2 BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES Reciprocating miachinery consists of those machines based on the slider-crank mechanism and its inversion. Balancing a mechanism consists of eliminating the shaking force and shaking couple by adding appropriate balancing masses Shaking force is the resultant of all the inertia forces acting on the frame of a mechanism. In balancing of reciprocating masses, we can reduce the shaking force and shaking couple, but it is not practically possible to eliminate them completely. Balancing masses reciprocating in a single plane Figure 5.1 shows a slider-crank mechanism in which the crank OC rotates with constant angular velocity @rad/sec. Points C and P are the crank pin and piston pin respectively. Let G, and G, are the mass centers of the crank and the connecting rod. Let r = Radius of the crank u Length of the connecting rod ns r 0 = Angle made by the crank with the line of stroke me = Mass of the crank Mass of the connecting rod Mass of the piston mp Fig. 5.1 The mass of the crank have been replaced by a concentrated mass m,’ located at the crank pin ie, mex O = m',xOC ~. Mass of the crank at the crank pin m‘, = . (1)162 s of Machinery Mee O| Fig. 5.2 Similarly, the mass of the connecting rod m, can be replaced by two concentrated masses namely ‘mgc and mp at the crank pin and at the piston pin respectively and can be determined by the equations. Mac + Mp = My (2) Mac X CG, = mp X PG 3) The mass at the crank pin has pure rotation and that at the piston pin has rectilinear motion. . Total rotation mass at the crank pin-m'=m'e + migc we (4) Total reciprocating mass at the piston pin m = m+ mgp (6), Figure 5.3 shows the slider-crank mechanism replaced by a dynamically equivalent system consisting of only two concentrated masses. The mass at the crank pin m' has pure rotation and that at the piston pin mm has rectilinear motion. Centrifugal force due to the rotating mass m’, Fe=m'@r sae © The centrifugal force acts outward along the crank radiu Fig. 5.3 rly) n cos 26 Acceleration of the piston a = ar | cos 8 +— The inertia force due to reciprocating mass m at the piston pin F, = ma = morr {cos 0+ onze) n The inertia force at the piston pin is always directed opposite to the acceleration as shown in * fig. 5.3. The inertia force is divided into two parts. ; ;, cos 26 ie, F, = mor cos 0+m ar —— = Fy + Fy j where the primary force F, =m a'r cos @Balancing of Reciprocating Masses a ‘The primary inertia force reaches a maximum value of mar twice per revolution when = 0° and 180°. cos 20 reos 20 =mx (209 x an The secondary force reaches a maximum value of m@?r/n' four times per revolution, when = 0°, 90°, 180° and 270°. The secondary inertia force is identical with the component in the line of stroke of an imaginary mass m rotating at twice the crank speed at a radius r/(4n’), such that the radius always makes an angle 20 with the line of stroke. As the value of n' is greater than unity, the secondary force is small compared with primary force, and it can be neglected for slow speed engine. ‘The shaking force is the vector sum of the F, and F, and it acts on the crankshaft bearing for all positions of the crank. ie, Poy = fF +6? +2R-F, cos 0 When the angle @ made by the crank with the line of stroke is zero, then Shakingforce Fy = F,+F,=F,+Fp+ Fs Secondary force F, = mar Example 5.1 Determine the magnitude of the shaking force acting on the frame of a single cylinder engine from the following specifications. Speed of the crank = 1000 rpm Stroke = 200 mm Length of the connecting rod = 400 mm Mass of the crank = 5 kg Mass of the connecting rod = 15 kg Mass of the piston = 10 kg Distance from the crankshaft axis to the mass center of the crank = 40 mm Distance from the crank-pin center to the mass center of the connecting rod = 120 mm ‘Angle made by the crank with the line of stroke = 30° Also find the maximum shaking force on the engine frame. Data: n= 1000 rpm, 200 mm = 0.2 m, 1 = 400 mm = 0.4m, m,= 5 kg, mc, = 15 kg m, = 10 kg, OG, = 40 mm = 0.04 m, CG, = 120mm =0.12 m, = 30° Solution: 0.1m 2nn _ 2mx100 60 60 4 Radius of the crank Angular velocity of the crank @ = 1 _o4 r OL = 104.72 rad/sec Ratio n m.xOG, 5x 004 v7 , 1 mXxOG, i ass of the crank at the crank pin C, m ma a = 2ke164 Dynamics of Machinery Mass of connecting rod at crank pin mgc + Mass of connecting rod at piston pin mig» = Mass of connecting rod my j ie, Imge + Myp = 1S Also, Imge X CG, = Mmgp X PG, myc X O12 = Myp X (0.4 ~ 0.12) = 0.28 mgp 028 or gg Fag Mh i sil On 39 ea iba To @ 0.28 From equation (1), yy * Map + Map = 15 . Mass of the connecting rod at the piston pin m= 4.5 kg = 15-45 =10.5kg ©. Total rotating mass at crank pin C, m'=m', + mgc=2 + 10.5 = 12.5 kg Mass of the connecting rod at the crank pin 1g Total reciprocating mass at piston pin P, m=, + migp = 10+4.5 = 14.5 kg The centrifugal force of the rotating mass directed along the crank F, = m'a?r = 12.5 x 104.72? x 0.1 = 13707.85 N (a) Fig. 5.4 (b) 28) Inertia force due to reciprocating mass F,= marr {oso aera cos 60 ) = 15758.4N The inertia force F, is directed along the line of stroke. The shaking force Fy, is,the vector sum of F, and F, (refer fig. 5.4b). Shaking force Foy = Fo + FP +2F,F.cos 0 13707. 28467.16N. Partial balancing of primary force (refer fig. 5.5) = 14.5 x 104.72? x 0.1 x {eos 30+ +15758.4° +2 x 13707.85 x 157584 cos30 The primary inertia force on the reciprocating parts is, F, = maPr cos 0 ‘The direction of the primary force is from O to P. Suppose a balancing mass my is attached at radius r, directly opposite to the crank The horizontal component of centrifugal force produced by the mass mis, Fy=myO"r, C08 8.Balancing of Reciprocating Masses 16 ‘This component acts along the line of stroke and its direction i primary disturbing force. opposite to the direction of the my = mtr, 608 * . Resultant disturbing force along the line of stroke = F, — Fy, nyi?ry sin 8 Fig. 5.5 = mG cos O= my W?rg COs = (mr — Mgrs) @ cos For complete primary balance, (mr— my r,) a cos 0= 0 or mr = mgr dy The vertical component of the centrifugal force produced by the mass my, Fy =g@?r, sin 0 This vertical force remains unbalanced and it reaches the maximum value of mg(?ry at @= 90° and 270°. i.e., the horizontal inertia force has been eliminated but at the expense of the introduction of a vertical intertia force of the same magnitude. A compromise is made only a fraction of the reciprocating masses is balanced. i.e., the reciprocating mass m is partially balanced by a rotating mass mg, reducing the inertia force in the line of stroke and introducing a force smaller than ma?r in the perpendicular direction ie, cmr = mgry where c is a fraction which varies from 0.5 to 0.75 in most of the case. ©. Unbalanced force along the line of stroke = ma?r cos @— m,07"r, cos @ = mar cos 0 ~c mr a? cos @ Ce (1c) mo r cos 0 u Unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of stroke = mg @ rg sin @ = cmr a? sin @ (omy 7 Resultant unbalance force at any instant F,= (1 = mor \(1-c) cos’ 0 +c Ifthe balancing mass mg is required to balance the revolving masses m’ at the crank radius as well as reciprocating masses, then gly = m'r-+cmr=r(m'+cm) a) It should be noted that the secondary force cannot be affected except by introducing a counterbalance that rotates at twice the speed of the crankshaft.166 Dynamics of Machinery Example 5.2 The following data are given for a horizontal, single cylinder internal - combustion engine: speed = 1500 rpm, stroke = 200 mm, mass of the crank and crank pin = 3.6 kg, distance from crankshaft axis to the center of mass of crank and crank pin combined = 60 mm, length of connecting rod = 400 mm, mass of the connecting rod = 4 kg, distance form center of mass of the connecting rod to crank pin = 100 mm, mass of piston and piston pin = 3.2 kg. If half the reciprocating parts and all the revolving parts are to be balanced, determine: (i) The mass of counter balance required at a radius of 150 mm (ii) The residual unbalanced force. Data: n= 1500 rpm, $= 200 mm = 0.2m, m, = 3.6 kg, OG, = 60 mm = 0.06 m, ¢=0.5 1 = 400 mm = 0.4 m, my =4 kg, CG, = 100 mm =0.1 m,m,=3.2 kg, ry = 150mm =0.15 m Solution: Refer fig. 5.2 Radius of the crank r Ratio n m,xOG, _ 36x0.06 P 01 Mass of connecting rod mg = Mass of connecting rod at crank pin mac + Mass of connecting rod at piston pin mp Mass of the crank at the crank pin C, =2.16kg ie. 4 = myc + Mpp vee (1) Also myc CG, = mp x PG; ie migcX 0.1 = myp X (0.4 ~ 0.1) = 0.3 myp or Mao = 3 Tgp ae) Solving equations (1) and (2), we get, myc = 3 kg and gp = 1 kg, Total revolving mass at crank pin C, m'= m', + mjc = 2.16 +3 = 5.16 kg Total reciprocating mass at piston pin P, m= mp + map = 3.2 +1 = 4.2 kg For partial balancing, mgr =(m'+.cm) r .C mgxO.15 = (5.16 +05 x 4.2) x 0.1 Balancing mass my = 4.84 kg The residual unbalanced force F, = marr J(1-c)* cos? @ +c? sin? 4.2 x 157.08 x 0.1 x (1-05)? cos? @ +05? sin? @ 4.2 x 157.08? x 0.1 x 0.5 x feos? @ + sin? 0 5181.57N Cesin’@ + c¢Balancing of Reciprocating Masses 167 Example 5.3 The following data relate to a single cylinder reciprocating engine: Mass of reciprocating parts = 40 kg Mass of revolving parts = 30 kg at 180 mm radius Speed = 150 rpm Stroke = 350 mm. 1f 60 percent of the reciprocating parts and all the revolving parts are to be balanced, determine; (i) The balance mass required at a radius of 320 mm (ii) The unbalanced force when the crank has turned 45° from the top dead center. (on 2014) Data: m= 40 kg, m'=30kg, r’= 180mm =0.18 m, n= 150 rpm, $= 350 mm =0.35%m, c= 60% =0.6, ry =320mm=0.32m, 0=45° Solution: Radius of the crank r = For partial balancing, mg rg = (m'-+ cm) r= m'r'+cmr the revolving mass is concentrated at radius r’) ie, my x 0.32 = 30x 0.18 + 0.6 x 40 x 0.175 Balancing mass my = 30kg Residual unbalanced force F, = m@r \(1-c)* cos’ +c? sin? = 40 x 15.708? x 0.175 x 4 )? cos? 45 + 0.6" sin? 45 = 880.7N Example 5.4 A single cylinder reciprocating engine has speed 250 rpm, stroke 300 mm, mass of reciprocating parts 50 kg and mass of the revolving parts at the crank pin 40 kg. If two-third of the reciprocating parts and all the revolving parts are to be balanced, find; (i) Balance mass required at a radius of 500 mm, and (ii) Residual unbalanced force when the crank has rotated 60° from top dead center. Data: n=250 rpm, $= 300 mm=0.3m, m=50kg, m’=40kg, c= 2/3, ry = 500mm =0.5 m, a= 60° Solution: Radius of the crank r =168 Dynamics of Machinery, For partial balancing, mig r= ("+ em) r (408 3:0) «0.15 22kg " . my x 0.5 <. Balancing mass m u Residual unbalanced force F,, mr J(1—c)? cos? 0 +c? sin? @ z z 50 x 26.18? x 0.15 (1-2) cos 60 +(2) sin? 60 3089.02 N Mul ylinder in-line engine ‘The most of reciprocating engines consist of a number of cylinders with pistons linked to the same crankshaft and the lines of stroke that are parallel. These are called in-line engines. The internal combustion engines used in cars, buses and trucks are the most common multicylinder in- fine engine. The inertia forces are balanced not only for one position of the erank but for all postions of the crank. The condition for balance are: 1. Sum of the primary forces is zero ie, Ema'rcos@=0 and Emarrsin@ =0 2. Sum of the primary couples is zero ie, Lmorracos 6 = 0 and Zmorrasin 6 =0 3. Sum of the secondary forces is zero 5 Mt oo579 = 0 and EO 7 7 4. Sum of the secondary couples is zero sin 26 = ie, mora mora cos 20 = 0 and = 1H ‘The above summations can be performed graphically. Itis often simpler and more convenient touse analytical methods. For symmetrical engines itis normal practice to take the central plane as reference plane. ie, 3 sin 20 =0 Firing order In multicylinder engines, the crank arrangements are such that there is a smooth distribution of torque in the engine cycle as well as a balance of inertia forces of the reciprocating masses. There are several possible firing orders for the cylinders, each having a different effect on the balance of the engine. In a two-stroke engine, the cycle of operations is complete in one revolution of the crankshaft and so the interval between the crank is 360°F, where iis the number of cylinders: the order of the cranks corresponds to the given firing order. In a four-stroke engine, the cycle of operations requires two revolutions of the crankshaft and the intervals between the cranks is 120%.Balancing of Reciprocating Masses 169 Example 5.5 ‘A vertical engine having two cylinders in line has cranks 180° apart. The reciprocating mass for each cylinder is 10 kg, the crank radius is 120 mm and the connecting rod length is 500 mm. The distance between the cylinder center lines being 100 mm and the engine runs at 600 rpm. Determine the shaking force and the distance of the line of action of the shaking force with reference to the central plane when the crank of the first cylinder makes an angle of 30° with the top dead center. m, [= 500 mm = 0.5 m, x= 100mm =0.1 1 Data: i=2, m= 10 kg, r= 120 mm =0. n= 600 rpm, 0, = 30° Solution: (refer fig. 5.6) 1 Central plane 2 i 0.05m 005m Fig. 5.6 ‘Angotar velocity of thera! @ one, SEO nngular velocity of the crank @= “=r oi Rat pete, 83. _ a i67 ze ma gure 012 > Distance from the ‘Angle made by the Crank reference plane a (m) crank with vertical 8° 20° 1 =0.05 30 0 2 0.05 210 420 Primary force: Unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke Fyy == marr cos @ = maPr (cos 30 + cos 210) = Unbalanced primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke Fyyy = 2 marr sin = ma?r (sin 30 + sin 210) =0 :. The primary forces are completely balanced.170 Dynamics of Machinery Secondary force: mo?r Unbalanced secondary force along the line of stroke Fyy == ~—— cos 20 n 2 2 0 0 = MOT x (cos 60 + cos 420) = "2" y 1 7 2 ma?r sin 20 Unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of stroke Fyy == 1 2 2 = MOT x (sin 60+sin 420) = fg “27 N n 7 mor Resultant unbalanced secondary force Fy = Fa, + F2y Vit3 _ 10x6283* x12 olorein 4.167 Shaking force Foy = Fp + Fs =0 + 2273.64 = 2273.64 N Primary couple: Unbalanced primary couple along the line of stroke, Mpy = Z marr (a cos @) = marr x (— 0.05 cos 30 + 0.05 cos 210) = — 0.0866 marr Unbalanced primary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, Mpy = © mar (a sin 6) = mor x (~ 0.05 sin 30 + 0.05 sin 210) =~ 0.05 ma?r Resultant unbalanced primary couple M, = M3, + M3y = marr x Jo08662 +0052 = 0.1 ma’r = 0.1 x 10 x 62.83? x 0.12 = 473.713 N Secondary couple: 2, Unbalanced secondary couple along the line of stroke, Mg == "2" (a cos 26) n 2 = MOT (0.05 cos 60 + 0.05 cos 420) = 0 7m mor Unbalanced secondary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, Mg, = (a sin 20) 2 = MO'r x 0.05 sin 60 + 0.05 sin 420) = 0 7 -, The secondary couples are balanced, i.e. M, = 0 Total couple M = M,+M,=473.713NBalancing of Reciprocating Masses i” M Distance from the reference plane tothe line of action ofthe shaking force aq = 7p 5H _ 473713 _ agg © 227364 Example 5.6 A three cylinder engine has the cranks spaced at equal angular intervals of 120°. Bach crank is 0.15 m long and each connecting rod is 0.625 m long. The pitch of the cylinder is 0.45 mand the speed is 500 rpm. If the reciprocating parts per cylinder have a mass of 70 kg, find the maximum unbalanced primary and secondary effects of the reciprocating parts. Data: i=3, r=0.15 m, [= 0.625 m, n= 500 rpm, m= 70 kg Solution: Fig. 5.7 shows the cylinders spacing and the crank positions at the instant when the crank 1 is on top-dead center (assume the engine is of vertical type) b— 0.45m —-— 045m —4 Fig. 5.7 Angular velocity of the crank = 22% = 24500 _ 59 46 radisee 60 60 . ,_ | _ 0625 Ratio ns 2 = oye 24.167 Take the central plane (crank 2) as reference plane. Distance from the “Angle made by the Crank reference plane a (m) crank with vertical 8° 20° 1 = 0.45 0 0 2 0 120 240 3 0.45 240 480 Primary force: Unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke Fyy =X ma?r cos 6 = mor E cos 0 = marr (cos 0 + cos 120 + cos 240) =0 Unbalanced primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke Fy, =% mor sin 0 = mor E sin @ = marr (sin 0 + sin 120 + sin 240) = 0 The primary forces are balanced.ue Dynamics of Machinery Secondary force: Unbalanced secondary force along the line of stroke 2 2 0 o Fy = 0 MOT cos 29 = MOT ¥ cos 20 7m 7 mor x (cos 0 + cos 240 + cos 480) = 0 Unbalanced secondary force perpendicular to the line of stroke 2, 2 morr morn Foy = 2“ sin20 = sin 20 n 0 mor = ~~ x (sin 0 + sin 240 + sin 480) = 0. n . The secondary forces are balanced. Primary couple: Unbalanced primary couple along the line of stroke, Mpy = Zmorracos 0 = mw*r Ea cos 8 = marr x (- 0.45 cos 0 + 0 + 0.45 cos 240): Unbalanced primary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, Myy = 2 maPr (a sin 8) = mar Da sin 8 morr x (— 0.45 sin 0 +0 + 0.45 sin 240) = 0.38971 ma*r Resultant unbalanced primary couple Mp = My + M}y = morrx Jo.675? +038077° 70 x 52.36 x 0.15 x 9675? 40380712 = 22436.82 N-m 0.675 mar Secondary couple: Unbalanced secondary couple along the line of stroke, 2 2 mora mo?r Mgy = cos 20 = Za cos 20 7 0 mor mor x (= 0.45 cos 0 + 0 + 0.45 cos 480) = - 0.675 n Unbalanced secondary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, 2 2 mora mo sin 20= i a * Yasin 20 Moy = 2 2 2 mT x (0.45 sin 0 +0-+0.45 sin 480) = 0.38971 22" n nBalancing of Reciprocating Masses ra 2, 0 Resultant unbalanced secondary force M= M2, + Ma, =——— Jo67s? s0380712 Vv lM ; 10x 52.36" x 0.15 = —Gie7_ ¥0.675" + 038971? = 5384.406 N-m Example 5.7 A vertical reciprocating engine has three cylinders in line, A, B and C. The center lines of A and B are | m apart, and B and C 1.2 m apart. the reciprocating parts are 100 kg for A, 110 kg for B, and 130 kg for C. The stroke is 0.75 m and the connecting rods are each 1.375 m, and the engine runs at 150 rpm. Find the crank angles relative to A for balance of primary forces. What is then the maximum unbalanced primary couple and at what positions of crank A do they occur? m,= 100 kg, my = 10 kg, me= 130 kg, $= 0.75 m, [= 1.375 m, n= 150 rpm. Solution: Fig. 5.8 shows the cylinders spacing. Assume the crank A is on top-dead center. co ah bk 1m —-— 1.2m —4 Angular velocity of the crank @ = Let @, and 6, be the angles made by the crank B and C with respect to crank A. Primary force: Primary force along the line of stroke Fyy = ma*r cos @= a?r Lm cos 0=0 ie, Fyy = @rX (100 cos 0 + 110 cos 8, + 130 cos O) = 0 (Primary forces are balanced) or 110 cos 4, + 130 cos @ =- 100 ‘wens OL) Primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke F,, = marr sin @= or Em sin ie. Fy = @rx (100 sin 0 + 110 sin @ + 130 sin 8.) =0 or 110 sin 6 + 130 sin 0. =0 ae @) Squaring both sides of equation (1), we get 110? cos? 8, + 130? cos? 8 + 2x 110 x 130 x cos O x cos 8 = 10000 )174 Dynamics of Machinery Squaring both sides of equation (2), we get 110? sin? 8, + 130° sin? 8, +2 x 110 x 130 x sin 8, x sin 6. =0 (4) Add equations (3) and (4), we get 110 (sin? 8, + cos? 8,) + 130* x (sin? 8. + cos? @,) +2 x 110 x 130 X (COS O, cos O. + sin 6, sin G) = 10000 110? + 130? +2 x 110 x 130 x cos (8, ~ @) = 10000 in? @ + cos? 8 = 1 and cos @, cos O + sin By sin OQ = cos (0, - OI] cos (8, ~ 0) = ~0.66434 or 6 — G = 131.63" ” 0 = 413163 (5) Substitute the value of 6, in terms of 8, in equation (2), we get 110 sin (6, + 131.63) +sin @ = 0 110 (sin @ cos 131.63 + cos @ sin 131.63) + sin @.=0 ie. 0.7474 cos @, = —0.51748 sin 0 sin@e 0.7474 tan @ = cosO. = ~051748 (Angle is in If quadrant) _, (0.7474 s. Angle 8. = 180 —ta-" | OST 4g | = 124.698 From equation (5), Angle, = 124.698 + 131.63 =256.33° Verify the values of @, and @ by substituting in equations (1) and (2), Primary couple: Take the reference plane as A. Unbalanced primary couple along the line of stroke Mpy = Zma*ra cos 6 = wr E ma cos 0 = a'r x (100 x 0 x cos 0 + 110 x 1 x cos 256.33 + 130 x 2.2 x cos 124.698) =~ 188.8 ar Unbalanced primary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke Myy = Zora sin 8 = wr E ma sin @ = wr x (100 x Ox sin 0 + 110 x 1 x sin 256.33 + 130 x 2.2 x sin 124.698) = 128.255 ar VM py + Min Resultant unbalanced primary couple M, = (5m)? 0.375 x Jiggs? 4128255? =21118.7 N-m Moy 128255 The position of the crank A, with respect to vertical @ = tan Mpy. =tan! (= ) = 180 an 28252 (Angle is in I quads . Tae gle is in II quadrant) = 145.81°Balancing of Reciprocating Masses 175 Example 5.8 ‘A four cylinder in line engine has the two outer cranks at 120° to each other and their reciprocating masses are each 400 kg. The distance between the planes of rotation of adjacent cranks are 0.4 m, 0.7 mand 0.5 m. The length of each crank is 0.35 m, the length of each connecting rod is 1.7m and the engine runs at 500 rpm. Find the reciprocating masses and the relative angular position for each of the inner cranks, if the engine is to be in complete primary balance. colton 4, m,=m,= 400 kg, r= 0.35 m, 1= 1.7 m, n= 500 rpm Data: Solution: Fig. 5.9 shows the cylinders spacing and the crank positions for the given data. + 04m —L— 07m +05 m —4 Fig. 5.9 Mass m Distance fromthe | Angle made by the crank Crank (kg) reference plane 2 a(m) | _ with vertical plane 0° 20° 1 400 0.4 0 0 2 m; 0 6, 20, 3 m, 07 6, 20, 4 400 12 120 240 For complete primary balance, ZF, =0 and 2M, = 0 Primary couple: Primary couple along the line of stroke, Mp, = 2 mora cos @ = wr Ema cos @ =0 = ar [400 x (0.4) x cos 0 + 0 +m; x 0.7 cos 0; + 400 x 1.2 cos 120] = 0 evra 0:7) COB Oye 9400) oe a a erie eee ete ones a Primary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, My, = 2 marr asin @ = rE ma sin 0 = 0 = Pr [400 x (-0.4) x sin 0 + 0 +m, x 0.7 sin 8, + 400 x 1.2 sin 120] = 0 ie, 0.7 m, sin 8, = —415.692 sve (2) 415,692 From equations (1) and (2), tan 8, = [ap — (Angle is in IV quadrant)176 Dynamics of Machinery 415.692 ) = 313.9% :, Angle made by the crank 3 with respect to crank 1, @, = 360 ~tan~! ( = From equation (1), 0.7 m, x cos 313.9 = 400 ©. Reciprocating mass of cylinder 3, m= 824.09 kg Primary force: Primary force along the line of stroke, F,y = Zma?r cos 0 = wr Em cos 0= 0 = Gr (400 cos 0 + m, cos 8, + 824.09 cos 313.9 + 400 cos 120) = 0 -71.42%6 @) Primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke, Fy), = Ema*r sin @= wr Em sin 0=0 = or (400 sin 0 +m, sin 8; + 824.09 sin 313.9 + 400 sin 120) = 0 ie. m, cos 0, ie. m, sin 0, = 247.39 woe 4) 24739 From equations (3) and (4), tan 8 = | ar a9g (Angle is in II quadrant) 247.39 P Teo tated eee | ©. Angle made by the crank 2 with respect to crank 1, 0, = 180~tan (#2) =1 771.426 ++ Reciprocating mass of cylinder 2, m, = 810.12 kg From equation (3), m, cos 162.22 = Example 5.9 An in-line engine has four vertical cylinders 1, 2,3 and 4, the driving cranks are at 90° intervals and reach their top-dead center in that order. The cranks are 150 mm radius, the connecting rods are 500 mm long, and the cylinder center lines are 400 mm apart. The reciprocating parts for each cylinder is 20 kg and the speed of crank shaft is 400 rpm. Show that there are no out of balance primary and secondary forces and determine the out of balance couples and the positions of the crank | at the instant when the maximum values occur, Data: i= 4, r=150 mm =0.15 m, 1=500mm=0.5 m, m=20kg, n= 400 rpm Solution: Fig. 5.10 a shows the cylinders spacing and fig. 5.10 b shows the crank positions, at the instant when the crank 1 is top-dead center. Reference plane a ee 4 ee ~~ | i | ia teat 04m —1-—0.4m—--— 04m <4 SScel |eeee te Fig. 5.10 eh csme). {her eenc ane Balancing of Reciprocating Masses 177 Distance from the ‘Angle made by the Crank reference plane a (m) crank with vertical @° 20° 1 06 0 0 2 0.2 90 180 3 02 180 360 4 0.6 210 540 2nn 2x40 Angular velocity of the crank @= ——~ = ———— = 41.888 rad/see 60 60 Ratio Primary force: Unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke, F,y= Zma?r cos 0 = ma?r (cos 0 + cos 90 + cos 180 + cos 270) = 0 Unbalanced primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke, Fp,,= marr sin 0 = marr (sin 0+ sin 90 + sin 180 + sin 270) = 0 <. The primary forces are completely balanced. Secondary force: 0 r am cos 26 Unbalanced secondary force along the line of stroke, Fyy MO" (cos 0 + cos 180 + cos 360 + cos 540) = 0 a mo” n Unbalanced secondary force perpendicular to the line of stroke, Fy, =2 “= sin 20 mo*r (sin 0 + sin 180 + sin 360 + sin 540) = 0 ©. The secondary forces are completely balanced. Primary couple: Unbalanced primary couple along the line of stroke, My, = Zma?r (a cos 6) = mor (—0.6 cos 0 ~ 0.2 cos 90 + 0.2 cos 180 + 0.6 cos 270) =~ 0.8 marr Unbalanced primary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, Mp, = Ema (a sin 8) = ma?r (~ 0.6 sin 0 - 0.2 sin 90 + 0.2 sin 180 + 0.6 sin 270) = - 0.8 ma?r Resultant unbalanced primary couple, Mp= J M}y + Mpy = 20x 41.888? x 0.15 x fog? +082 =5995.325 N-m Mon -08 mor Angular position of the crank 1, @ = tan" (=) = tant (a) : 08 mo? = 180+ tan" | 08 ng? | = 225 (Angle is in III quadrant)178 Dynamics of Machinery Secondary couple: 2 Unbalanced secondary couple along the line of stroke, Myy == eal - (a cos 26) 2 = TET (06 cos 0 -0.2 cos 180 + 0.2.c0s 360 + 0.6 cos 540) = " n 7 Unbalanced secondary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, 2 Moy = = ~ (asin 26) mo?r = —— (-06 sin 00.2 sin 180 + 0.2 sin 360 + 0.6 sin 540) = 0 n z _ 08 mar Resultant unbalanced secondary couple, M,= [M3 + M3, = — =?" n 2 - 08 x 20x 418887 x 0.15 = 1263.44 N-m 3.333 Msn (-08 mo?r/n Angular position of the crank 1, 6 tan | “yy 1) = tan {0 3 08 mo?r | nt = 360 - tan | > } = 270° (Angle is in IV quadrant) Example 5.10 The firing order for a four cylinder in-line engine is to be 1-3-4-2. The cranks are 100 mm radius, the connecting rods are 400 mm long and the cylinder center lines are 400 mm apart, The reciprocating mass for each cylinder is 10 kg and the speed of the crank shaft is 600 rpm, Determine the degree of balance for (a) Two-stroke engine, and (b) Four-stroke engine. Data: i=4, firing order = 1-3-4-2, r= 100mm =0.1 m, /= 400 mm=0.4 m, x= 400 mm=0.4m m=10kg, n= 600 rpm Solution: (a) Two-stroke engine: In a two-stroke engine, the power stroke for each cylinder occur once in one revolution of the crankshaft. 1x360 — 1x360 -. Included angle between cranks = Pit ae a 90° Fig. 5.11 shows the cylinder spacing and the crank positions for the given firing order. 2nn 2x60 Angular velocity of the crank @ = 600 EO 62.832 rad/sec L Ratio WN ae te we 7Balancing of Reciprocating Masses 179 Reference plane 2 3 4 | 0.2m | 0.2m 1 | 04m 04m —+-— 04m 4 (a) Fig. 5.1 Distance from the central ‘Angle made by the Crank reference plane a (m) crank with vertical 8° 20° 1 0.6 0 0 2 02 210 540 3 02 90 180 4 06 180 360 Primary force: Unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke, F,,= 2X ma?r cos 0 = mar (cos 0 + cos 270 + cos 90 + cos 180) = 0 Unbalanced primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke F,,, = 2 marr sin @ = ma?r (sin 0 + sin 270 + sin 90 + sin 180) = 0 -, The primary forces are balanced. Secondary force: Unbalanced secondary force along the line of stroke, Fy 2 = ~ * x (cos 0 + cos 540 + cos 180 + cos 360) = 0 ma? Unbalanced secondary force perpendicular to the line of stroke, Fgy = 2 * sin 26 2 = MOT (sin 0 + sin 540 + sin 180 + sin 360) =0 n -. The secondary forces are balanced Primary couple: Unbalanced primary couple along the line of stroke, My, = 2 marr acos 6 = mor x (- 0.6 cos 0 - 0.2 cos 270 + 0.2 cos 90 + 0.6 cos 180) =~ 1.2 marr180 Dynamics of Machinery Unbalanced primary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, Mp, = mar (a sin 6) = maPr x (~ 0.6 sin 0 ~ 0.2 sin 270 + 0.2 sin 90 + 0.6 sin 180) = 0.4 marr Resultant unbalanced primary couple M,= [My + M3y = 10x 62.832? x 0.1 x 22 4042 = 4993.69 N-m Secondary couple: mora Unbalanced secondary couple along the line of stroke, Mg, = © cos 26 n' x (— 0.6 cos 0 - 0.2 cos 540 +0.2 cos 180 + 0.6 cos 360) = 0 mor Unbalanced secondary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, My, asin 20 2 = MOTT (06 sin 00.2 sin 540 + 0.2 sin 180 + 0.6 sin 360) = 0 a The secondary couples are balanced. (b) Four-stroke engine : In a four-stroke engine, the power stroke for each cylinder occur once in two revolutions of the crankshaft. 2x360 _ 2x360 *. Included angle between the cranks ; 7 1802 Heeae ys Fig. 5.11 ¢ shows the erank positions for the given firing order, J Distance from the | _ Angle made \ central reference | _ by the crank f \ Crank plane a (m) with vertical 0° 26° i ! 1 0.6 0 0 \ mr / 2 0.2 180 360 4 y/: 3 02 180 360 Se oe 4 06 0 0 a Fig. 5.1 c Primary force: Unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke, F,y = ma?r cos 0 = marr (cos 0 + cos 180 + cos 180 + cos 0) = 0 Unbalanced primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke F,,, = Z mar sin = mor (sin 0 + sin 180 + sin 180 + sin 0) = 0 The primary forces are balanced.Balancing of Reciprocating Masses 181 Secondary force: 2 Oud Unbalanced secondary force along the line of stroke, Fyy=% 2 cos 26 F mor 4mo’r X (cos 0 + cos 360 + cos 360 + cos 0) = mor Unbalanced secondary force perpendicular to the line of stroke, Fg, == sin 26 mo*r = as x (sin 0 + sin 360 + sin 360 + sin 0) =0. aor _ Amo? v + Fn n 4x 10x 62.832? x01 fen eee c 3947.86 N Resultant unbalanced secondary force, F, Primary couple: Unbalanced primary couple along the line of stroke, Myy = © marr acos 0 = mar x (— 0.6 cos 0 0.2 cos 180 + 0.2 cos 180 + 0.6 cos 0) = 0 Unbalanced primary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, My, == ma?ra sin 0 = mor x (0.6 sin 0 ~ 0.2 sin 180 + 0.2 cos 180 + 0.6 sin 0) = 0 <. The primary couples are balanced. Secondary couple: mo’ ra n cos 20 Unbalanced secondary couple along the line of stroke, Mgy = © 2 = MOT < 0.6 cos 0 - 0.2 cos 360 40.2 cos 360 + 0.6 cos 0) = 0 1” mo?ra Unbalanced secondary couple perpendicular to the line of stroke, M, sin 20 st 2 = MOT < (0.6 sin 0 — 0.2 sin 360 + 0.2 sin 360 +.0.6 sin 0) =0 n The secondary couples are balanced Example 5.11 A four cylinder in line engine has cranks at angular intervals of 90°. The outer cranks are 3m apart and inner cranks are 1.2 m apart, The inner cranks are placed symmetrically between the outer cranks. The radius of the crank is 0.45 m. If the engine runs at 90 rpm and the mass of reciprocating parts for each cylinder is 900 kg, find the firing order of the cylinders for the best | primary balancing. Determine the maximum primary couple for the best arrangement. | Data: i=4, r=0.45 m, n=90 rpm, m= 900 kg182 Dynamics of Machinery Solution: (a) Firing order = 1-2-3-4 Fig. 5.12 shows the cylinder spacing and the crank positions for the firing order 1-2-3-4 [Reference pane be 12m—4 N 3m ———__+ — a Bi (a) (b) Fig. 5.12 Distance from the central Angle made by the crank Crank reference plane a(m) with the vertical plane 6° 1 -15 0 2 -0.6 90 2 06 180, 4 1.5. 270 Unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke, Fpy= mar cos 0 = ma?r (cos 0+ cos 90 + cos 180 + cos 270) = 0 Unbalanced primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke F,,=E mar sin @ = mo?r (sin 0+ sin 90 + sin 180 + sin 270) =0 008 > 2an _ 2nx1000 ‘Angular speed of the crank @ = cone 2 ena = 104.72 rad/sec Primary force: Resultant primary force F,=2marr ,|(cos* a cos0)? + (sin? a sin@)? = 2ma*r J{(cos* 45 cos0)* + (sin? 45 sin@)? = 2mo’r J0.25(cos” @ + sin? @) = maPr Since the resultant primary force mor is the centrifugal force of mass m at the crank radius r when revolving at a speed of « rad/sec, therefore the engine may be balanced by a revolving balance mass. : ‘ (l=%) _ 2032-02) Mass of the connecting rod at crank pin mge= —*7— = ——ha5——" = 0.75 kg200 Dynamics of Machinery Mass ofthe connecting rod at piston pin my = aaa ade, Piston pin Connecting rod 12032 m Fig. 5.19 Total revolving mass at the crank pin m'= Mass of the crank at the crank pin mg-+2 x Mass of the connecting rod at the crank pin Mtge (-- Two connecting rods are connected to a common crank) = 1542x0.75=3 kg Total reciprocating mass _m = Mass of the piston m, + Mass of the connecting rod at the piston pin my = 1 + 1.25 = 2.25 kg Resultant primary force including the effect of rotating mass m’ at the crank pin, and the balance mass m, at radius b. Fy = mor + m'orr — mr For complete primary force balancing, morr + m'or = mya = 0 (m+m)r = m,b (2.25 +3) x 0.08 = m,x0.1 +. Balancing mass my = 4.2kg Secondary force: The'rotating masses have no effect on the secondary forces 2, ni V(coser cos2a cos26)? + (sin sin2a sin20)2 22.25x 104.72? x 0.08 - 5 FE X (00845 c0890 cos 28)? + (sin45 sin90 sin 20) 697.89 sin? 20 The secondary force is maximum at sin 20 = +1 or 26 = 90° and 270° ie, 9= 45° and 135° from the vertical central line. +. The maximum secondary force F, = 697.89 N 2m :. Resultant secondary force F, =Balancing of Reciprocating Masses eal Balancing of radial engines In radial engine, the cylinders are arranged radially. It is assumed that all the connecting rods are identical, and all the pistons are identical. All the connecting rods are connected to the same crank pin such that the strokes of the pistons are assumed the same. Method of direct and reverse cranks ‘This method is used to balance radial or V-engines, in which the connecting rods are connected toacommon crank. Fig. 5.20a shows a reciprocating engine in which the crank OC rotates uniformly at an angular speed of w rad/sec in clockwise direction. Let 8 be the angle made by the crank OC at any instant with the line of stroke OP. The primary force acting along the line of stroke F,= marr cos 0 The reciprocating mass m can be replaced by a rotating mass m/2 at the actual crankpin and mass m/2 at the end of an imaginary crank of the same radius and always making an angle of @on the opposite side of the center line as shown in fig. 5.20b. The actual and imaginary cranks are referred to as the direct and reverse cranks respectively. The reverse crank is a mirror image of the actual crank across the line of stroke. The horizontal components of centrifugal forces on the two masses are each (mar cos 8) / 2. m “+ Total centrifugal force along the line of stroke = 2x 5 ar cos 0 = mar cos = Fy The components of centrifugal forces on the two masses perpendicular to the line of stroke balance each other. ms, ® wrsin 8 iest crank (a) (b) # oPrsine Fig. 5.20 The secondary inertia force can similarly be simulated by masses m/2 at the ends of direct and reverse cranks, each of radius r/(4n’) rotating at twice the engine speed as shown in fig. 5.21. m2 20 Fig. 5.21 m r Total secondary force F;=2x > (ay x 77; xcos =202 Dynamics of Machinery Example 5.20 The piston of a 60° V-engine have a stroke of 0.1 m. The two connecting rods are coupled directly to a single crank. The length of each connecting rod is 0.2 m. The mass of the reciprocating parts per cylinder is 1.5 kg. Determine the maximum value of primary and secondary forces if the crank rotates at 2000 rpm. Data: 20 = 60°, = 30°, $=0.1m, 1=0.2m, m= 15 kg, n=2000 rpm Solution: Radius of the crank r Ratio sIN Ne x Angular velocity of the cranl = 209.44 rad/sec Fig. 5.22a shows the position of the crank OC and the cylinders center lines. Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 (a) (b) Fig. 5.22 Primary force: To find the resultant primary force, the positions of the primary direct cranks and reverse cranks are obtained as shown below.Balancing of Reciprocating Masses 1.2 (2x4) oe x ye Fig. 5.22e Ne” 203 we Fig. 5.22c Primary direct cranks (fig. 5.22c) Primary reverse cranks (fig. 5.22d) (1) Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 1 by 30° clockwise c, 0,= 30° (2) Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 2 by 330° clockwise ie, 0, =330° Rotate the crank from the centre line of cylinder 1 by 30° counter clockwise ie, 0,=-30° Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 2 by 330° counter clockwise ie, @=-330° The primary direct cranks are all along the vertical central line as shown in fig. 5.22c. The vertical primary force is equivalent to two masses each of m/2 at radius r rotating at @ rad/sec. . m “+ The vertical primary force due to direct eranks = 2x 5 wr 15 = 2x 7 209.44? x 0.05 = 3289.88 N ‘The primary reverse cranks make an angle of ~ 60° and + 60° respectively with the vertical central lines as shown in fig. 5.22d. m ’. The vertical primary force due to reverse cranks = 2 x z @r cos 60 15 = 2x > x 209.44? x 0.05 x cos 60 = 1644.94 N Total vertical primary force F, = 3289.88 + 1644.94 = 4934.82 N Secondary force: ‘To find the resultant secondary force, the positions of the secondary direct cranks and reverse cranks are obtained as shown below. Fig. 5.22e204 Dynamics of Machinery Secondary direct cranks (fig. 5.22e) Secondary reverse cranks (fig. 5.22/) (1) Rotate the crank from the center line of |” Rotate the crank from the centre line of the cylinder 1 by 2x 30=60°clockwise | cylinder 1 by 2x30=60° counter clockwise ie, 6,= 60° ie, 6, =-60° (2) Rotate the crank ftom the center line of | Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 2 by 2x330=660° clockwise | cylinder2by2x330=660" counter clockwise ie, 0 = 300° ie, 0, =~ 300° The secondary direct cranks make an angle of 30° and ~30° respectively with the vertical central line (refer fig. 5.22e). 2 mo’ ©. The vertical secondary force due to direct cranks = 2 x at a x cos 30 15 Ad? x 0. = ax Fx MAE £008 x cos 30 = 712.28 N Referring fig. 5.22f, the secondary reverse cranks form a balanced system. + Total vertical secondary force, F, = 712.28 N Example 5.21 A radial engine has three cylinders whose axes are spaced at angular interval of 120°. The three connecting rods are coupled to a single crank. The stroke is 120 mm and the length of each connecting rod is 180 mm. The mass of the reciprocating parts per cylinder is 2 kg and the engine runs at 2000 rpm. Determine: (2) Maximum unbalanced primary force and the balancing mass to be attached at 100 mm radius to give primary balance. (ii) Maximum unbalanced secondary force and the balancing mass to be attached at 100 mm radius to give secondary balance. Data: i=3, 2c= 120°, $= 120 mm=0.12 m, r= $ = we = 0.06 m, 1= 180 mm =0.18 m m=2kg, n= 2000 rpm Solution: i fc alde O18 Ratio n= =O ‘ 2nn _ 22x2000 ‘Angular velocity of the crank w= =~ = “7 = 209.44 radisee Fig. 5.23a shows the pistons of three cylinders in which OX, OY and OZ are the center lines of cylinder 1, 2 and 3 respectively and the common crank OC coincide with the inner dead center of the cylinder 1. Let the crank OC rotate clockwise at @ rad/sec. Primary force: To find the resultant primary force, the positions of the primary direct cranks and reverse cranks are obtained as shown below. ZBalancing of Reciprocating Masses fea rset 205 2 (2) ae (al) Fig. 5.23 Primary direct cranks (fig. 5.23¢) 6, =0" clockwise from the center line of cylinder 1 0, = 120° clockwise from the center line of cylinder 2 8,= 240° clockwise from the center line ofcylinder3 Primary reverse cranks (fig. 5.234) (6, = 0° anticlockwise from the center line of cylinder 1 0, = 120 anticlockwise from the center of cylinder 2 0,=240" anticlockwise from the center of cylinder 3 The primary direct cranks are all along the common crank OC as shown in fig. 5.23c. The resultant primary force is equivalent to three masses each of m/2 at radius r, rotating at rad/sec. m .. Total vertical primary force for direct cranks = 3 x9. wr =3 2 209. = 3x 5 x 2091 ? x 0.06 = 7895.72 N206 Dynamics of Machinery Referring fig. 5.23d, the primary reverse cranks from a balanced system. i.e., the resultant primary force for reverse cranks is zero. © The total primary force F, = 7895.72 N The maximum primary force can be balanced by a mass mipy at radius 0.1 m diametrically opposite to the crank OC. m ie. Mpg Py = BD or Mpg X 0.1 = 3x $ <0.06 ©. Primary balancing mass my, = 1.8 kg Secondary forces: To find the resultant secondary force, the position of the secondary direct cranks and reverse cranks are obtained as shown below. 18) 23 (2x4) forse legen) Fig, 5.23f Secondary direct cranks (fig. 5.23e) Secondary reverse cranks (jig. 5.239) 6, =2x0=0° clockwise from center line of cylinder 1 0° anticlockwise from center line of cylinder 1 @,=2x 120 =240° clockwise from the 0, = 240? anticlockwise from the center center line of cylinder 2 of cylinder 2 240 = 480° clockwise from the = 480° anticlockwise from the center center line of cylinder 3 of cylinder 3 Referring fig. 5.23e, the secondary direct cranks from a balanced system. From fig. 5.23f, it is seen that the resultant secondary force is equivalent to three masses each of m/2 at a radius of r/4n’ rotates anticlockwise at 20 rad/sec. Taig on Total secondary force for reverse cranks = 3 x > a? —— 2 0.06 Bx F x 209.44? x am = 2631.9N ‘The maximum secondary force can be balanced by a mass ms, at radius 0.1 m diametrically opposite to the crank OC. mor ie, Msp fy = BX XG 2 006 or oy XO. = 3X 5% 75 2. Secondary balancing mass mg = 0.15 kgBalancing of Reciprocating Masses 407 Example 5.22 Ina fourcylinder radial engine, the cylinders are spaced at 90°. All the connecting rods are of same length and the reciprocating mass is the same for each cylinder. The crank radius is 0.06 m, length of the connecting rod is 0.222 m and the reciprocating mass per cylinder is 2 kg. Determine the primary and secondary forces if the engine runs at 1200 rpm. Data: 2a=90°, r=0.06 m, [= 0.222 m, m=2kg, n= 1200 rpm Solution: : 2nn _ 22x1200 Angular velocity of the crank @= Zo" = ———>— = 125.66 rad/see 1 0222 R: n= i 0.06 =37 Fig. 5.24a shows the positions of four cylinders. OP, OQ, OR and OS represents center line of cylinders 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively and the common crank OC coincide with the inner dead center of cylinder 1. Let the crank OC rotate clockwise at w rad/sec. Primary force: To find the resultant primary force, the positions of the primary direct cranks and reverse cranks are obtained as shown below. Pp flower Cylinder 4 : Cylinder 2 (a) Cylinder 3 R Fig. 5.24208 \ ae of Fig. 5.24¢ . Primary direct cranks (fig. 5.24c) Dynamics of Machinery Fig. 5.24d Bice Primary reverse cranks (fig. 5.24d) (@)_ Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 1 by 0* clockwise ie, @=0° Q)_ Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 2 by 270° clockwise ive., 0,=270° @)_ Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 3 by 180° clockwise i.e. 8,= 180° (4) Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 4 by 90° clockwise i.e., 8,=90° Rotate the crank from the centre Tine of cylinder 1 by 0° anticlockwise ie, 6=0 Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 2 by 270° anticlockwise ie, 6,=-270 Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 3 by 180° anticlockwise ie, = 180° Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 4 by 90° anticlockwise ie, j=-90" The primary direct cranks are along the vertical central line as shown in fig. 5.24c. The vertical primary force is equivalent to four masses each of m/2 at radius r rotating at w rad/sec. m The vertical primary force due to direct cranks = 4 x 7 wr 2 = 4x 5 % 125.667 x 0.06 = 3789.7 N Referring fig. 5.24d, the primary reverse cranks from a balanced system, <. Total vertical primary force Fp = 3789.7 N Secondary forces: To find the resultant secondary force, the positions of the secondary direct cranks and reverse cranks are obtained as shown below. (8) ei?) oesBalancing of Reciprocating Masses 209 ‘Secondary direct cranks (fig. 5.24e) a Q) 8 a& Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 1 by 0®clockwise ie, 26,=0° Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 2 by 2x270=540° clockwise i.e., 20, =540"= 180° Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 3 by 2x180=360" clockwise i.e., 20, = 360° Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder4 by 2x90=180° clockwise i.e., 20,= 180° Secondary reverse cranks (fig. 5.24f) | Rotate the crank from the centre line of cylinder 1 by 0° anticlockwise ie, 26,=0" Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 2 by 540” anticlockwise ie, 20,=-540°=— 180° Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder’3 by 360” anticlockwise ie., 20,=-360° Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 4 by 180° anticlockwise ie, 2, 180° Referring fig. 5.24e, and fig. 5.24f, the secondary direct cranks and the secondary reverse cranks both form a balanced system. <. Total secondary force Fs =0 Example 5.23 Ina five cylinder radial engine, the cylinders are spaced at 72°. All the connecting rods are of same length and the reciprocating mass is the same for each cylinder. The crank radius is 0.05 m, length of the connecting rod is 0.2 m and the reciprocating mass per cylinder is 1 kg. Determine the primary and secondary forces if the engine runs at 3000 rpm, Data: 20=72°, r=0.05 m, [= 0.2m, m=1 kg, 2 = 3000 rpm Solution: Cylinder 1 Cylinder 5 1 i yas al oN XZ eV (b) Cylinder 2210 Dynamics of Machinery ‘Angular velocity ofthe orank en.= 222 = 283000 ngular velocity of the erank «= = ‘a = 314.16 rad/sec : l Ratio n=-s r Fig. 5.25a shows the positions of five cylinders. Let the common crank OC coincide with the inner dead center of cylinder 1 and it rotates at @ rad/sec in clockwise direction, Primary forces: To find the resultant primary force, the positions of the primary direct cranks and reverse cranks are obtained as shown below. of 45 (x3) i. J (e)P a (4) 33) 4) Primary direct cranks (fig. 5.25¢) Primary reverse cranks (fig. 5.25d) (1) Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 1 by 0° clockwise ie, = 0 (2) Rotate the crank from the center line + of cylinder 2 by 288° clockwise ie, 0, = 288° (3) Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 3 by 216° clockwise ie, 6,=216° (4) Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 4 by 144° clockwise ie, 0,= 144° (5) Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 5 by 72° clockwise ie, O= 72° Rotate the crank from the centre line of cylinder 1 by 0° anticlockwise ie, 6, =0° Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 2 by 288° anticlockwise ie, 0,=-288 Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 3 by 216° anticlockwise ie, 05-216 Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 4 by 144° anticlockwise ie, 0,=~ 144° Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 5 by 72° anticlockwise ie, 0,=-72 The primary direct cranks are all along the vertical central line as shown in fig. 5.25c. The vertical primary force is equivalent to five masses each of m/2 at radius r, rotating at « rad/sec. m «. The vertical primary force due to direct cranks = 5 x = wr 2 1 = 5X 5 X314.16?x 0.05 = 12337.06 NBalancing of Reciprocating Masses 21 Referring fig. 5.25d, the primary reverse cranks form a balanced system. +. Total vertical primary force F, = 12337.06 N Secondary forces: To find the resultant secondary force, the positions of the secondary direct cranks and reverse cranks are obtained as shown below. Fig. 5.25¢ Fig. 5.25f Secondary direct cranks (fig. 5.25e) (1) Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 1 by °clockwise ie, 20,=0° (2) Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 2 by 2x288=576" clockwise i.e., 20, = 576° = 216° (3) Rotate the crank ffom the center line of the cylinder 3 by 2x216=432° clockwise ie, 20, = 432° = 72° (4) Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 4 by 2x 144=288° clockwise ive. 20, = 288° (5). Rotate the crank from the center line of the cylinder 5 by 2x72= 144° clockwise ie., 20,= 144° Secondary reverse cranks (fig. 5.25f) Rotate the crank from the centre line of cylinder | by 0° anticlockwise ie, 26,=0° Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 2 by 576° anticlockwise ie, 20, =- 216° Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 3 by 432° anticlockwise ie, 20,=-72° Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 4 by 288° anticlockwise ie, 20, =~ 288° -Rotate the crank from the center line of cylinder 5 by 144° anticlockwise ie, 20,=~- 144° Referring fig. 5.25e, and fig. 5.25f, the secondary direct cranks and the secondary reverse cranks, both will form a balanced system.212 Dynamics of Machinery ———| REVIEW QUESTIONS | |. What do you mean by balancing of reciprocating masses ? Explain the terms primary disturbing force and secondary disturbing force Explain why the reciprocating masses are partially balanced? What are inline engines’? Describe the balancing of V-engines awrpwne Explain the direct and reverse crank method for determining the unbalanced forces in radial engines. { EXERCISE -§ = |—————______ 7. The following data refer to a single cylinder engine: Speed = 240 rpm, stroke = 0.3 m, mass of the reciprocating parts = 5 kg, mass of the revolving parts at 0.15 m radius = 3.7 kg. If two- third of the reciprocating parts and all the rotating parts are to be balanced, find: (i) Balance mass required at a radius of 0.04 m, (ii) Unbalanced force when the crank is at 60° from the top dead center, [Ans.: 2.6375 kg, 284,68 N] 8. A four stroke engine has five identical cylinders in-line and spaced at equal intervals of 150 mm. The reciprocating parts per cylinder are 1.4 kg, the stroke is 100 mm and the connecting rods are 175 mm between centers. The firing orders 1-4-5-3-2 and the engine runs at 600 rpm. Show that primary and secondary forces are balanced and find the maximum primary and secondary couples and the positions of crank 1 when these occur [Ans.: 64.7 N-m, 28°, 56.3 N-m, 25°] 9. In asix cylinder two stroke in line engine, the cylinders are spaced (0.9 m apart. The firing order is 1-3-3-6-2-4. The stroke is to be 250 mm and each connecting rod 550 mm length. The reciprocaiing part for each cylinder is 950 kg and the engine runs at 250 rpm. Show that the primary and secondary forces are balanced and calculate the maximum unbalanced moments [Ans.: 253748.8 N-m] 10. A four cylinder in line, vertical engine has cranks 0.3 m long cylinders 2,3 and 4 are at 0.75 m, 1.8 mand 2.4 m respectively from the first cylinder. The reciprocating masses of first, third and fourth cylinders are 150 kg, 400 kg and 250 kg respectively. Find the reciprocating mass of the second cylinder and the relative angular positions of the cranks in order that the engine may be in complete primary balance. [Ans.: 285.4 kg, 0°, 150°, 78.46°, 273.96° from vertical center line] 11. The cranks of a four cylinder in line engine are arranged at angular intervels of 90°. The engine speed is 70 rpm and the reciprocating mass per cylinder is 800 kg. The inner cranks are | m apart and are symmetrically arranged between the outer cranks which are 2.6 m apart. Each crank is 0.4m long. Determine the firing order of the cylinders for the best balance of reciprocating masses and also the magnitude of the unbalanced primary couple for that arrangement. {Ans.: 1-4-2-3, 19454 N-m]