsic fracture tough-
4.2 The welding process and welding procedure have a ness of the weld metal, may be obtained when the frac-
significant effect on the mechanical properties of a weld ture surface involves weld metal, HAZ, and base metal.
joint. If the fracture toughness of a weld joint sample is 7.5 When an evaluation of the base metalor HA2or both
to be representative of its structural performance, the is required, the locationof the notch shall be Specified.
same weldingprocess, procedure, and weld cooling rates
as a function of distance and thicknessmust be used for
the sample and the structure.
8. Procedure
Test specimen preparation and testprocedure for mea-
5. Definitions and Symbols suring the fracture toughness of a weldment shall be in
The welding symbols and terms used in this section accordance with the following ASTM standard methods:
are in accordance with the latest editions of AWS A2.4, (1) Charpy V-notch, E 23, except that values upto and
Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, and Nondestruc- including 100% of the testing machine capacity shall be
tive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding accepted and reported as fracture energy if the specimen
Terms andDefinitions. breaks. The full machine capacity followedby a plus sign,
(+), shall be reported if the specimen is not broken. All
these results may be used to calculate the average energy
absorbed provided the minimum average required for ac-
6. Apparatus ceptance is within the verified rangeof the machine.
Theapparatus for conducting the various fracture (2) Dynamic Tear, E 604
toughness tests shall be in accordance with the following (3) Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness, E 399
ASTM Standard Methods: (4) Drop-WeightNil-Ductility Transition Tempera-
(1) Charpy V-notch, E 23 ture, E 208
(2) Dynamic Tear, E 604
(3) Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness, E 399
(4) Drop-WeightNil-Ductility Transition Tempera-
ture, E 208 9. Report
9.1 In addition to the requirements of applicable doc-
uments, the report shall include the following:
7. Specimens (1) Base metal specification
7.1 Sufficient information shall be provided to properly (2) Filler metal specification
locate specimens and weld joint. For specimens removed (3) Welding procedure (processand parameters)
from double bevel groove welds, the identification shall (4) Joint geometry
include a reference with respect to theside of the weld. ( 5 ) Specimen type
(6) Specimen location, crackplane orientation and
7.2 Test specimens shall not contain metal that has been machined notch position
affected thermally as a result of cutting or preparation. (7) Type of testequipment
7.3 Unless otherwise specified, the nominal dimensions, (8) Fracture appearance and location
orientation and notch location of specimens shall be that (9) Test temperature
shown in Figures A16 through A21 respectively. Work- (10) Energy absorbed (if applicable)
ing drawings are provided in the referenced documents. (11) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimens or procedure
7.4 Unless otherwise specified, the weld metal width to
specimen thickness relationship for the compact tension 9.2 Testdata should berecordedona Test Results
specimen shall be as shown in Figure A22. Weld metal Sheet similar to Figure A23.

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NOTCH OF
Ga i" 4504
0.25 mm R

NOTE-Dimensional Tolerances shall be as follows:

Notch length to edge 90"2 2"
Adjacent sides shall be at 90"2 1O minutes
Cross-section dimensions 20.075 mm
Length of specimen (L) +O, -2.5 mm
Centering of notch (U2) 21 mm
Angle of notch f1°
Radius of notch 20.025 mm
Notch depth 20.025 mm
Finish requirements 4 micrometers R, on other two surfaces
2 micrometers R, on notched surface and opposite face;

Figure AlGCharpy V-Notch Impact Specimen

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 S T D - A W S B 4 - O M - E N G L 2000 07842b5 0 5 1 9 b b 5 253

AWS B4.OM:2000

STRIKER TUP

12.7 mm i 0.8 mm

J
1 6 m m * 1 mm
/- I
./-"=-J
181 mm i 3 mm

T'
41 m m * 2 m m
PREPARATION NOTCH
AS SPECIFIED
IN REFERENCE
DOCUMENT

/
12.7 m m 0.8 mm R

b165.0 mm i 0.8 mm
4 SUPPORT

Figure A17-Dynamic Tear Test Specimen, Anvil Supports, and Striker Thp

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

0.25W
0.005W DIA.
2 HOLES 7

t
‘B
NOTE 4
A
7 %F-t T 0.275W i O. 005W
.c
Bs
O6

I +I

0.275W i 0.005W
+

i-.“‘
1.25W f 0.01OW
I

1. Dimensions a, B, and W are to be determined in accordance with ASTM E 399.

2. Surfaces marked A shall be perpendicular and parallel as applicable to within 0.002W total indicator reading(TIR).
3. The intersectionof the crack starter tips with the two specimen faces shall be equally distant from the top and bottom edgesof the
specimen within0.005W.
4. Integral or attachable knife edges for gage
clip attachment to the crack mouth may be used.
5. Additional specimen configurationsmy be foundin ASTM E 399.
6. The notch should be positioned in the area of the weld to be investigated. The positionof the machined notch shall be recorded.

Figure AlS-Compact Tension Fracture Toughness Specimen

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AWS B4.OM:2000

4 1.6 mm MAX

i
A

13 mm
W
L

~~ ~

Dimensions in mm

P-1 Specimen P-2 Specimen

Specimen
P-3
16 T, Thickness 20 25
L, Length 125 360 125
W, Width 88 50 50
DL,Deposit length (approximate) 45 64 45

Figure Al-tandard Drop Weight Nil-Ductility Temperature Test Specimen

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

Figure A2GOrientation of Weld Metal Fracture Toughness Specimens

in a Double-Groove Weld Thick Section Weldment

TWO-LETTER CODE FOR

SPECIMEN DESIGNATION

'FIRST LETTER DESIGNATES

THE DIRECTION NORMAL
TO CRACK PLANE

'SECOND LETTER DESIGNATES

THE EXPECTED DIRECTION
S = SHORTTRANSVERSE DIRECTION T = LONG
TRANSVERSE
DIRECTION OF CRACK
PLANE
WIDTH)(WELD
THICKNESS)
(WELD

Figure A21-Crack Plane Orientation Code for Compact

Tension Specimens fromWelded Plate

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9T9

AWS B4.OM:2000

OF SPECIMEN,
NOTCH, AND
I WELD
METAL
I
I

B MIN 4 I- B MIN = T

Figure A22-Recommended Ratio of Weld Metal

to Specimen Thickness for Weld-Metal Fracture
Toughness Specimen (Compact Tension Specimen)

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 DROP WEIGHT TEST RESULTS

To: Date:

Specimen No.

Type of Steel:

Heat Treatment:

Orientation/Location:

Specimen Type:

Test Temperature:

Results of Test:

Specimen Results

n
c

n
5

Reported by:

Figure A23"Suggested Data Sheet for Drop Weight Test

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 STDDAWS B4.0M-ENGL 2000 078112b5 0519b7L 5 5 7 W
AWS B4.OM:2000

Part B
Testing of Fillet Welds

B1. LongitudinalGuided-BendTest 2. ApplicableDocuments

(See Part Al, section 7.6, FilletWeldRootBendTest.)Reference should bemadetothelatest edition ofthe
following documents:
ANSVASME B46.1 Surface Texture
1. Scope
AWS
A2.4 Standard
Symbols for Welding,
1.1 This section
covers the bend testing of fillet welds. Brazing,
and
Nondestructive
standard
The
gives the requirements for guided
Examination
test
bend
specimen preparation, test parameters and testing proce-
dures,
but
does
not
specify the requirements
or
accep- AWS
A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and
tance criteria. Definitions
1.2 The base materials may be homogenous, clad or The source forthese documents is the following:
otherwise surfaced, except for hardfacing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
1.3 This standard is applicable to the following, where Three Park Avenue
specified: NY York, New 10016
(1) Qualification of materials, welding personnel,andAmericanWelding Society (AWS)
procedures
welding 550
Road
N.W. LeJeune
(2) Information, specifications of acceptance, manu- Miami, FL 33126
facturing qualjty control
(3) Research and development
1.4 When this standard is used, the following informa-
tion shall be furnished:
3. Summary of Method
(1) Thetype ofdatarequiredand observations to beLongitudinalfilletweld specimens are guided in the
made process
bending test
by a bend fixture thatend
employs
(2) Bend radius required or percent (%) elongationsupports and a plunger.
(3) Postweld thermal or mechanical processing treat-
ments, as applicable
1.5 SafetyPrecautions. Safetyprecautionsshallcon- 4. Significance
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld-
ing,Cutting,andAlliedProcesses, published by theThe ductility of thewelded joint, as evidenced by its
American Welding
Society.
resist
ability
to failurethe
and presence of defects
theon
tension surface, is determined in the longitudinal fillet
Note: This standard mayinvolvehazardous materials, weldguided-bendtest.
operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur-
port to address all ofthe safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap-
propriate safety and health practices. The user should
5. Definitions and Symbols
.~

determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations The welding symbols and terms used in this standard
prior touse. shall be i n accordance with the latest edition of AWS

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AWS B4.OM:2000

A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Non- 8. Procedure

destructive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard
Welding Terms andDefinitions. 8.1 Unless otherwise specified, the specimens shall be
tested at ambient temperature and deformation shall
occur in a time period no shorter than one half minute
and no longer than two minutes.
6. Apparatus 8.2 The specimen is to be positioned in the bend fixture
as shown in Figure B1 and a force applied sufficient to
6.1 Longitudinal fillet weld guided bend specimens are cause bending.
to be tested in a guided bendtest fixture designed to sup-
port and load the specimen in a three point bending
mode.
9. Report
6.2 The fixture shall have the dimensions shown i n Fig- In addition to therequirements of applicable docu-
ure B1. ments the report shall include the following:
(1) Base metal specification
(2) Filler metal specification
(3) Test temperature
(4) Number of tests
7. Specimens (5) Number, type, size and location of discontinuities
Longitudinal fillet weld bend test specimens are pre- noted, if any
pared by making two fillet welds on a T-joint and ma- (6) Bend angle if specimen fractures prior to bending
chining the specimens as shown in Figure B1. to 180 degrees

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AWS B4.OM:2000

60 mm DIA.

38 mm DIA.

/+ r DISCARD

THIS SURFACE MACHINED, PREFERABLY BY MILLING

/-

Notes:
1. Mandrel diameter shown is for a maximum 20 mm thick specimen.
may be utilized, provided the mandrel diameter does not exceed
2. Other thicknessesof bottom plate and fillet weld leg size 3 times the
specimen thickness. In these cases, the support clearance should be the mandrel diameterplus twice the specimen thickness plus
6 mm.
3. Surface finishof the tension surface should be no rougher than
4 micrometers R,.
4. Fillet weld size(s) should be
8 mm to 13 mm.

Figure B1-Longitudinal Guided Fillet Weld Bend Test

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 AWS 64.OM:2000

B2. Soundness Tests 3. Summary of Method

1. Scope One leg of a T-joint is bent upon the other so as to
place the root of the weld in tension. The load is main-
1.1 This section covers the fillet weld soundness test tained until the legs of the joint come into contact with
procedures, test parameters, and methods of obtaining each other or the joint fractures.
data and the observations usually required, but does not
specify the requirements or acceptance criteria. When
this standard is used as a portion of a standard or detail
specification, the following information should be
furnished: 4. Significance
(1) The specific tests and the number of specimens The purpose of this test is to determine the soundness
that are required of fillet welded joints. This test is qualitative in nature
(2) Specific orientation of specimens within the weld with acceptance determined by the extent and nature of
sample any flaws present.
(3) The type of data required and observations to be
made
(4) The limiting numerical values
(5) The interpretation,if any, of the dataand observations
5. Definitions and Symbols
1.2 Safety Precautions Safety precautions shall con-
The welding symbols and terms used in this section
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld-
are in accordance with the latest editions of AWS A2.4,
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, andNondestruc-
American Welding Society.
tive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials, Terms andDefinitions.
operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur-
port to addressall of the safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap-
propriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior to use.

2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
J
ANSVASME B46.1 Surface Texture
SIZE OF SINGLE FILLET WELD
AWS A2.4
Standard
Symbols Welding,
for
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination Unless otherwise noted,the followingdesignations
AWS
A3.0 Standard Welding
Terms
and are used:
Definitions S = Maximum size single pass fillet to be used in
production.
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
t = Plate thickness
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016

American Welding Society (AWS)

6. Apparatus
550 N.W. LeJeune Road Apparatus used shall be capable of firmly holding the
Miami, FL 33126 specimen and applying the required force.

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AWS B4.OM:2000

7. Specimens 7.6 Fillet Weld Nick-Break Test. See Part Cl.

7.1 Fillet Weld Break Procedure Qualification. The
uncoated fillet weld break specimenshall be welded and
prepared for the test shown in Figure B2. The weld shall 8. Procedure
meet the as-welded visual inspection requirements of the
applicable codeor standard. A force as shown in Figure B7 or other forces causing
the root of the weld to be in tension shall be applied to
7.2 Fillet Weld Break: Primer Coated Procedure the specimen.
Qualification. The fillet weld break specimen shall be The load shall be increased until the specimen frac-
welded overprimer-coated material and prepared for test tures or bendsflat upon itself.
as shown in Figure B3. The weld shall present a reason- If the specimen fractures, the fracture surfaces shall
ably uniform appearance and shall meet the visual in- be examined visually to the criteria of the applicable
spection requirementsof the applicable code orstandard. standard.
7.3 Fillet Weld Break Galvanized Procedure Qualifi-
cation. The fillet weld break specimen shall be welded
over galvanized material and preparedfor test as shown
in Figure B4. The weld shall present a reasonably uni- 9. Report
form appearance and shall meet the visual inspection re- In addition to requirements of the applicable docu-
quirements of the applicable code orstandard. ments, the report shall include the following:
7.4 Fillet Weld Break Welder Qualification.The fillet (1) Basemetal specification and appliedcoating
weld break specimen for welder qualification shall be specification
welded and prepared as shown in Figure B5. The weld (2) Filler metal specification
shall meet the visual requirements of the applicable code (3) Fillet weld size
or standard. (4) Welding procedure (processand parameters)
7.5 Fillet Break Tack Welder Qualification. The un- (5) Specimen type
coated fillet weld break specimen for tack welder perfor- (6) Fracture appearance
mance qualification shall be welded and prepared for test (7)Number, type, size and locations of visible inclu-
as shown in Figure 86. The weld shall present a reason- sions or discbntinuities
ably uniform appearance and shall meet the visual in- (8) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
spection requirementsof the applicable code orstandard. specimens or procedure

37

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

BEND THIS WAY

TOFRACTURE
f DlSCARD P l 7 -

Notes:
1. Positions qualified shall bein accordance with applicable code or standard.
2. Test assembly maybe cut into shorter lengths after welding to facilitate testing.
3. Plate thickness,t, shall be maximum used in production or 10 mm, whichever is less.
4. Weld size, S,shall be maximum single pass fillet weld to be used in production.

Figure B2-Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Procedure Qualification

,-GEE NOTE 3

BEND THIS WAY

TO FRACTURE

900 m m MIN

Notes:
1. Base plate shouldbe same grade and specification material as that used in production.
2. Base plate shallbe primer coatedto maximum thickness which willbe applied in production.
3. The first side weld shallbe removed by gouging or mechanical means andthe second side shallbe tested.
4. Although entire900 mm length is to be tested, the test assembly maybe cut into shorter lengths after welding to facilitate fracturing
for examination.
5. Plate thickness,1, shall be maximum usedin productionor 10 mm, whichever is less.
6. Weld size, S, shall be maximum single pass fillet weld to be used in production.

Figure B3-Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Primer Coated Materials

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 STD-AWS BII*OM-ENGL 2000 078q2b5 0517b77 T 7 5

AWS B4.OM:2000

V
\{:
! /- DlSCARD
t
75m1îMI;
‘1I- BEND THIS WAY
TO FRACTURE
+

900 mm MIN L 1 0 0 mm MIN 4

Notes:
1. Plate thickness, t, shall be maximum usedin production or 1O mm, whichever isless.
2. Weld size, S, shall be maximum single pass filletweld to be usedin production.
3. Although entire 900 mm length is to be tested, the test assembly maybe cut into shorter lengths after welding to
faciliate fracturing
for examination.
4. Galvanized plating shallbe the same grade, specification, and maximum thickness as that used in production.

Figure BAFillet Weld Break Specimen for Galvanized Materials

DISCARD

/
, T ~ E NOTE 1

Ii-”.. BEND THIS WAY

TOFRACTURE

2 5 m m A
I I
~ 1 5 0 m
I l
m
k 2 5 ~m m
t
Notes:
1. Stop and restart near center.
2. Unless otherwise specified, specimen thickness and dimensions are minimum.
3. Weld size, S, shall be maximum single-pass fillet weld to be usedin production.

Figure BS-Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Welder Qualification

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

-t
i + 13 mm

25 mmk-50 m m 4
BEND THIS WAY
TO FRACTURE
F

7 100 mm

1 I

100 mm t13mm

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE MINIMA

Figure BGFillet Weld Break Specimen for Tack Welder Qualification

BREAKING
FORCE

Figure B7-Method of Testing Fillet Weld Break Specimen

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B3. Shear Tests AWS A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding,

Brazing, and Nondestructive
1. Scope Examination

1.1 This section covers fillet

weld shear tests of welds in AWS
A3.0 Standard Welding Terms
and
plate. Definitions
1.2 When a fillet weld shear test is required, the prepara- AWS
A4.3 Standard Methods for Determi-
tion of the test specimens and the testing procedure shall nation of the Diffusible Hydro-
conform to this standard. gen Content of Martensitic,
Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld
1.3 This standard does not specify requirements orac- Metal Produced by Arc Welding
ceptance criteria.
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
1.4 This standard is applicable to the following when
specified: American Welding Society (AWS)
(1) Qualification of welding personnel and welding 550 N.W. LeJeune Road
procedures Miami, FL 33126
(2) Information, basis for inspection and fabrication qual-
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
ity control when acceptance criteria have been established
100 Barr Harbor Drive
(3) Research and development
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
1.5 When this standard is used, the following informa-
tion shall be furnished:
(1) Welding process used 3. Summary of Method
(2) The specified type of test andthe number of speci-
mens that are required The fillet weld shear test places a tensile load on a
(3) Base metal specification/identificationand thickness specimen prepared so that the fillet welds fail in shear.
(4) Position(s) of welding
(5) Filler metal specification/identifi~tionand diameter
(6) Report form including type of data and observa- 4. Significance
tions to be made
4.1 Fillet weld shear tests provide information on the
(7) Acceptance criteria load bearing capacitiesand joint efficiencies of welded
1.6 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- joints. The data obtained from fillet weld shear tests may
form to the latest edition of ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Weld- include:
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the (1) Unit shear load
American Welding Society. (2) Shear strength
(3) Location and mode offracture
Note: This standardmay involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. The standarddoes not pur- 4.2 Fillet weld shear tests provide quantitative data
port to address all of the safety problems associatedwith which can be compared, analyzed and used in the design
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap- and analysis of welded structures. Fracture surfacesmay
propriate safety and health practices. The user should also provide information on the presence and effects of
determine the applicabilityof any regulatory limitations discontinuities such as lack of fusion/penetration, poros-
prior to use. ity, inclusions, and cracking. The weld shearing strength
is reported as (1) load per unit length of weld, and (2)
shear stress on the throat of the weld.
2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
5. Definitions and Symbols
The welding symbols and terms used in this section
ASTM E 4 Standard Practices for Load Ver-
are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4,
ification of TestingMachines
Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, and Nondestruc-
ASTM E 8 Standard Methods of
Tension tive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
Testing of Metallic Materials Terms andDefinitions.

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6. Apparatus 8.2 The specimen shall be positioned in the testing ma-

chine so that the tensile load is applied parallel to the lon-
The test shall be performed on a tensile machine in gitudinal axis of the specimen.
conformance with ASTM E 8. The machine shall becali-
brated in accordance with ASTM E 4. 8.3 The specimen shall be loaded in tension until the
welds are sheared.

8.4 A test shall be considered invalid if the specimen

7. Specimens fails in the base metal, and an additional test specimen
7.1 Longitudinal Shear Strength Specimen.The speci- shall be prepared and tested.
men shall be welded as shown in Figure B8 and inspected 8.5 Unit shear load i n terms of load per unit length of
visually. The surface contour and size of the fillet welds weld is determined by dividing the maximum load by the
shall be in accordance with the applicable standardor total length of weld sheared.
other specified acceptance criteria. The specimen shall be
machined before testing as shown in Figure B8. 8.6 Shear strength i n force per unit area acting on the
throat of the fillet weld is determined by dividing the unit
7.2 Transverse Shear Strength Specimen. The speci-
shear load by the average theoretical throat dimensions
men shall be prepared as shown i n Figure B9 and in-
of the welds that sheared, A more accurate shear strength
spected visually. The surface contour and sizeof the fillet
may be determined by dividing the shear load per unit
welds shall be in accordance with the applicable standard
length by the average actual throat dimensions of the
or other specified acceptance criteria. Wider plates may
welds sheared.
be used to obtain multiple specimens. When multiple
specimens are prepared from a single welded assembly, 8.7 Eccentric loading during testing will make the speci-
the results for each individual specimen are to be re- men more sensitive to certain defects such as weld dis-
ported. continuities at the ends of the fillet welds.
7.3 Preparation. The data obtained from a fillet weld
shear strength specimen may be affected by certain prep-
aration and testing variables. For the transverse speci-
men, the gap between the lapped plates should be 9. Report
minimized to avoid magnification of stresses at the root
In addition to the requirements of the applicable stan-
of the weld which would lower the observed strength of
the weldment. Nonuniformity of fillet weld contour will dard or other user specified requirements the report
should indicate the following:
affect the test values. The specimen is also sensitive to
any underbead cracking or undercut. (1) Specimen identification
(2) Welding procedure numberor identification
(3) Specimen type (longitudinal or transverse)
8. Procedure (4) Unit shear load
( 5 ) Shear strength
Shear strength is derived using formulas from Figure (6) Location of fracture
B10.
(7) Actual throat dimensions, if measured and weld
8.1 The length of weld and average leg dimension of lengths
each weld shall be measured and reported. The theoreti- (8) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
cal throat is calculated from these dimensions. specimen, fracture surfaces orprocedure

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 I
I
I
I 50mm W
I
I

k- 200 mm MIN 200 mm MIN-4

113 mm
56mmí2mm 56mrn*2mrn

I I
I I

(A) BEFORE MACHINING

Dimensions in mm
S. Size of weld 3 6 10 13
1, Thickness 10 13 20 25
T, Thickness 10 20 25 31
W, Width 75 75 75 88

NOTE 1

3 8 r n m i 2 m m H ~ ~ 3 8 r n m r 2 m m

I 111 I
UI I I
NOTE 2

(B) AFTER MACHINING

Notes:
1. Slot machined through root of test fillet weld.
2. Depth of machined notch shall extend through thickness of lap plate.

Figure B&--Longitudinal Fillet Weld Shear Specimen

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

MACHINE CUT
DISCARD7 ALONG THESE LINE-

225 mm-4
-225 ,
,
-;i

T = SPECIFIED SIZE OF
FILLET WELD(S)PLUS
AT LEAST 3 mm S
S

I I
I
I

S
2T
T = SPECIFIED SIZE OF S
FILLET WELD(S) PLUS 50 m m
AT LEAST 3 mm í2mm

Figure B9"I'ransverse Fillet WeldShear Specimen

THEORETICAL THROAT 1 THEORETICAL THROAT J J

THEORETICAL THROAT
CONVEX CONCAVE UNEQUAL LEG

P
-
Ox a

where:
P = load
P = total length of filletweldsheared
a = theoreticalthroatdimension
t = shearstrength of weld

Figure! B10-Shear Strength Calculation

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 Part C
Testing of Groove and Fillet Welds

Cl. Nick-Break Test Note: This standard mayinvolve hazardous materials,

operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur-
1. Scope port toaddress allof the safety problems associatedwith
its use. I t is the responsibility of the user to establish ap-
1.1 This section covers nick-break testing of welds in
propriate safety and health practices. The user should
pipe or plate. determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
1.2 When anick-break test is required, the preparation of prior io use.
the test specimens and the testing procedures shall con-
form to this standard.
1.3 This standard does not specify requirements or ac- 2. Applicable Documents
ceptance criteria. Reference should be made to the latest edition of the fol-
1.4 This standard is applicable to the following when lowing documents:
specified: AWS
A2.4 Standard
Symbols for Welding,
(1) Qualification of materials, welding personnel and Brazing, and Nondestructive
welding procedures Examination
(2) Information, basis for inspection and fabrication
quality control when acceptance criteria have been AWS
A3.0 Standard Welding Terms
and
established Definitions
(3) Research and development AWS
D10.12
Recommended Practices and
1.5 When thiistandard is used, the following informa- Procedures for Welding Low-
tion shall be furnished: Carbon Steel Pipe
(1) Welding process used API 1104 Welding
of Pipelines Re-
and
(2) The specific tests and the number of specimens lated Facilities
that are required
(3) Base metal specification/identification API
RP 1107 Recommended Pipe
Line Main-
(4) Position of welding tenance Welding Practices
( 5 ) Filler
metal specification/identification (when
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
used)
(6) Location and orientation of the specimens American Welding Society (AWS)
(7) Whether external weldreinforcement is tobe 550 N.W. LeJeune Road
notched Miami, FL 33126
(8) Manner of breaking specimen
(9) Report form including type of data and observa-
American Petroleum Institute (API)
tions to be made 1220 LStreet, Northwest
(10) Acceptance criteria Washington, DC 20005

1.6 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con-

form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld- 3. Summary of Method
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society. 3.1 The specimen is fractured by one of three methods:

45

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

(1) Specimens are broken by supporting the ends and notched at the weld edges to a depth of approximately
striking one side in the center with a hammer or by sup- 3 mm and across the reinforcement to a depthof approx-
porting oneend and striking the other with a hammer. imately 2 mm similar to that shown in Figure C4. These
(2) Specimens are loaded in tension on a testing ma- may be modified to suit individual assemblies, but the
chine until fracture occurs. specimen configuration must be reported.
(3) Specimens are broken by supporting the ends and
applying aload at the center of the opposite side. 7.3 Specimens from Flash Butt Welds. Nick-break
specimens shall be prepared by cutting the joint and base
metal to form a rectangular cross section. The specimens
4. Significance shall be as shown in Figure C5 and may either be ma-
chine or flame cut or cut by other suitable means.
4.1 The nick-break test is used to evaluate the proper
The sides of the specimen may be macroetched to lo-
technique and welding parameters necessary to obtain
cate the bond line. The sides of the specimen shall be
sound groove or fillet welded joints in pipe or plate. The
notched along the bond line with a hacksaw, band saw,
nick-break test is also used, on occasion, to verify (by
t h i n abrasive wheel (disk) or by other suitable means.
destructive testing) results obtained by nondestructive
techniques. Each notch shall be approximately 3 mm deep, however,
the depth of the notch shall not exceed 10 percent of the
4.2 Nick-break tests are used to evaluate flash butt welds, weld thickness. For pipe and tube configurations of ei-
pressure welds, or inertia (friction) welds. ther curvilinear or rectangular cross sections, the inside
surface of the weld may also be notched in addition
4.3 No significance is attached to the magnitude of the
to notching the external surfaces. The depth of these
load required for fracture.
notches shall not exceed 10 percent of the weld thick-
ness. The weld reinforcement need not be removed prior
to notching. If the reinforcement will be removedfor ser-
5. Definitions andSymbols vice, but remain for testing, the notch shall extend
The welding symbols and terms used in this section through the thickness of the reinforcement and into the
are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4, weld to a depth in the weld not exceeding 10 percent of
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestruc- the weld thickness. If the reinforcement will remain on
tive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding the weld in service, the depth of the notch from the rein-
Terms and Definitions. forcement surface shall not exceed 10 percent of the
weld thickness. See Figure C5.

6. Apparatus 7.4 Specimens from Fillet Welds. There are different

types of nick-break test specimens for testing fillet
6.1 Apparatus shall be capable of firmly supporting the welded joints.
specimen on one or both ends when fractured by use of a
hammer. See FiguresCl, C2, and C3. 7.4.1 Pipe branch connections are tested using machine-
6.2 Tests may also be performed either by loading in ten- cut or flame-cut specimens from the crotch areas and
sion or three point bending. 90 degrees from crotch (point) areas as shown in Figure
C6. The specimensshould be approximately 50 mm wide
and 75 mm in length and notched as shown in Figure C6.
7. Specimens
7.4.2 Pipesleevetype connections(Figure C7) are
7.1 Specimens from Butt Welds.Nick-break specimens tested using machine-cut or flame-cut specimens equally
shall be prepared by cutting the joint and the base metal spaced around the circumference. The specimens should
to form a rectangular cross section. The specimens may be at least 75 mm wide and 150 mm long and notched as
be either machine cut or flame cut. Edges shall be rela- shown i n Figure C7.
tively smooth and parallel and shall be notched with a
hacksaw or band saw or t h i n abrasive wheel (disc).
7.43 Plate fillet welded joints are tested by machine-
Notches are located as shown in Figure C4.
cut or flame-cutspecimens from a lap joint design shown
7.2 Full-Sized Specimens. Small weld assemblies may in Figure C8. The specimens should be approximately
be tested in their entirety using the complete assembly as 75 mm wide and 150 mm long and notched as shown in
the specimen. In those cases, the assembly shall be Figure C8.

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

8. Procedure If any of these discontinuitiesexceed the specified limits,

this should also be reported.
8.1 The specimens shall be broken by supporting the
ends and striking or applying aload to the opposite side,
by supporting one end and striking the other end with a 9. Report
hammer or by pulling in a tensile machine.
When a hammer is used to fracture the specimen, one In addition to reporting the test results as required by
side is hit twice and then the specimen is turned 180 de- the applicable documents, the report shall also include
grees and the other side is hit twice. This procedure is the following:
continued until the specimen is broken. (1) Base metal specification
(2) Filler metal specification
8.2 After breaking, the fractured faces (in the as-broken (3) Welding procedure (process and parameters)
condition) of the specimen shall be examined visually for (4) Testing procedure
discontinuities, usually, for incomplete joint penetration, (5) Fracture appearance
incomplete fusion, porosity, cracksand slag inclusions. (6) Number, type, size and location of inclusions or
The presence of any of these or other observed disconti- discontinuities in the fracture surface
nuities shall be reported. Also reported should be the (7)Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
size, spacingand number of the observed discontinuities. specimen or procedure

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

BREAKING
LOAD

1 WIDTH AS NEEDED I I

L"-

I
'I
I
I
I I

(A) FRONT VIEW (B) END VIEW

Figure Cl-Nick-Break Testing Fixture Made Out of 150 mm Pipe

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 S T D - A W S BII-OM-ENGL 2000 D 07842b5 0517b87 9blr
AWS B4.OM:2000

STRIKE SPECIMEN ON BOTH SIDES

STRIKE WITH HAMMER

HAMMER FORCE
TO BREAK SPECIMEN

Figure CSTesting of Fillet Welded Specimens

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 AWS B4.0M:2000

NOTCH CUT BY HACKSAW

3 mm APPROX

20 mm MIN

3 mm APPROX
WELD REINFORCEMENT SHOULD
NOT BE REMOVED ON EITHER
SIDE OF SPECIMEN

225 mm MIN

2 m m 1mm A p p R o x 7 Y

/ NOTE: NOTCH NOT DRAWNTO SCALE

OPTIONAL NICK-BREAK TEST SPECIMEN FOR

/ MECHANIZED OR SEMIAUTOMATIC WELDING

Figure C4-Nick-Break Test Specimen

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 AWS 84.OM:2000

/- CUT
mm APPRoX 1
T50 mm

-
3 m m APPROX t
225 m m MIN

TRANSVERSE NOTCH SHOULD

NOT EXCEED 10% IN DEPTH OF
THE THICKNESSOF THE WEL

WELD REINFORCEMENT S H O U L W
NOT BE REMOVED ON EITHER
SIDE OF SPECIMEN

Figure C5-Specimen for Flash Butt Welds

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CROTCH SPECIMEN: POINT SPECIMEN:

r TAKE ONE SPECIMEN

FROM EACH SIDE
TAKE ONE SPECIMEN
FROM EACH SIDE

I I

(A) LOCATIONOF SPECIMENS

SAW CUT
2 mm DEEP
H FLAME
F SAW CUT 2 mm DEEP

CUT

1- 50 mm
APPROX -4
(B) POINT SPECIMEN

(C) CROTCH SPECIMEN

Figure CWpecimens for Nick-Break Testof Branch Joint Connections

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

FLAME CUT N O T C H 7

3 mm DEEP SAW CUT

1

Figure C7-Pipe Sleeve Test Specimen

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

L FLAME CUT NOTCH

3 mm DEEP SAW CUT

7\

Figure CLFillet Welded Plate Specimen

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

C2. Hardness Tests ASTM E 10 Standard Test

Method for Brinell
Hardness of Metallic Materials.
1. Scope ASTM E 18 Standard Test
Methods for
1.1 This section covers the indentation hardness testing Rockwell Hardness and Rock-
of welds. Test methods include the Brinell, Rockwell, well Superficial Hardness of
Vickers and Knoop hardness tests. Metallic Materials.

1.2 When hardness tests are required, test specimen ASTM E 92 Standard Test
Method for
preparation and testing procedures shall conform to this Vickers Hardness of Metallic
standard. Materials.

1 3 This standard doesnot specify acceptance criteria. ASTM E 110 Standard TestMethod for Inden-
tation Hardness of Metallic
1.4 This standard is applicable to the following, when Materials by Portable Hardness
specified: Testers.
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
through assessment of mechanical and metallurgical ASTM E 384 Standard TestMethod for Micro-
properties, as specified hardness of Materials.
(2) Information, basis for acceptance and manufactur- AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and
ing quality control where criteria for mechanical proper- Definitions
ties are requested
The sources for these documents are the following:
(3) Research and development
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
1.5 When this standard is used the following information
shall be furnished: 100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
(1) The specific type of test and number of specimens
required American Welding Society (AWS)
(2) The specific locationand orientation oftest 550 N.W. LeJeune Road
specimens Miami, FL 33126
(3) The specific locations within a test specimen to be
tested and number of tests (indentations) required and
surface preparation 3. Summary of Method
(4) Base metal specificatiordidentification
(5) Filler metal specification/identification. A calibrated machine forces an indentor, of specified
geometry and under a predetermined load, into the sur-
1.6 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- face of the test specimen and some measure of the result-
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld- ant impression is expressed as a specific measure of
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the hardness.
American Welding Society.
Note: This standard may involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur- 4. Significance
port toaddress allof the safetyproblems associated with
Hardness tests provide quantitative data which can be
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap-
compared, analyzed, and used in the design of welding
propriate safety and health practices. The user should
procedures. Hardness tests may also be used in the analy-
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
sis of weld failures. The Brinell (Elo), Rockwell (E18),
prior to use.
and Vickers (E92) tests produce relatively large indenta-
tions and are used for evaluating the weld joint and unaf-
fected base metal. The microhardness tests, Knoop and
2. Applicable Documents Vickers (E384), which produce relatively small indenta-
tions, are widely used for hardness measurements in
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
cross sections of welds, heat-affected zones, or extremely
following documents:
localized weld areas.
ASTM E 3 Standard Methods of Preparation When selecting a hardness testmethod for use on
of Metallographic Specimens. weld overlays, the thickness of the overlays and the base

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 AWS E34.OM:2000

metal must be within the ASTM recommendation for the 7.3 Hardness tests should be performed on surfaces pre-
particular hardness testing technique. pared in accordance
applicable
with
the specification.
Weld-metal hardness tests are permitted only on weld
joint cross sections orlocal areas of the weld reinforce-
5. Definitions prepared ment before testing.
Thewelding terms used in this section are in accor- 7.4 Applicableprecautionsshouldbeplaced on the use
dance with AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and of portable hardness test methods.
Definitions.

6. Apparatus 8. Procedure
Theapparatus for conducting the various hardness Test procedures for measuring hardness in weldments
tests shall be in accordance with the applicable ASTM shall be in accordance with the applicable ASTM Stan-
standard test method: dard Test Method:
( 1 ) Brinell, E10 (1) Brinell, El0
(2) Rockwell, El8
(2) Rockwell, E18
(3) Vickers, E92
(3) Vickers, E92
(4) Microhardness (Knoop and Vickers), E384
(4) Microhardness (Knoop and Vickers), E384
( 5 ) Portable Hardness, El 10
( 5 ) Portable Hardness, El 10

7. Specimens
All requirements ofthe applicable ASTM standard 9. Report
test methods, except those modified by the following sec-
tions, shall apply. In addition to the requirements of the applicable docu-
ments (Section 2), the report shall include the following:
7.1 Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell hardness test methods
(1) Base metal specification
are generally used to evaluate unaffected base metal and
weld metal, unless otherwise specified. In order to qual- (2) Filler metal specification
ify as avalid weld metal hardness test, the edge of an im- (3) Type of welded joint or surfacingweld
pression shall be no closer than three times the major (4)Welding procedure (process and parameters)
dimension of an indentation from the edge of the pre- (5) Type of test equipment
pared area of the reinforcement on welded assemblies or (6) Specimen location and orientation
from the weld interface line. (7) Indentor and load, when specified
7.2 Vickers and Knoop microhardness test methods are (8) Location of impressions
the recommended test methods for fine-scale traverse (9) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
across single or multiple weld regions, unless otherwise specimen or procedure
specified. (1 0) Test results

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

Part D
Stud Weld Tests

1. Scope Note: This standardmay involve hazardousmaterials,

operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur-
1.1 This section covers mechanical testing of stud welds. port to address all of the safety pmblems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establishap-
1.2 When testing of stud welds is required, the procedure propriate safety and health practices. The user should
shall conform to this standard. determine the applicabilityof any regulatory limitatwns
prior to use.
1.3 This standard does not specify requirements orac-
ceptance criteria.

1.4 This standard is applicable to the following, when

specified: 2. Applicable Documents
(1) Qualification of materials, welding operators and Reference should be made to the latest edition of the fol-
welding procedures lowing documents:
(2) Information, basis ofinspectionandfabrication
quality control (when acceptance criteria have been AWS
A2.4 Standard
Symbols for Welding,
established) Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
(3) Research and development
AWS
A3.0 Standard Welding Terms
and
1.5 When this standard is used, the following informa- Definitions
tion shall be furnished:
(1) The specific tests and number of specimens that AWSRecommended
C5.4 Practices for
are required Stud Welding
(2) Base metal specification/identification
AWS D1.l Structural Welding Code-Steel
(3) Position of welding
(4) Stud analyses or specification (part number) or The sourcefor these documents is the following:
both
( 5 ) Weld parameters including current and time and American Welding Society (AWS)
type of power supply 550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
(6) Type of testing
(a) Bend testing: the maximum angle ofbend
must be specified.
(b) Torque testing: the torque to be used must be
specified.
3. Summary of Method
(7) Acceptance criteria 3.1 The specimen is tested by one of two methods:
(1) The stud is bent by striking with a hammer or
1.6 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- bending it using a length of tube or pipe.
form to the latest edition of ANSI ZA9.1, Safe9 in Weld- (2) A tensile load is applied to the stud using an ap-
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the propriate fixture. This commonly is accomplished by use
American Welding Society. of a torque wrench anda stand-off sleeve.

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 AWS 64.OM:2000

4. Significance 8. Procedure
4.1 Mechanical testing of arc welded studs is used toThe followingaretwo test procedures as specified in
evaluateweld soundness, tensilepropertiesandductilityPart D, 1.5.
of the stud weld.
4.2 These tests are primarily used as a welding procedure 8.1 Bend Testing. The required number of welded speci-
qualification method to evaluate welding parameters and mens shall be tested by bending the required number of
surface preparation. degrees from their original axis. Bending may be doneby
striking the stud with a hammer or by bending it using a
length of tube or pipe as shown in Figure D l .
5. Definitions andSymbols
8.2 Torque Testing. The required number of stud welded
The welding symbols and terms used in this section specimens shall be tested by applying a torque using
are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4, equipment as shown in Figure D2.
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestruc- A steelsleeve or washers, of appropriate sizeare
tive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding placed over the stud. A nut of the same material as the
Terms andDefinitions. stud is tightened against the washer bearing on the
sleeve, using a torque wrench. Tightening the nut applies
the tensile load to the weld. Torque is applied until the
6. Apparatus specified level is reached or the weld fails. The results of
Apparatus used shall be capable of firmly holding the this test may be significantly affected by friction. Care
test assembly and applying the bending force or torque as should be taken to minimize this effect.
needed.

7. Specimens 9. Report
7.1 Test specimens shall be prepared by welding the In addition to therequirements of applicable docu-
studs being tested (qualified)to specimen plates of the ments, the report shall include the following:
appropriate base metal as specified in Part D, 1.5. (1) Test results andobservations
7.2 Test specimens shall be made using the appropriate (2) The information listed in Part D, 1.5.
automatic timing, voltage, current and gun settings for (3) Drawings showing shapes and dimensions of studs
lift and plunge as recorded in Part D, 1.5. and arc shields

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AWS 84.0M:2000

Part E
Weldability Testing

The term weldability is the capacity of material to be Within these limitations, weldability testing can pro-
welded under the imposed fabrication conditions into a vide valuable data on new alloys, welding procedures
specific, suitably designed structure and to perform satis- and welding processes. Numerous weldability tests have
factorily in the intended service. There are many vari- been devised, all of which canbe classifiedas either sim-
ables i n the design, fabrication and erection of real ulated tests or actual welding tests.
structures as these affect the metallurgical response to
welding. No single test or combination of tests can dupli- The tests included in this section are the Controlled
cate the conditions of a real structure. Laboratory weld- Thermal Severity (CTS)Test, Cruciform Test, Implant
ability tests can only provide an index to compare Test, Lehigh Restraint Test, Varestraint Test, and the Ob-
different metals, procedures and processes. lique Y-Groove Test.

Part E
Weldability Testing Methods
Weldability Tests Application
Controlled Thermal Severity( C E )Test Assesses the effectof chemical composition and cooling rate
on hardness and hydrogen
cracking susceptibility.
Cruciform
Assesses
Test
hydrogen
cracking inwelding
applications.
fillet
Implant
Mcasures
Tcstsusceptibility
hydrogen
tocracking in HAZ of weldment.
Lehigh
Rcstraint
Test
Chardctcrizes
the
degree
restraint
of necessary
produce
to weld
metal
cracking.
Varcstraint
Test Asscsscs hot
susceptibility.
cracking
Obliquc Y-Groove
Test
Acccsscs
susceptibility to weld
HAZ
and
cracking.

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

NOTE: THE DIMENSION SHALL BE APPROPRIATE TO THE SIZE OF

THE STUD.THETHREADSOFTHE STUD SHALLBECLEANAND FREE
OF LUBRICANT OTHER THAN THE RESIDUE OF CUTTING OIL.

Figure D2-Equipment for Applying a Tensile Load to a Welded Stud Using Torque

60

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 STD-AWS B4-0M-ENGL 2000 m 078112b5 0519b99 b3b
AWS 84.0M:2000

Part E
Weldability Testing

The term weldability is the capacity of material to be Within these limitations, weldability testing can pro-
welded under the imposed fabrication conditions into a vide valuable data on new alloys, welding procedures
specific, suitably designed structure and to perform satis- and welding processes. Numerous weldability tests have
factorily in the intended service. There are many vari- been devised, all of which canbe classifiedas either sim-
ables i n the design, fabrication and erection of real ulated tests or actual welding tests.
structures as these affect the metallurgical response to
welding. No single test or combination of tests can dupli- The tests included in this section are the Controlled
cate the conditions of a real structure. Laboratory weld- Thermal Severity (CTS)Test, Cruciform Test, Implant
ability tests can only provide an index to compare Test, Lehigh Restraint Test, Varestraint Test, and the Ob-
different metals, procedures and processes. lique Y-Groove Test.

Part E
Weldability Testing Methods
Weldability Tests Application
Controlled Thermal Severity( C E )Test Assesses the effectof chemical composition and cooling rate
on hardness and hydrogen
cracking susceptibility.
Cruciform
Assesses
Test
hydrogen
cracking inwelding
applications.
fillet
Implant
Mcasures
Tcstsusceptibility
hydrogen
tocracking in HAZ of weldment.
Lehigh
Rcstraint
Test
Chardctcrizes
the
degree
restraint
of necessary
produce
to weld
metal
cracking.
Varcstraint
Test Asscsscs hot
susceptibility.
cracking
Obliquc Y-Groove
Test
Acccsscs
susceptibility to weld
HAZ
and
cracking.

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 AWS W.OM:2000

El. Controlled Thermal Severity 2. Applicable Documents

(CTS) Test Reference should be made tothe latest edition of the fol-
lowing documents:
1. Scope
AWS A2.4 Standard
Symbols for Welding
1.1The controlled thermal severity (CTS) test is used for Brazing, and Nondestructive
measuring the susceptibility to weld metal and heat- Examination
affected zone (HAZ) hydrogen cracking of carbon, carbon-
manganese and low-alloy steels. While the primary ap- AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and
plication is to evaluate base-metal composition, it also Definitions
may be used to evaluate the effects of welding consum- AWS A4.3 Standard Methods for Determi-
ables, welding heat input and preheat, postweld heat nation of the Diffusible Hydro-
treatment, or both, on HAZ crack susceptibility. gen Content of Martensitic,
1.2 This standardis applicable to the following: Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld
Metal Produced by Arc Welding
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
where specific acceptance standardshave been specified ASTM E 3 Standard Methods of Preparation
( 2 ) Information, basis of acceptance and manufactur- of Metallographic Specimens
ing and quality control ASTM E 92 Standard Method
Test for
(3) Research and development. Vickers Hardness of Metallic
Materials
1.3 The use of this test is restricted to base-metal thick-
nesses 6 mm or greater. The sourceof these documents is the following:
1.4 The followinginformation shall be furnished: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
(1) Welding process 1O0 Barr Harbor Drive
(2) Base-metal specification/identification and actual
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
chemical composition American Welding Society (AWS)
(3) State of heat treatment 550 N.W. LeJeune Road
(4) Base-metal thickness Miami, FL 33126
(5) Base-metal rolling direction, if possible
(6) Fillermetal specification/identification,diameter
and any pre-welding treatment, e.g., baking temperature 3. Summary of Method
and time 3.1 The test specimen consists of two plates clamped to-
(7) Type and flow rate ofany shielding gas used gether with a bolt through a hole in the center of each
(8) All welding parameters plate. One plate is square while the other is oblong,
(9) Appropriate preheat and postheat temperatures, if slightly wider, and about three times the length of the
required square plate. Two anchor weldsprovide further restraint.
(10) Report form including specific data to be recorded 3.2 Two test fillet welds are deposited between the two
and observations to be made plates. The specimen is cooled to ambient temperature
(1 1) Acceptance criteria, if applicable. before the second test weld is deposited.
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- 3.3 The test welds are sectioned and examined for cracks.
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld- Hardness measurements are made of both the weld metal
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the and the HAZ.
American Welding Society.
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur-
4. Significance
port toaddress all of the safety problems associatedwith 4.1 This test is used to evaluate the susceptibility of the
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap- weld metal and HAZ to hydrogen cracking (cold crack-
propriate safety and health practices. The user should ing). The important variables that can be investigated
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations using t h i s test include the base metal and weld metal
prior to use. compositions, the condition (dryness, cleanliness) of the

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AWS W.OM:2000

welding electrode or filler wire,the effect of preheating greater than that of the base metal. Single or multipass
or postheating, the welding parameters and heat input. welds may be used to achieve the specified weld size.
Although this test is used most frequently for manual
shielded metal arc welding, it may be used with other 7.3 The gap in the root of the joint in which the test
welding processes. welds will be deposited simulates the root gap typically
used in the production welds.
7.4 At least 12 hours should elapse between deposition
5. Definitions andSymbols of the restraining welds and deposition of the test welds.
5.1 The welding terms used in this standard are in accor-
dance with the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard
Welding Terms and Definitions. Unless otherwise cited, 8. Procedure
the following designationsare used:
8.1 Test welds are deposited using the welding condi-
T = thickness of specimen plates tions of interest. The welds are deposited in the flat posi-
2a, 2b, 3a, etc. = faces of sections cut from test weld tion using a welding fixture similar to that shown in
(See Figure E4) Figure El or other suitable means. If the test requires
preheat or postheat, this should be provided by placing
the specimen in a furnace to achieve uniform heating of
6. Apparatus the entire specimen. The test weld is single pass extend-
ing the full length of the joint but not extending beyond
6.1 A simple fixture (FigureEl) is used to hold the spec- the ends of the top plate. Current, voltage and travel
imen so the test fillet welds may be deposited in the flat speed should be measured for calculation of the welding
position. A flowing water bath about 60 mm deep in a heat input.
shallow tray is used to cool the specimen after depositing
each of the test welds (Figure E2). 8.2 As soon as the first test weld is deposited, the speci-
men should be cooled by placing the end of thespecimen
opposite to the welded end in a bath of flowing water
(Figure E2). This is done to simulatethe cooling effectof
7. Specimens a large assembly as would be encountered in production
7.1 The test specimen is shown in Figure E3. The test applications. The water temperature should not exceed
specimen should be dry and free of rust or oil. The mini- 30°C. After the assembly has cooled to ambient, it is re-
mum plate thickness is 6 mm. The mating surfaces of the moved from the cooling bath and held at ambient tem-
two plates should be machined or surfaceground to pro- perature for 72 hours. It is then replaced in the welding
vide intimate contact between these parts. The surface fixture for deposition of the second test weld.
finish on the mating surfaces should be 4 micrometers R,
8.3 The second test weld is deposited on the unwelded
maximum. In the area where the test weld is to be depos-
ited, the surface finish should be 6 micrometers R, maxi- side of the plate. The second test weld may be made
mum. This finish is essential to provide good heat transfer using the same or different welding parameters or con-
and the necessary restraint for the test welds. When it is sumables. In this way, two test welds with different weld-
possible to identify the rolling direction of the material ing conditions may be made using the same specimen
being tested, the parts should be cut and assembled with assembly. The assembly is cooled to ambient in the water
the rolling direction as shown. The bolt should be tight- bath, using the technique described in paragraph 8.2, re-
ened to a torque of 100 % 5 Newton meters. moved and held for another 72 hours.

7.2 Assembly of the test specimen is completed by mak- 8.4 If the welding procedure requires postweld heat treat-
ing the restraining welds. The restraining welds should ment, it should be applied to the specimen immediately
be started and stopped just short of the root of the notch after completion of each test weld and before cooling in
in the top plate. The restraining weld size should be the the water bath.
following: 8.5 The test weld is removed from the specimen by saw-
Plate thickness Weld size ing as indicated in Figure E4. The test weld is sectioned
preferably using a water cooled abrasive cut-off wheel.
c16 mm 6 mm
Cuts are made at locations one-fourth, one-half and
216 mm 13 mm
three-fourths of the test weld length. The faces of the
The restraining welds should be deposited using elec- sections to be examined are etched to define the weld
trodes or filler wire with a yield strength equal to or metal and HAZ and examined for cracks at 50X.

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8.6 Either Face 2b or 3a (Figure E4) is examined first. If pression is fully contained within the coarse grain por-
any cracks are detected that are less than S percent of the tion of the HAZ. The number and length of cracks is also
leglength, this section is reported as “not cracked” and
~~
reported.
the examination of the remaining faces continues until
cracks are found or all six faces are found to be crack 8.8 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility to hy-
free per the above 5 percent criterion. If a crack is de- drogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
tected that is longer than 5 percent of the leg length, this shall be performed for each welding process and con-
section is reported as “cracked” and no further exami- sumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
nations are conducted. Number and length of cracks are hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
reported. same conditionsas the test weld.

8.7 It is standard practice to measure and report the hard-

nesses of the weld metal and HAZ. Typically, Vickers 9. Report
hardnesses (2.5,5, or 10 kg load) of one of the faces are
measured at the locations indicated in Figure ES. The Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
load that is used shall be chosen so that the hardness im- similar to Figure E6.

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 65

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

"- "

Notes:
1. The specimen end that is immersed in the water cooling bath always is the end opposite to the end containing the test weld being
cooled.
2. Water depth (D) should be approximately60 mm.

Figure E2-Cooling Bath Arrangement for CTS Test

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 STDaAWS Bq-OH-ENGL 2000 0784265 0539705 7bT D
AWS B 4 . O M 2 0 0 0

r 13 mm DIA. BOLT

r RESTRAINING WELDS

75 mm
113 mm

TEST WELD NO. 2

Notes:
1. Welds are placed on sides opposite cooling bath.
2. Mating surfaces shouldbe no rougher than 4 micrometers R,.

Figure E3- CTS Test Specimen

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 AWS EWOM:2000

WELDING
DIRECTION

/A FACES a AND b POLISHED AND

EXAMINED FOR CRACKING

RESTRAINING
WELDS

Figure E4-Sectioning of CTS Specimen

Figure ES-Typical Location of Vickers Hardness Impressions

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

CRUCIFORM TEST RESULTS

Company Name
Jobnest No. Sheet of
Description of Investigation

Metal Base
ntHeat Metal Base
Composition:
C si Mn -P S Cr Mo -
Ni v Cu B Nb Ca Ti
AI N

g No. Spec.
Procedure
Welding
Electrodewire
No. Spec. Name Commercial
Diameter
(incl. Gas
Shielding Dew Point) Flow Rate
Shielding Flux Flux Size
Current
Voltage
Polarity
Travel
Heat Temp. Ambient
Weld Test
Number of Weld Beads
on Hydrogen
Result

Weld Pass Identification:

n
Results:
WeldISection Result Crack Location WeldISection Crack Location Result
No. (C or NC) and Length No. (C or NC) and Length
I I I I

I
~~~

I l I I

Tested By
Signature Date

Figure E9”Suggested Data Sheet for Cruciform Test

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 S T D - A W S Bq*OH-ENGL 2000
AWS B4.OM:2000

E3. Implant Test AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and

Definitions
1. Scope AWS A4.3 Standard Methodsfor Determina-
1.1 The implant test is used to evaluate the susceptibility tion of the Diffusible Hydrogen
of low-alloy steels to hydrogen-assisted cracking. The Content of Martensitic, Bainitic,
test may be used to evaluate the effects on HAZ cracking and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal
susceptibility of welding consurnables, weldingheat in- Produced by Arc Welding
put, preheating, postheating, or both.
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
1.2 This standard is applicable to the following:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
Three Park Avenue
where specific acceptance standardshave been specified
(2) Information, basis of acceptance ormanufacturing New York, NY 10016
and quality control American Society ForTesting and Materials (ASTM)
(3) Research and development. 100 Barr Harbor Drive
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows: West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
(1) This testis applicable only to HAZ cracking American Welding Society (AWS)
caused by hydrogen 550 N.W. LeJeune Road
1.4 The followinginformation shall be furnished: Miami, FL 33126
(1) Base metal identification; specification
(2) Implant metal identification; specification
(3) Filler
metal identification; specification and 3. Summary of Method
classification Implant testing of welded joints is performed using a
(4) Specific type and number of specimens required threaded rod welded into a closely fitted hole in the test
(5) Anticipated strength property values plate. A tensile load is applied to the rod after welding.
(6) Report form when required The load is maintained until failure or for 24 hours. Fail-
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- ure at low stresses or short times is a qualitative indica-
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld- tion of susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking.
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society. 4. Significance
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,
4.1 The implant test provides a measureof resistance to
operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur- hydrogen-assisted cracking (cold cracking) in the HA2
port to addressall of the safev problems associatedwith of a weldment.
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap-
propriate safety and health practices. The user should 4.2 The implant test may be used to select the appropri-
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations ate base metal/welding consumable combinationto pro-
prior touse. vide the desired cracking-resistance properties in the as-
welded condition.

2. Applicable Documents 5. Definitions and Symbols

Reference shouldbe made to the latest edition of the fol- The welding symbols and terms used in this section
lowing documents: are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4,
ANSVASME B46.1 Surface Texture Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, andNondestruc-
tive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
ASTM E 4 Verification of Testing
Machines Terms andDefinitions.
ASTM E 8 Tension
Testing of Metallic
Materials
AWS A2.4 Standard
Symbols for Welding,
6. Apparatus
Brazing, and Nondestructive 6.1 Apparatus for the performance of this test must pro-
Examination vide a means of applying and measuring a tensile load on

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

6. Apparatus 8.5 I f the welding procedure requires preheating, the

specimen shall be preheated before depositing each test
Evaluation for the presenceofhydrogen cracks re- weld. If postweld heat treatment is required, this treat-
quires the use of metallographic equipment to section ment shall be applied to the test weldment immediately
and prepare the specimen for examination. after completion of welding and before cooling to arnbi-
ent temperatures. If no postweld heat treatment is re-
quired, the as-welded specimen shall be aged at ambient
temperatures for 48 hours.
7. Specimens
8.6 After postweld heat treatmentor aging, the test weld-
7.1 The test specimen is shown in Figure E7. The mini-
ment is sectioned and examined for cracks. Sections
mum base-plate thickness is 10 mm. The two surfaces of
(Figure E8) are cut transversely from the test weldment,
Plate A and the mating edges of Plates B and C are
preferably by using a water-cooled abrasive cut-off
ground smooth prior to assembly. This finish is essential
wheel. Each section shall be identified as to its location
to ensure intimate contact and good heat transfer be-
in the test weldment. The four quadrants corresponding
tween these surfaces during weldingof the assembled
to the fabricationsequence shall be identified. No section
specimen. The specimen is assembled and securely
shall be located closer than 25 mm from the end of the
clamped. The plates are tack welded, and then theclamps
test weld.
are removed.
7.2 The suggested dimensionsof the specimen plates are 8.7 One face of each section is polished with metal-
the following: lographic paper (240 FEP Standard series), etched, and
examined at 50X. The presence and location of any
Plate A: length 300 mm
cracks shall be recorded.
width 150 m m
Plates B and C: 8.8 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility to hy-
length 300 mm drogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
75 width mm shall be performed for each welding process and con-
sumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
same conditionsas the test weld.
8. Procedure
8.1 Test welds are deposited in the sequence shown in
Figure E7. All welding shall be done in the flat (1 F) posi- 9. Report
tion using a mechanized process to maintain close con-
trol of the welding parameters. If the shielded metal arc 9.1 The test results that typically are reported are the
process is used, it is recommended that the covered elec- following:
trodes be fed into the arc mechanically rather than manu- (1) Basemetaland filler metal identification and
ally to maintain uniform parameters. chemical composition
8.2 All test welds are deposited in the same direction of (2) Base metal (specimen) thickness
travel. Each weld is made without any arc interruptions, (3) Welding parameters
and the craters at the ends of the test welds are filled be- (4) Any preheating and/orpostweld heat treatment
fore the arc is extinguished. The same welding parame- (5) Fillet weld size and weld bead size for multipass
ters are used for each test weld, and each weld shall be of welds
the same size. (6) Identification of each section cut from the speci-
men and each test weld in the section
8.3 In some situations, a multipass test weld may be de- (7) Presence and location of any cracks in each test
sired. The sequencefor depositing the individual passes weld in each section.
of a multipass weld is indicated in Figure E7.
(8) Results of diffusible hydrogen test.
8.4 I f weld metal cracking occurs i n any of the test
welds, the test shall be discontinued and the location and 9.2 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
extent of cracking noted on the test record sheet. similar to Figure E9.

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AWS B4.OM:2000

L SPECIMEN PLATE

r 14 mm MIN THICKNESS

SEE

NOTE
7
SPECIMEN-SEE 7.2 FIXTURE
TO SUIT

SPECIMEN ENDTO SUIT

LOAD

NOTE: BEADON PLATE WELD OVER SPECIMEN

Figure E l h I m p l a n t Test Specimen and Fixture

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

NOTE: NUMBER OF CUTS MAY VARY.

3oo mn, 4 WELD
LTACK

Figure Eg”Locations of Specimens for Examination of Cracks in CruciformTest

73
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 AWS B4.OM:2000

CRUCIFORM TEST RESULTS

Company Name
Jobnest No. Sheet of
Description of Investigation

Metal Base
ntHeat Metal Base
Composition:
C si Mn -P S Cr Mo -
Ni v Cu B Nb Ca Ti
AI N

g No. Spec.
Procedure
Welding
Electrodewire
No. Spec. Name Commercial
Diameter
(incl. Gas
Shielding Dew Point) Flow Rate
Shielding Flux Flux Size
Current
Voltage
Polarity
Travel
Heat Temp. Ambient
Weld Test
Number of Weld Beads
on Hydrogen
Result

Weld Pass Identification:

n
Results:
WeldISection Result Crack Location WeldISection Crack Location Result
No. (C or NC) and Length No. (C or NC) and Length
I I I I

I
~~~

I l I I

Tested By
Signature Date

Figure E9”Suggested Data Sheet for Cruciform Test

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 S T D - A W S Bq*OH-ENGL 2000
AWS B4.OM:2000

E3. Implant Test AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and

Definitions
1. Scope AWS A4.3 Standard Methodsfor Determina-
1.1 The implant test is used to evaluate the susceptibility tion of the Diffusible Hydrogen
of low-alloy steels to hydrogen-assisted cracking. The Content of Martensitic, Bainitic,
test may be used to evaluate the effects on HAZ cracking and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal
susceptibility of welding consurnables, weldingheat in- Produced by Arc Welding
put, preheating, postheating, or both.
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
1.2 This standard is applicable to the following:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
Three Park Avenue
where specific acceptance standardshave been specified
(2) Information, basis of acceptance ormanufacturing New York, NY 10016
and quality control American Society ForTesting and Materials (ASTM)
(3) Research and development. 100 Barr Harbor Drive
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows: West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
(1) This testis applicable only to HAZ cracking American Welding Society (AWS)
caused by hydrogen 550 N.W. LeJeune Road
1.4 The followinginformation shall be furnished: Miami, FL 33126
(1) Base metal identification; specification
(2) Implant metal identification; specification
(3) Filler
metal identification; specification and 3. Summary of Method
classification Implant testing of welded joints is performed using a
(4) Specific type and number of specimens required threaded rod welded into a closely fitted hole in the test
(5) Anticipated strength property values plate. A tensile load is applied to the rod after welding.
(6) Report form when required The load is maintained until failure or for 24 hours. Fail-
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- ure at low stresses or short times is a qualitative indica-
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld- tion of susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking.
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society. 4. Significance
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,
4.1 The implant test provides a measureof resistance to
operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur- hydrogen-assisted cracking (cold cracking) in the HA2
port to addressall of the safev problems associatedwith of a weldment.
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap-
propriate safety and health practices. The user should 4.2 The implant test may be used to select the appropri-
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations ate base metal/welding consumable combinationto pro-
prior touse. vide the desired cracking-resistance properties in the as-
welded condition.

2. Applicable Documents 5. Definitions and Symbols

Reference shouldbe made to the latest edition of the fol- The welding symbols and terms used in this section
lowing documents: are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4,
ANSVASME B46.1 Surface Texture Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, andNondestruc-
tive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
ASTM E 4 Verification of Testing
Machines Terms andDefinitions.
ASTM E 8 Tension
Testing of Metallic
Materials
AWS A2.4 Standard
Symbols for Welding,
6. Apparatus
Brazing, and Nondestructive 6.1 Apparatus for the performance of this test must pro-
Examination vide a means of applying and measuring a tensile load on

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

the specimen and a means to record time to failure. If 8.6 The lower critical stress is the highest stress at which
specified, a means to record acoustical emissions during no fracture occurs.
the test shall be provided.
8.7 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility to hy-
6.2 The tensile load maybe applied by a tensile testing drogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
machine, a hydraulic or mechanical mechanism, or the shall be performed for each welding process and con-
application of a known dead weight to the specimen. When sumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
direct measurement is used, the instrument used shall be hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
calibrated in accordance with ASTM E 4. When a dead same conditions as thetestweld.
weight is used, the weight shall be calibrated in accor-
dance with applicable national standards.
6.3 CAUTION: A restraining clamp shall he employed to
9. Report
prevent potentially hazardous elastic rebound of the im- 9.1 In addition to the requirements of applicable docu-
plant
specimen when failure
occurs. ments (see Section 2.), the report shall include the fol-
lowing for each specimen tested:
(1) Base material specification
7. Specimens (2) Implant material specification
7.1 The test specimen consists of a steel rod fitted into a (3) Filler material specification/classifrcation
clearance hole in the center of a specimen plate, with the (4) Welding procedure (processand parameters)
top of the rod flush with the top of the surface of the ( 5 ) Specimen type (implant and base plate)
specimen plate (see Figure Elo). (6) Results of loading test
(a) Load applied
7.2 The rod shall be between 6 mm and 10 mm in diame- (b) Elapsed time to application of load
ter and shall be either threaded or notched. Thethreaded (c) Lower critical stress (if required)
rod i s considered the preferable configuration. When (d) Notch tensile stress (if required)
threaded, the thread shall be a unified national fine (e) Location and time to fracture
(UNF) Class 1 thread, 14 mm long, consistent with the ( f ) Acoustical emissions (if required)
diameter of the rod. The circular notch may be machined (7) Ambient temperature
in the rod in lieu of the thread. The notch is located so as (8) Relative humidity
to coincide with the coarse-grained HA2 below the weld. (9) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimens orprocedure.
73 The minimum recommended specimen plate dimen-
sions are 150 mm wide by 200 mm long by 14 mm thick. (10) Results of diffusible hydrogen test
9.2 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
similar to Figure E 1 2
8. Procedure
8.1 The rod shall be positioned in the clearance hole in
the specimen plate so that the top of the rod is flush with 10. Commentary
the surface of the plate. If a series of tests over an appropriate stress range is
8.2 A weld bead shall be deposited on the top of the made, the data may be plotted, stress versus time to fail-
specimen plate directly over the rod and hole. ure, in order to obtain a curve similar to the one shown in
Figure El 1. The relative position of this curve is a mea-
8.3 The compteted weldment shall be placed in the appa- sure of the hydrogen cracking susceptibility of the tested
ratus, and the load shall be applied within three minutes base metal/welding procedure combination. A number of
of the completion of welding. The elapsedtime between variations of this test appear in the literature. The most
the completion of welding and the application of the load common variation is the thread versus the notch, which
shall be recorded. are both permitted in this standard. Some researchers
8.4 The load shall be maintained until failure or for 24 have cooled the weldment in water before loading but
hours. Time to failure may be recorded by any suitable this practice does not seem to be prevalent, and the prac-
means. tice is not covered in this standard. Specimen dimensions
reported in the literature are often a mix of SI (metric)
8.5 Notch tensile stress is equal to the load divided by the and U.S. Customary Units. SI Units are used in this stan-
cross-sectional area of the implant. The area is deter- dard. Standard thread sizes ,have been specified in an ef-
mined by using the root diameter of the thread or notch. fort to standardize and facilitate this test.

76

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 S T D - A U S B'l*OM-ENGL 2 0 0 0 078112b5 0537735 b u 9

AWS B4.OM:2000

L SPECIMEN PLATE

r 14 mm MIN THICKNESS

SEE

NOTE
7
SPECIMEN-SEE 7.2 FIXTURE
TO SUIT

SPECIMEN ENDTO SUIT

LOAD

NOTE: BEADON PLATE WELD OVER SPECIMEN

Figure E l h I m p l a n t Test Specimen and Fixture

77

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 T

O
LOWER
CRITICAL
1
~
O

I
STRESS ____)
____) 1O00
1O00
TIME TO FAILURE MINUTES

NOTE: SOLID DOTS = FAILURE;

OPEN DOTS = NO FAILURE.

Figure Ell”Qpica1 Data for Implant Test Series

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 S T D * A W S BII*OM-ENGL 2000 078II2b5 0 5 1 9 7 1 7 481
AWS B4.OM:2000

IMPLANT TEST RESULTS

Company Name
Jobnest No. of
Description of Investigation

s Identification Base Metal

Test Plate Sue
Bare Metal Composition:
C si Mn -P S Cr Mo -
V Ni Nb Ca B Ti
AI N
Metal Implant
Groove
Implant Metal Composition:
C si Mn -P S Cr Mo -
NiCr SI Ca Mn - Nb Mo -
AI N

Welding Electrode/Wire Specification

ion Commercial
Baking Treatment

Spec.
Procedure
Welding Process
Welding No.

(incl.Shielding
Gas GasPoint)Dew Flow Rate
Shielding
Current
Voltage
Polarity
Travel Speed
Heat Input

on Hydrogen
Result
Results:
Time, Weld to
Applied Load Applied Stress Load Application, Fracture Time to Fracture,
Specimen No. kg MPa seconds Location hrs:min

Method of Fracture Determination

Lower Critical Stress
Notch Tensile Strength
Remarks

Tested By
Signature Date

Figure El2”Suggested Data Sheet for ImplantTest

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

E4. Lehigh Restraint Test AWS

A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding
Brazing, and Nondestructive
1. Scope Examination
1.1 The Lehigh Restraint Test is used to create quantita- AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and
tive data on solidification orhydrogen cracking suscepti- Definitions
bility of deposited weld metal. The quantitative measure AWS A4.3 Standard Methods for Determi-
of weld crack susceptibilitythat is provided by this test is nation of the Diffusible Hydro-
the degree of restraint that is required to produce a weld- gen Content of Martensitic,
metal crack. Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld
1.2 This standard is applicable to the following: Metal Produced by Arc Welding
(1) Investigation of the cracking susceptibility of plate The source for these documents is the following:
materials
(2) Research and development American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows: Miami, FL 33126
(1) The test is applicable only to materials in plate
form.
(2) Large amounts of base metal are required. 3. Summary of Method
(3) A series of specimens must be tested to obtain a
3.1 A test weld is deposited in a machined groove in a
crack susceptibility index.
series of flat plate test specimens. Each specimen of the
(4) Significantspecimen preparation is required.
series is designed to provide a different amount of re-
1.4 The following information shall be furnished: straint to the test weld.
(1) Welding process 3.2 Each test weld is examined for the presence of weld
(2) Base metal specification including actual chemical metal cracks after the weld cools to room temperature.
composition
(3) Base metal thickness 3.3 The maximum amount of restraint that is applied
(4) Filler metal specification and chemical composi- without the occurrence of weld metal cracking is deemed
tion of deposited weld metal the index of crack susceptibility for the particular combi-
(5) All welding parameters nation of basemetal, filler metal and welding parameters.
(6) Appropriate preheat or postheat temperatures if
required
(7)Report form including specific data to be recorded
4. Significance
and observations to be made 4.1 This test is used to examine the susceptibility of de-
(8) Acceptance criteria, if any posited weld metal tosolidification or hydrogen cracking.
The important variables that can be investigated using this
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- test include the base-metal composition, the filler metal
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld- composition, effect of preheating, welding heat input,
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the weld-bead size and shape. The test has been used prima-
American Welding Society. rily, though, for investigating theeffects of weld andbase-
Note: This standard may involve hazardous materials, metal composition on cracking susceptibility.
operations, and equipment.The standard does not pur-
port toaddress all of the safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap- 5. Definitions and Symbols
propriate safety and health practices. The user should 5.1 The welding terms used in this standard are in accor-
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations dance with the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard
prior touse. Welding Terms and Definitions. Unless otherwise noted,
the following designations are used:
I = distance fromroot of the saw cut slots to the
2. Applicable Documents specimen centerline
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the 21 = Restraint Index
following documents: L = length of saw cut slot

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 AWS B4.0M:2000

6. Apparatus Usually, the first test weld is deposited in the specimen

with the highest level of restraint (no peripheral slots). If
Evaluation for the presence of cracks may require the this specimen cracks, another specimen that provides less
use of metallographic equipmentto section the test weld restraint (longer slots) is welded, Sufficient specimens
and prepare the section for metallurgical examination. are welded each with a decreasing restraint level until a
restraint level is reached at which no weld-metal crack-
ing occurs. This level of restraint (restraint index, 21) is
7. Specimens reported as the cracking index ofthat particular combina-
tion of material compositions, welding parameters, etc.
7.1 The specimen configurationis shown in Figure E13. The crackingindex is the restraint index below which no
The test weld (a single pass) is deposited in the groove cracking occurs.
machined along the longitudinal centerline of an 200 mm
by 300 mm plate of the material being examined. The 8.2 Examination for cracking usually can be done visu-
weld is begun at one end of the groove and is deposited ally as the crack normally appears on the surface of the
continuously to the other end of the groove. weld as the weld cools. If specified, the absence of a
crack should be verified by using liquid penetrant or
7.2 The restraint is provided by the mass of the plate sur- magnetic-particle inspection or by sectioning the weld,
rounding the groove. The level of restraint is controlled polishing the section surface, and examining this surface
by sawing slots along the sides and ends of the plate. So by low-power magnification. Examination for hydrogen
that each specimen of the series will provide a different cracks should be conducted after aging at ambient tem-
level of restraint, each specimen will have slots of a dif- perature for 24 hours.
ferent length (L in Figure El3). All slots along the sides
of a given specimen will be the same length. The slots on 8 3 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility to hy-
the specimen ends will be shorter than the side slots, but drogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
all end slots will be of equal length. shall be performed for each welding process and con-
sumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
7.3 The level of restraint is inversely proportional to the hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
length of the slots and is expressed numerically as the same conditions asthe test weld.
distance between the ends of the slots (21 in Figure E13).
Thus, as the restraint is decreased by longer slots, the
cracking index also decreases. The same effectcould be 9. Report
obtained by using plates of decreasing size,but by vary-
ing the slot length, the cooling rate of the test weld will 9.1 The test results that typically are reported include:
remain constant in all specimens of the series. (1) Base metal and filler metal identification
(2) Base metal (specimen) thickness
7.4 In a typical series of test specimens, the specimen (3) Welding parameters
with the highest restraint will not have any slots. The (4) Any preheating temperature and postweld heat
lengths of the slots of each succeeding specimen of the treatment
series will be increased 6 mm or 13 mm to provide de- (5) Weld-bead size and shape
creasing levels of restraint. (6) Presence and length of any weld-metal cracks at
each level of restraint
(7) Crack index
8. Procedure (8) Method of examination for the presence of cracks
(9) Results of diffusible hydrogen tests.
8.1 A series of specimens is welded with each specimen
providing a different level of restraint to the test weld, 9.2 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
¡.e., each specimen will have slots of differing length. similar to Figure E14.

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

38 mm
I
t-
25 mm
L
i
+
t I

I~

300 mm
A

d
13 mm HOLE

r I I

RESTRAINT INDEX = 21

SECTION A-A
OMIT IN PLATE < 20 mm THICK

Figure E13-Lehigh Restraint Test Specimen

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

LEHIGH TEST RESULTS

Company Name
Jobnest No. of
Description of Investigation

Base Metal Identification

Thickness
No. Heat Metal Heat
Treatment
Base
Composition:
C si Mn -P S Cr Mo -
Cu Ni V Ti
AI N
Procedure
Welding Process Spec. No.
Welding
ElectrodeMlire Spec. No. Name Commercial
Diameter
(incl. Gas
Shielding Point) Dew Flow Rate
Shielding
Current
Voltage
Polarity
Travel Speed Humidity Ambient
Heat Input
Weld Bead Size and Shape (flat, concave, or convex)

Method of Crack Determination

Resulting Cracking Index
Remarks

Tested By

Signature Date

Figure E14"Suggested Data Sheet for Lehigh Test

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E5. Varestraint Test 2. Applicable Documents

1. Scope Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
1.1 The varestraint test is used to evaluate base-metal
weldability and determine the influence of the welding AWS A2.4 Standard Symbols
for Welding,
variables on hot cracking of the base metal. A means is Brazing, and Nondestructive
provided for augmenting conventional shrinkage strains Examination
to simulate the large shrinkage strainsfound in highly re- AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and
strained production weldments. Definitions
1.2 This standard is applicable to the following: The source for these documents is the following:
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
American Welding Society (AWS)
(2) Manufacturing quality control
(3) Research and development 550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows:
(1) This test is used for base metal in the thickness
range of 6 mm to 13 mm. A variation of this test, called 3. Summary of Method
the mini-varestraint test, is used for base metal in the
thickness range of 3 mm to 6 mm. 3.1 The test is conducted by depositing aweld on a canti-
(2)Specialized equipment for testing (see Figure levered specimen beginning at one end of the specimen
E15) and specimen examination is required. (Figure E15). When the weld progresses along the cen-
(3) Welding usually is done by the mechanized gas terline of the specimen to a predetermined point (A), the
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process to minimize vari- specimen is bent to conform to a curved die (B) as the arc
ables in the welding parameters and testing results. continues to a location (C) near the end of the specimen.
(4) Specimens are tested under laboratory conditions.
A series of decreasing radius dies is used to provide vari-
Shop floor or field examination of specimens may not be ous magnitudes of strain, ¡.e., augmented tangential
practical. strain, to the solidifying weld in a corresponding series
of test specimens. The strain that results in solidification
1.4 The followinginformation shall be furnished: cracking is an index of the crack susceptibility of the
(1) All welding parameters base metal.
(2) Number of specimens to be tested 3.2 After cooling, the surface of the weld is examined for
(3) Orientation of specimens relative to the rolling the presence of cracks. Examination is done at a magnifi-
direction of the base metal, if known cation of 40X to SOX, and the length and location of each
(4) Base-metal chemical composition crack is noted and recorded. The specimen may be sec-
(5) Base-metal thickness tioned and polished for a more accurate determination of
(6) Desired weld bead surface geometry (weld bead the presence of cracks.
profile)
(7) Specimen surface finish 3.3 A smaller scale test, called the mini-varestraint test,
(8) Valueof augmented tangential strain (see 3.1) is used to study the hot-crack susceptibility of expensive
(optional, depending on the purpose of the test) base metals or more common base metals in sheet thick-
(9) Magnification to be used in examination for cracks. nesses. This test utilizes a smaller test specimen (25 mm
wide x 150 mm long) and correspondingly smaller test
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- equipment. The mini-varestraint test may not be practical
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld- for thicker material since its testing apparatus may not
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the have the loading capacity to bend the thicker material.
American Welding Society.

Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,

operations, and equipment.The standard does not pur-
4. Significance
port toaddress all of the safety problems associatedwith The varestraint test is used for the analytic investiga-
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap- tion of the hot-crack sensitivity of weld deposits, the ef-
propriate safety and health practices. The user should fect of specific alloying elementson this sensitivity and
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations the basic mechanisms of hot cracking. This test combines
prior touse. a direct correlation with actual fabrication behavior, re-

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

6. Apparatus fusion and crater fill shall be employed. Following weld-

ing, the assembly shall be allowed to cool in still air. It
6.1 A simple fixture is used to hold the test plates so the shall be left at ambient temperature for a minimum pe-
restraining welds can be deposited. Water-cooled me- riod of 48 hours before examination for cracks.
chanical means are used to section completed test assem-
blies for internal examination for the presence of cracks. 8.4 The test weld area shall be examined for surface
Metallographic equipment is required for polishing, cracks. If surface cracks are visible, no further examina-
etching, and examining specimens. tion is required. If cracking is not visible, the weld shall
be sectioned and examined microscopically.
8.5 When sectioning is required, the test weld should be
7. Specimens sectioned at the one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourth
length positions. Water-cooled mechanical means shall
7.1 Test assembly configuration is shown in Figure E19.
be used to section the test welds. Assemblies shallbe se-
All weld joint surfaces shall be machined to 4 micrometers
curely clamped in such a manner that the cutting process
R, minimum. When it is possible to identify the rollingdi- does not contribute to weld root cracking. Sectioned
rection of the material being tested, the parts shouldbe cut
specimens shall be polished, etched and examined at 20X
and assembled with the rolling direction perpendicular to
for cracks.
the weld groove, unlessotherwise specified.
8.6 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility tohy-
7.2 The test assembly is fabricated by depositing welds
drogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
on each end of the weld groove to provide the necessary
shall be performed for each welding process and con-
restraint, as shown in Figure E19, Section A-A. Low-hy-
sumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
drogen-type mild steel filler metal is normally used.
hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
Welds shall be deposited by a suitable welding process,
same conditions asthe test weld.
using a deep penetrating arc and a weave-bead technique
to f i l l the joints with a minimum number of weld beads.
Care shallbe taken to minimize angular distortion during
welding. Weld reinforcement should be approximately
2 mm. Maximum interpass temperature should be in ac- 9. Report
cordance with steel manufacturers recommendations as
9.1 The test results that typically are reported include:
applicable to the steel type being joined.
(1) Test number
7.3 Each test assembly shall be dimensionally inspected (2) Welding procedure specification and procedure
after coolingto ensure the proper configuration as shown qualification record numbers (if applicable)
in Figure E19, Section B-B. The groove root opening di- (3) Base metal identification
mension shall be within tolerance. (4) Base metal thickness
7.4 Fabricate a minimum of three test assemblies per set. (5) Filler metal identification
( 6 ) Filler metal diameter
(7) Shielding gasidentification
8. Procedure (8) All welding parameters necessary to completely
define the procedure and heat input
8.1 All welding shall be performed in the flat position (9) Weld preheat temperature
@G). (10) Ambient temperature and relative humidity at time
8.2 Test assemblies shall be uniformly heated in an oven, of welding
to a temperature slightlyhigher than the desired preheat (1 1) Maximum interpass temperature allowed during
temperature. Thetest assembly is removed from the oven welding of restraining welds (if applicable)
and the surface temperature near the bevel area shall be (12) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
monitored. Welding shall begin when the desired preheat test specimen, weld profile, section surface or procedure
temperature is reached. (1 3) Results of Diffusible Hydrogen tests.

8.3 The single-passtest weld shall be deposited as shown 9.2 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
in Figure E20. Welding techniques which promote good similar to Figure E21.

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is parallel to the final direction of rolling or major work- found on the as-welded surface at the specified magnifi-
ing unless the specimen used is a casting or if service cation (40X, 60X, or 80X) and the location of the cracks
conditions in which a different orientationof rolling di- (weld metal or HAZ)
rection are to be simulated. (5) The welding process and variables.
8.3.3 Weld Geometry. The weld puddle geometry is 9.3 The following criteria can be used to evaluate the test
kept constant when using the maximum crack length
- cri- results:
terion (see 9.3.2) for screening of materials.
9.3.1 Cracking Threshold.The cracking threshold is
the minimum augmented tangential strain required to
cause crackingin a particular base metal with a given set
of welding variables. This criterion provides a quantita-
9. Report tive method for comparing welding procedures.
9.1 The as-welded surface near Point A is examined for 9.3.2 Maximum Crack Length.The maximum crack
visual evidence of cracks at a magnification of 40X, 60X length that is measured in a given specimen can be used
or 80X. The locationsof any HAZ or fusion-zone cracks as a quantitative index for preliminary screening of base
are shown schematically in Figure E17. The length of metal, filler metal, or both, at comparable levels of aug-
each crack shall be measured to the nearest 0.02 mm with mented tangential strain, provided constant puddle ge-
a low-power microscope (40X, 60X, or 80X) containing ometry is maintained. This criterion is useful when
a calibrated reticule in the eyepiece. The following data searching for metals with low crack sensitivity.
normally are recorded:
(1) Length of each crack (subsequently to be totaled) 9 3 3 Total Combined Crack Length.The total com-
(2) Maximum crack length bined crack length is obtained by adding the lengths of
(3) Location of cracks (weld metal or HAZ) cracks found in the weld metal and in the HAZ of each
(4)Number of cracks specimen. The total combined crack length produced in
(5) Augmented tangential strain the weld metal and HAZ will give the best quantitative
(6) Base metal and filler metal (if used) composition index of the hot-crack sensitivity of the weld metal and
(7) Base-metal thickness HAZ, respectively, for a given welding procedure. This
(8) Metallurgical and surface conditions criterion also may be used to examine the effects of
welding procedure changes.
(9) Welding variables, including:
(a) Welding process 9.4 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
(b) Electrode type and size similar to Figure E18.
(c) Arc length
(d) Gas type and flow (if used)
(e) Arc current and voltage
(f) Arc travel speed. 10. Commentary
9.2 The test results that are reported shall include the The technology of the Varestraint test is undergoing
following: further refinement. The test specimen size and geometry,
(1) The base-metal type, composition, thickness and test apparatus, interpretation of results, and understand-
condition ing of the effect of test variables on cracking suscepti-
(2) The percent augmented tangential strain bility are being examined in detail. It is expected that
(3)The total crack length of the three specimens significant changes in the test procedure and interpreta-
tested under the same conditions that were found on the tion of results will occur within the next few years. Two
as-welded surface at the specified magnification (40X, recent articles describing these investigations are in-
60X, or 80X)and the location of the cracks (weld metal cluded in the Bibliography of this document. The classi-
or HAZ) cal aspects of the Varestraint test have been presented
(4)The maximum crack length of each of the three herein; the next edition of this document should include
specimens tested under the same conditions that were changes resulting from current investigations.

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

I 200 mm
i
IO0
WELDING DIRECTION

r
50 mm
I
I
”””_

I I I
”””-

‘
I O0
I ~

TOP VIEW

BENDING
FORCE

SIDE VIEW
\ R

Figure E15-Varestraint Test Fixture and Specimen

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 AUXILIARY BENDING
BENDING PLATES AUXILIARY BENDING PLATE
FORCE

rm I I
I I

I I
I I
SPECIMEN L4

4 200 mm

VIEW (A) END VIEW (B) SIDE

Figure ElGAuxiliary Bending Plates

LOCATION OF WELD PUDDLE

AT INSTANT OF APPLICATION
OF BENDING FORCE
FUSION ZONE CRACK

POINT C

SOLID-LIQUID INTERFAC

EXAMINATIO
FOR
REMOVED
AREA HA2 CRACKS

TOP SURFACE OF TEST WELD SHOWING LOCATION OF ARC, WELD PUDDLE, SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACEAT
INSTANT OF APPLICATION OF BENDING FORCE AND WELD METAL AND HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE HOT CRACKS.

Figure E17-fipical Indications on Top Surface of Test Weld

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 VARESTRAINT TEST RESULTS
Company Name
Job/Test Sheet of
Description of Investigation
Base Metal Identification:
Identification No. Heat
and Width Thickness Treatment Heat
Metallurgical Condition
Surface Condition
Rolling Direction
Composition:
C si Mn -P S Cr "
Ni V Cu Nb Ca B Ti
Al N
Filler Metal:
Identification Diameter
Feed Rate
Composition:
C si Mn P S Cr Mo
Ni Nb SI Mn Ca B Ti
Al N
Welding Process Electrode Type
Electrode Diameter Shielding Gas
Shielding Gas Flow Rate Shielding Gas Dew Point
Current Polarity
Arc Voltage Arc Length
Travel Speed Heat Input
Ambient Temp. Ambient Humidity
Resuk

1 I I I I
t
Cracking Threshold
Maximum Crack Length
Total Combined Crack Length

Tested By
Signature Date

Figure EM-Suggested Data Sheet for Varestraint Test

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 ~

S T D - A W S B'4-OM-ENGL 2000
AWS B4.OM:2000

E6. Oblique Y-Groove Test AWS A2.4 Standard Symbols

for Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
1. Scope Examination
1.1 The Oblique Y-groove test (Tekken Test) is a single- AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and
pass, restrained groove weld test used to evaluate suscep- Definitions
tibility to hydrogen and weld metal solidification crack-
AWS
A4.3 Standard Methods for Determi-
ing of steel weldments.
nation of the Diffusible Hydro-
1.2 This standard is applicable to the following, when gen Content of Martensitic,
specified: Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures Metal Produced by Arc Welding
(2) Information, basis for acceptance and manufactur-
The sourcefor these documents is the following:
ing quality control
(3) Research and development American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows:
(1) Base-metal thickness limited to 13 mm or greater. Miami, FL 33126
(2) Test results are applicable only to the base-mate-
rial thickness tested.
3. Summary of Method
1.4 When this standard is used, the following informa-
tion shall be furnished: 3.1 The test is performed using a set of three flat plate
(1) Test number test assemblies welded under identical conditions. Welds
(2) Welding procedure specification and procedure are deposited on each side of the test area to provide re-
qualification record numbers (if applicable) straint. A single test weld is deposited in the restrained,
(3) Base-metal identification: specification, heat num- machined groove of each assembly.
ber, mill test chemistry and heat treatment 3.2 The combination of welding amperage, voltage and
(4) Base-metal thickness travel speed shall be such that the specified heat input
(5) Welding process range is obtained.
(6) Filler metal identification, specification and diameter
(7) Filler metal preweld conditioning (e.g., baking) 3.3 Each test weld is examined for the presence of hydro-
(8) Shielding gas identification: type, dew point, and gen-assisted cracks, not less than 48 hours after deposit-
flow rate ing the test weld. Test welds are sectionedas required for
(9) All welding parameters internal examination.
(1 O) Weld preheat temperature 3.4 Testing is usually conducted using several test sets
(1 1) Maximum interpass temperature welded identically over a range of preheat temperatures
(12) Acceptance criteria, if any so that 100 percent cracking occursat the lowest temper-
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall con- ature tested and 0 percent cracking occurs at the highest
form to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Weld- temperature tested. Resulting data is useful as a compar-
ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the ative measure of the susceptibility of the material to
American Welding Society. cracking.

Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,

operations, and equipment. The standard does not pur- 4. Significance
port toaddress all of the safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish ap- This test is used as a comparative measure to assess
propriate safety and health practices. The user should the susceptibility to hydrogen and weld metal solidifíca-
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations tion cracking of steel weldments.
prior touse.

5. Definitions and Symbols

2. Applicable Documents The welding terms used in this section are in accor-
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the dance with the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard
following documents: Welding Terms andDefinitions.

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6. Apparatus fusion and crater fill shall be employed. Following weld-

ing, the assembly shall be allowed to cool in still air. It
6.1 A simple fixture is used to hold the test plates so the shall be left at ambient temperature for a minimum pe-
restraining welds can be deposited. Water-cooled me- riod of 48 hours before examination for cracks.
chanical means are used to section completed test assem-
blies for internal examination for the presence of cracks. 8.4 The test weld area shall be examined for surface
Metallographic equipment is required for polishing, cracks. If surface cracks are visible, no further examina-
etching, and examining specimens. tion is required. If cracking is not visible, the weld shall
be sectioned and examined microscopically.
8.5 When sectioning is required, the test weld should be
7. Specimens sectioned at the one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourth
length positions. Water-cooled mechanical means shall
7.1 Test assembly configuration is shown in Figure E19.
be used to section the test welds. Assemblies shallbe se-
All weld joint surfaces shall be machined to 4 micrometers
curely clamped in such a manner that the cutting process
R, minimum. When it is possible to identify the rollingdi- does not contribute to weld root cracking. Sectioned
rection of the material being tested, the parts shouldbe cut
specimens shall be polished, etched and examined at 20X
and assembled with the rolling direction perpendicular to
for cracks.
the weld groove, unlessotherwise specified.
8.6 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility tohy-
7.2 The test assembly is fabricated by depositing welds
drogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
on each end of the weld groove to provide the necessary
shall be performed for each welding process and con-
restraint, as shown in Figure E19, Section A-A. Low-hy-
sumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
drogen-type mild steel filler metal is normally used.
hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
Welds shall be deposited by a suitable welding process,
same conditions asthe test weld.
using a deep penetrating arc and a weave-bead technique
to f i l l the joints with a minimum number of weld beads.
Care shallbe taken to minimize angular distortion during
welding. Weld reinforcement should be approximately
2 mm. Maximum interpass temperature should be in ac- 9. Report
cordance with steel manufacturers recommendations as
9.1 The test results that typically are reported include:
applicable to the steel type being joined.
(1) Test number
7.3 Each test assembly shall be dimensionally inspected (2) Welding procedure specification and procedure
after coolingto ensure the proper configuration as shown qualification record numbers (if applicable)
in Figure E19, Section B-B. The groove root opening di- (3) Base metal identification
mension shall be within tolerance. (4) Base metal thickness
7.4 Fabricate a minimum of three test assemblies per set. (5) Filler metal identification
( 6 ) Filler metal diameter
(7) Shielding gasidentification
8. Procedure (8) All welding parameters necessary to completely
define the procedure and heat input
8.1 All welding shall be performed in the flat position (9) Weld preheat temperature
@G). (10) Ambient temperature and relative humidity at time
8.2 Test assemblies shall be uniformly heated in an oven, of welding
to a temperature slightlyhigher than the desired preheat (1 1) Maximum interpass temperature allowed during
temperature. Thetest assembly is removed from the oven welding of restraining welds (if applicable)
and the surface temperature near the bevel area shall be (12) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
monitored. Welding shall begin when the desired preheat test specimen, weld profile, section surface or procedure
temperature is reached. (1 3) Results of Diffusible Hydrogen tests.

8.3 The single-passtest weld shall be deposited as shown 9.2 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
in Figure E20. Welding techniques which promote good similar to Figure E21.

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AWS B4.OM:2000

SPECIMEN 1 SPECIMEN 2

+ G 4 LR

SPECIMEN 3 SPECIMEN 4

SPECIMEN 5

Dimensions in mm*

Nominal
Diameter
Specimen 1 Specimen 2
Specimen
Specimen
4 Specimen
3 5
G. Gage length 60.0 k 0.1 50.0 k 0.1 40.0 k 0.1 30.0 f 0.1 20.0 f 0.1
D. Diameter (Note1) 12.0 f 0.1 10.0 f 0.1 8.0 f 0.1 6.0 2 0.1 4.0 f 0.1
R. Radius of fillet, min 10 6 4 4 4
A. Length of reduced section 72 60 48 36 24
L Overall length, approx 142 130 80 74 60
B. Length of end section (Note2) 35 21 16 16 12
C. Diameter of end section 19 16 12 10 8
E. Length of shoulder and fillet - 14 - 9 6
section, approx
F. Diameter of shoulder - 13 - 8 5
Various typesof ends for standard round tension test specimens

Figure 1of Annex B-Round Tensile Specimen+S:l Gage Length to Diameter

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 STD-AWS B4.OH-ENGL 2000 0781rZb5 0519731 A51
AWS W.OM:2000

WELDS
7
I l
I I

I II I
II I
APPROXIMATELY
3 mm
+- 75 mm 4- APPROXIMATELY

I
NOTE: TEST WELD BEAD SHALL EXHIBIT SECTION A-A
COMPLETE ROOT PENETRATIONAND FUSION.

(A) TEST PLATE FOR MECHANIZED WELDING

TEST

APPROXIMATELY k----- 75 mm 4- APPROXIMATELY

3 mm

I ~ ~~

(B) TEST PLATE FOR MANUAL WELDING

Figure E204)blique Y-Groove Test Weld Configuration

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 AWS B4.0M:2000

1_
LENGTH (L)

TEST WELD --i

(C) SECTIONING OFTEST PLATE

Figure E20 (Continued)-Oblique Y-Groove Test WeldConfiguration

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 AWS 84.0M:2000

OBLIQUE Y-GROOVE TEST RESULTS

Company Name

Jobnest No. of

Description of Investigation

Material Identification

ckness Material Y/N

Material HeatTreatment

Applicable Welding Procedure

No.

Welding Details

Time Lapse-Welding to Testing (hm)

Ambient Temp.
Determination Hydrogen

EXAMINATION

surface Section
Assembly No. Inspection Method Results (C or NC) Inspection Method Results (C or NC)

No. of Test Assemblies Inspected Total % Cracking

Remarks

Tested By

Signature Date

Figure E21”Suggested Data Sheet for Oblique Y-Groove Test

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

Annex A
Bibliography of Weldability Tests
(This Annex is not a part of AWS B4.0M:2000, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, but is included
for information purposes only.)

Controlled Thermal Severity Testing (3) Karppi, R., Ruusila, J., Saton, K., Toyoda, M., and
(1) Cottrell, C. L. M. “Controlled thermalseverity Vartiainen, K. Note on Standardization of Implant Test.
cracking test simulates practical welded joints.” Welding Research Reports 1IW FINLAND: Technical Research
Journal 33(6): 257s, 1953. Centre of Finland, 1983. IX-1296-83.
(2) Houldcroft, P.T. “A simple cracking test for use (4) Wong, R. J. “The effect of weld metal diffusible
with argon arc welding.” British Welding Journal2(12): hydrogen on the cracking susceptibility of HY-80 steel.”
471,1955. Hydrogen Embrittlement: Preventionand Control, ASTM
(3) Pedder, C., and Hart, P. H. M. “CTS testing proce- STP 962, L. Raymond, Ed., American Society for Testing
dures: the present position.” The Welding Institute Re- and Materials. Philadelphia, pp.274-286, 1988.
search Bulletin 16(9): 264-266.1975.
Lehigh Restraint Test
(4) British Standards Institution, BS 7363:1990,
Methods for Controlled Thermal Severiry(CTS) Test and (1) Stout, R. D., Tor, S.S., McGready, L. J., and
Bead-On-Plate (BOP)Testfor Weldr, 1990. Doan, G. E. “Quantitative measurement of the cracking
tendency in welds.” Welding Journal 25(9): 522s-531s,
Cruciform Testing 1946.
(1) American WeldingSociety. WeldingHandbook, (2) Stout, R. D. and Doty, W. D. Weldability of Steel.
Vol. 2. Miami, Florida: American Welding Society, 1978. New York: Welding Research Council, 1987.
(2) Linnert, G. E. WeldingMetallurgy, Carbon and
Varestraint Testing
Alloy Steels, Third Edition, Vol. 2, 632-634. Miami:
American Welding Society, 1965. (1) Savage, W. F. and Lundin, C. D. “The varestraint
(3) Welding Research Council. Weldability of Steels, test.” Welding Journal44( 10): 435~-442s,1965.
Ed. Stout and Doty: New York, NY: Welding Research (2) Savage, W. F. and Lundin, C. D. “Application of
Council. the varestraint technique to the study of weldability.”
(4) Poteat, L. E. and Warner, W. L. “The cruciform Welding Journal45(11): 497+503s, 1966.
test for plate-cracking susceptibility.”Welding Journal (3) McKeown, D. ‘Versatile weldmetal cracking
39(2): 70s, 1960. tests.” Metal Construction and British Welding Journal
2(8): 351-352, 1980.
Implant Test (4) Lundin, C. D.,Lingenfelter, A. C., Grotke, G. E.,
(1) Sawhill, J. M. Jr., Dix. A. W. and Savage, W. F. Lessmann, G. G., and Matthews, S . J. The varestraint
“Modified implant test for studying delayed cracking.” test. Bulletin 280. New York: Welding Research Council,
Welding Journal53( 12): 554~-560s, December, 1974. August, 1982.
(2) Bryhan, A. J. “The effect of testing procedure on (5) Lin, W. “A model for heat-affected zone liquation
implant test results.” Welding Journal 60(9): 169s-l76s, cracking.” Welding in the World 30 (9/10): 236-242,
September, 1981. 1992.

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AWS B4.OM:2000

(6) Lin, W., Lippold, J. C., and Baeslack III, W.A. Welding Research Council
“An evaluation of heat-affected zone liquation cracking United Engineering Center
susceptibility, Part I: Development of a method for quan- 345 East 47th Street
tification.” Welding Journal72(4): 135s-l53s, 1993. New York, NY 10017
Oblique Y-Groove Testing
(1) JIS Z 3158, Japanese Industrial Standards Com- The American Societyof Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
mittee, Method of Y-Groove CrackingTest. United Engineering Center
(2) Satoh K.,Toyoda M., Ikita K., Nakamura A., and Three Park Avenue
Matsuura T., Prevention of weld crack in HY 80 heavy New York, NY 10016
plates with undermatching electrodes and its application
to fabricatingpenstock,July, 1978. British Standards Institution (BSI)
(3) Suzuki, H. Cold crackingand its prevention in 389 Chiswick High Road
steel welding, Transactions of the Japan Welding Society, London W4 4AL, England
Vol. 9, No. 2, 1978.
Some of the sources for these documents are the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
following: Agency of industrial Science and Technology
American Welding Society (AWS) Ministry of International Trade and Industry
550 N.W. LeJeune Road 1-3-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku
Miami, FL 33126 Tokyo 100, Japan

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 AWS B4.OM:2000

Annex B
Round Tensile Specimen-
5:l Gage Length to Diameter Ratio
(This Annex is not a part of AWS B4.OM:2000,Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, but is included
for information purposesonly.)

Cautionary Noteson Tensile Specimens:

Two tensile specimens descriptions are included in this document, one with a 4:l ratio of gage length to diameter and
one with a 5:1 ratio of gage length to diameter. Usersare cautioned that calculated values of elongation for a given mate-
rial will differ when tested using specimens with different ratiosof gage length to specimen diameter.

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AWS B4.OM:2000

SPECIMEN 1 SPECIMEN 2

+ G 4 LR

SPECIMEN 3 SPECIMEN 4

SPECIMEN 5

Dimensions in mm*

Nominal
Diameter
Specimen 1 Specimen 2
Specimen
Specimen
4 Specimen
3 5
G. Gage length 60.0 k 0.1 50.0 k 0.1 40.0 k 0.1 30.0 f 0.1 20.0 f 0.1
D. Diameter (Note1) 12.0 f 0.1 10.0 f 0.1 8.0 f 0.1 6.0 2 0.1 4.0 f 0.1
R. Radius of fillet, min 10 6 4 4 4
A. Length of reduced section 72 60 48 36 24
L Overall length, approx 142 130 80 74 60
B. Length of end section (Note2) 35 21 16 16 12
C. Diameter of end section 19 16 12 10 8
E. Length of shoulder and fillet - 14 - 9 6
section, approx
F. Diameter of shoulder - 13 - 8 5
Various typesof ends for standard round tension test specimens

Figure 1of Annex B-Round Tensile Specimen+S:l Gage Length to Diameter

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 AWS B4.0M:2000

SPECIMEN
LOCATION

I '
- J 1"- "-

Dimensions in mm*

Standard
Specimen
Small-Sue
Specimens
Proportional
Standard
to Specimen
eter Nominal 10 12 8 6 4
G. length
Gage 50.0f 36.0
0.1 k20
6..10 f1
06..10 f10
2.1
0 * 0.1
D. Diameter
(Note 1) 12.5f 0.2 9.0f 6
0.5
1 f 0.1 4.0f 0.1 3.0 f 0.1
Radius min
R. of fillet, 10 6 5 4 2
A. Length of reduced section, 57 32 19 16
4s
min (Note21 ~~ ~~
~~

Standard 12.5 mm round tensiontest specimens with50 mm gage length and examplesof small size specimensproportionalto the
standard specimen.
*Rounded to the nearest0.5 mm or 0.05 mm.
Notes:
1. ,The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center with the ends not 1 percent
more than
largerin diam-
eter thanthe center (controlling dimension).
2. If desired, the length of the reduced section may be increased to accommodate an extensometer of any convenient gage length. Ref-
erence marks for the measurement of elongation should nevertheless be spaced atthe indicated gage length.
3. The gage length and fillets shall be as shown but the ends may be of any formto fit the holdersof the testing machine in such a way
that the load shall be axial. If the ends are tobe held in wedge grips it is desirable to make the lengthof the grip section great enough
to allow the specimen to extend intothe grips a distance equal to 2/3or moreof the length of the grips.
4. The gage lengthsam equal to 4 times the nominal diameter for thestandard specimen. The gage lengthsare equal to 5 times the
nominal diameterfor the specimens in this Annex. In some product specifications; other specimens may be provided for but unless
the 4 to 1 ratio is maintained within dimensional tolerances, the elongation values maybe not
comparable with those obtained from
the standard test specimen. Note that most other metric based codes use a5 to 1 ratio of gage lengthto diameter ( s e a Annex B).
5. The use of specimens smaller than 8 mm diameter shall be restricted to caseswhen the materialto be tested is of insufficient sire to
obtain larger specimens or when all parties agree to their use for acceptance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equipment
and greater skillin both machining and testing.
6. For transverse weld specimens, the weld shall be approximately centered between gage marks.
7. On specimen 5,it is desirable to make the length of the grip section sufficient to allow the specimen to extend into the gripsa dis-
tance equalto 2/3or moreof the lengthof the grips.
8. Any standard thread size is permissible that provides for proper alignment and aidsin assuring that the specimenwil break within
the reduced section.
9. The useof a fine seriesof thread is recommended for high-strength, brittle materials to avoid fracturein the threaded portion.
10. Surface finish withinthe gage length shallbe no rougher than 2 micrometers R,.

Figure 1 of Annex B (Continued)-Round Tensile Specimens"5:l Gage Length to Diameter

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AWS B4.OM:2000

Annex C
Guidelines for Preparationof Technical Inquiries
for AWS Technical Committees
(This Annex is not a part of AWS B4.0M:2000, Standard Methoh for Mechanical Testing of Welds, but is included
for information purposesonly.)

Cl. Introduction involves two or more interrelated provisions. That provi-

sion shall be identified in the scope of the inquiry, along
The AWSBoardofDirectorshas adopted a policy with the edition of the standard that contains the provi-
whereby all official interpretations of AWS standards sions or that the inquirer isaddressing.
will be handled in a formal manner. Under that policy, all
interpretations are made by the committee that is respon- C2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry.The purpose of the inquiry
sible for the standard. Official communication concern- shall be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The purpose
ing an interpretation is through the AWS staff member can be either to obtain an interpretation of a standard re-
who works with that committee. Thepolicy requires that quirement, orto request the revision of a particular provi-
all requests for an interpretation be submitted in writing. sion in the standard.
Such requests will be handled as expeditiously as possi- C2.3 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be
ble but due to the complexity of the work and the proce- concise, yet complete, to enable the committee to quickly
dures that shall be followed, some interpretations may and fully understand the point of the inquiry. Sketches
require considerable time. should be used when appropriate and all paragraphs, fig-
ures, and tables (or the Annex), which bear on the in-
quiry shall be cited. If the point of the inquiry is to obtain
C2. Procedure a revision of the standard, the inquiry shall provide tech-
nical justification for that revision.
All inquiries shall be directed to:
C2.4 Proposed Reply. The inquirer should, as a pro-
Managing Director, Technical Services
posed reply, state an interpretation of the provision that is
American Welding Society
the point of the inquiry,or the wording for a proposed re-
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
vision, if that is whatinquirer seeks.
Miami, FL 33126
All inquiries shall contain the name, address, and af-
filiation of the inquirer, and theyshall provide enough in-
formation for the committee to fully understand the point C3. Interpretation of Provisions of the
of concern in the inquiry. Where that point is not clearly Standard
defined, the inquiry will be returned for clarification. For
Interpretations of provisions of the standard are made
efficient handling, all inquiries should be typewritten and
by the relevant AWS TechnicalCommittee. Thesecretary
should also be in the format used here.
of the committee refers all inquiries to the chairman of
C2.1 Scope. Each inquiry shall address one single pro- the particular subcommittee that has jurisdiction over the
vision of the standard, unless the point of the inquiry portion of the standard addressed by the inquiry. The

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AWS B4.OM:2000

subcommittee reviews the inquiry and the proposed reply AWS staff members respond to a telephone request for
to determine what the response to the inquiry should be. an official interpretation of any AWS standard with the
Following the subcommittee’s development of the re- information that such an interpretation can be obtained
sponse, the inquiry and the response are presented to the only through a written request. The Headquarters staff
entire committeefor review and approval. Upon approval can not provide consulting services. The staff can, however,
by the committee, the interpretation will be an official in- refer a caller to any ofthose consultants whose names are
terpretation of the Society, and the secretary will transmit on file at AWS Headquarters.
the response to the inquirer and to the Welding Journal
for publication.
A6. The AWS Technical Committee
The activities of AWS Technical Committees in regard
A4. Publication of Interpretations to interpretations, are limited strictly to the Interpretation
All official interpretations will appear in the Welding of provisions of standards prepared by the committee or
Journal. to consideration of revisions to existing provisions on the
basis of new data or technology. Neither the committee
nor the staff is in a position to offer interpretive or con-
sulting services on: (1) specific engineeringproblems, or
A5. Telephone Inquiries (2) requirements of standards applied to fabricationsout-
Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning side the scope of the document or points not specifically
AWS standards should be limited to questions of a gen- covered by the standard. In such cases, the inquirer should
eral nature or to matters directly related to the use of the seek assistance from a competent engineer experienced in
standard. The Board of Directors’ Policy requires that all the particular field of interest.

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