CONSTANT VOLUME
9
SWIRL DIFFUSER
CSW, CRW3

EASY VOLUME ADJUSTMENT

EXCELLENT MIXING

LOW PRESSURE LOSS

HIGH INDUCTION RATES

LOW NOISE

NO MAINTENANCE

HEATING AND COOLING

TERMINAL REHEAT AVAILABLE

RICKARD 2015 ELECTRONIC VAV CEILING DIFFUSER (VCD, VRD,VSD1)

 constant volume devices. Consequently, room temperatures will vary
FEATURES with room loads (assuming the duct air temperature and pressure
remain constant).
The RICKARD Constant Volume Swirl Diffusers (CSW/CRW) have been
designed to provide a cost effective outlet that provides excellent Should this method be decided upon, care should be taken in selec-
levels of comfort in an architecturally pleasing package. tion of the CSW and CRW diffusers to ensure dumping does not take
place at minimum air flow status.
OPERATION
The Rickard CSW and CRW diffusers can be used to supply spaces
Damper adjustment is easily accessible via a screw driver slot in the that require heating or cooling. To ensure that dumping does not
diffuser face. occur in cooling and stratification in heating care must be taken to
supply the diffusers with adequate pressure.
PERFORMANCE
Constant Volume Swirl Diffusers can be used to supply top up heat-
Traditional designs suffer from dumping at minimum because a but- ing when required. This is achieved by fitting them with a Rickard
terfly damper controls volume at the inlet of a plenum and not at neck heater.
the outlet. Rickard limits this effect by positioning the damper closer
to the outlet and uses an aerodynamically shaped back-pan instead OPERATION
of a plenum.
Although the CSW is a constant volume terminal device, the air vol-
Swirl diffusion pattern creates excellent mixing.
ume flow rate may be adjusted manually to obtain the required de-
Good Coanda, Velocity and Throw at all diffuser damper positions.
sign air flow. This is achieved by manually adjusting the control disc
Good Air Change Effectiveness.
up or down using the screw driver slot located in the face of the
Good ADPI values.
trim.

EASY INSTALLATION

Included plastic packaging can be used to protect the tile once in-
stalled.

CAPITAL & OPERATING COST

Low diffuser height (125mm) can reduce a buildings overall cost by

reducing the height of the ceiling void.

AESTHETICS SELECTION

Available in Round (CRW) for skimmed ceilings and Square (CSW) for The most important practical factors to consider in internal zones are
drop-in ceiling Tee applications. noise levels and uniform air distribution without "dumping" or
High Quality Epoxy Powder Coated Finish available in a wide range "coning" effects. "Dumping" is the tendency for cold, dense air to
of colours. Matt White comes as standard. leave the diffusers as a vertical column similar to a waterfall.

MAINTENANCE The effect of dumping is to overcool the person immediately below

the diffuser while the person further away will not be cooled enough.
No regular maintenance is required.
Dumping is eliminated by ensuring that the discharge air energy
from the diffuser is adequate to distribute conditioned air evenly
APPLICATION throughout the conditioned area and at the same time provide good
secondary room air induction rates. Providing the total pressure in
INTERNAL ZONES AND ZONES WITH A CONSTANT LOAD the neck of the RICKARD CSW diffuser selected is not too low,
dumping of conditioned cold air will not take place. The CSW is de-
COOLING & HEATING signed to be resistant to dumping.

PROPORTIONAL TERMINAL REHEAT In the context of radial discharge ceiling diffusers, 'coning' occurs
when two air streams travelling in opposite directions meet. As a
HEATING WITH STAND ALONE OR BMS CONTROLS result a downward moving cone of air is produced this will have a
similar effect to dumping. Coning is substantially reduced with the
HEATING WITH OR WITHOUT REMOTE SETPOINT use of swirl diffusers, but it can be avoided completely by ensuring
that CSW/CRW diffusers are placed far enough apart to eliminate
The RICKARD Constant Volume Swirl Diffusers (Types CSW and CRW) drafts in the conditioned spaces. The Table CAV Swirl Diffuser Perfor-
are primarily intended for use in internal zones of buildings where mance Data shows the distance from the centre of a CSW/CRW at
good air mixing is required for improved occupant comfort. Normally which air velocity has reduced to 0.25 m/s (the 'throw' of the diffus-
these zones are less complex to air condition as load fluctuations are er). Using this information, CSW/CRW diffusers should be situated in
not as severe as those on building perimeter zones. The Constant the ceiling such that two adjacent diffusers are separated by slightly
Volume Swirl Diffuser, as its name implies, does not automatically less than the sum of their throws.
regulate the air volume entering the conditioned space - they are
Exactly how much less depends largely on the ceiling height and the
amount of air movement desired in the conditioned spaced. If the
CSW/CRW is used in conjunction with Variable Linear Diffusers or
Side Wall VAV Units, their throws should also be considered

DETERMINING MAXIMUM CEILING HEIGHT

The drawing below describes how to determine the maximum ceiling

height that can be achieved from a diffuser. Please see the diffuser
performance data page for airflow, throw, noise and pressure infor-
mation.

DETERMINING DETRMAXIMUM CEILING HEIGHT

TYPES

CSW CRW
150 to 300mm 150 to 300mm
S595 & 603mm R580mm

OPTIONS
JUBILEE CLAMP: Saves time and material when attaching the flex.
CSW3 & CRW3
NECK TOTAL PRESSURE (Pa)
SIZE READING
30 40 50 60 70
FLOW l/s 68 79 88 96 104
150 THROW m 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7
NC LEVEL 27 29 31 33 35
FLOW l/s 112 130 145 159 172
200 THROW m 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.3
NC LEVEL 28 31 33 35 37
FLOW l/s 159 183 205 225 243
250 THROW m 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.4
NC LEVEL 29 33 35 37 39
FLOW l/s 194 224 250 274 296
300 THROW m 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.4
NC LEVEL 30 33 36 38 40

Throw is measured with the diffusers control disc fully open, 25mm below the ceiling following a line through the centre of the diffuser at
the point at which the airs velocity reaches 0.25m/s.

Noise criteria levels apply to a single diffuser mounted in a room having a Sound Absorption of 10dB in octave bands having center fre-
quencies from 125Hz to 8000Hz (i.e. the difference between Sound Pressure Level (dB re: 10 -6 Pa) and Sound Power Level (dB re: 10-12 watts)
is equal to 10dB). These levels represent only the noise generated by the diffuser and do not take into account any duct-borne noise.

Diffusers are shipped fully open.

Performance Data applies to Standard Air having a density of 1.2 kg/m3.

 4 POINT FIXING (4 BRACKETS WITH BACKING PLATES)
OPTIONS
The Rickard Swirl Diffuser Range supports a wide range of diffusion
unit styles.

EXPOSED TEE CEILING GRID

1. SQUARE SWIRL DIFFUSER
i. Drop-in Flush Mounting
ii. Drop-in Shadow Line
The standard swirl drops into a square opening between ceiling tees.
Flush Mounting and Shadow Line styles are available. These can be
supplied with the following mounting plate sizes, 595x595mm & 23¾
x23¾” to suit 600x600mm & 24x24” ceiling grids respectively. Spe-
cials sizes are available on request.

T-FRAME (DROP-IN MOUNTING FOR PLASTERED CEILINGS)

BAFFLED CEILING
2. ROUND DIFFUSER
1. SQUARE SWIRL
i. T-Ring (Frame to allow Drop-in Flush Mounting)
i. 4 Point Fixing (4 Brackets for threaded rod connection)
Apart from the usual four-corner style, the Rickard Swirl Diffuser is
2. ROUND DIFFUSER also available in a circular format. This model is most often com-
i. 3 Point Fixing (3 Brackets for threaded rod connection) bined with round down-lighters to preserve the circular pattern, and
ii. Hard Duct Connection (no accessories required) in particular with plastered ceilings. It also offers the absolute mini-
Baffled ceilings require an unusual treatment which is not illustrated. mum interruption to the ceiling for those who prefer to have its
Normally this ceiling requires a square tile with suspension points unbroken regularity maintained.
fitted at each corner thereby enabling support from the top edges of Fixing of round diffusers in a plastered ceiling often presents a prob-
the baffles. Large diffuser mounting plates are particularly beneficial lem because of restricted access to the ceiling void. This problem is
in the baffled ceiling as there is otherwise little opportunity for the overcome with a T-Ring to allow Drop-in Flush Mounting of a stand-
Coanda effect to help distribute conditioned air across the ceiling. ard Round Swirl Diffuser. The T-Ring is mounted flush with the ceil-
This may result in inadequate throws and poor room air movement. ing after a round hole with a diameter of 590-600mm is cut into the
plaster board. Four threaded brackets draw the T-Ring flush against
the ceiling to ensure a neat finish.
PLASTERED CEILING
1. SQUARE SWIRL
T-RING (DROP-IN MOUNTING FOR PLASTERED CEILINGS)
i. 4 Point Fixing (4 Brackets with Backing Plates)
ii. T-Frame (To allow Drop-in Flush Mounting)
In the case of mounting square diffusers into plastered ceilings, two
methods of fixing may be used. Concealed fixing is achieved by four
fixing studs secured in the corners of the mounting plate. These pass
through the ceiling and, with the use of backing plates, are used to
secure the diffuser to the ceiling. A further option for fixing into a
plastered ceiling is with the use of a T-frame which is an optional
extra. This is fixed to the ceiling and the diffuser then drops into it.
 SWIRL DIFFUSER GENERAL DIMENSIONS SWIRL DIFFUSER WITH PLENUM GENERAL DIMENSIONS
(Use when ceiling space is limited)

Nominal Dimensions (mm)

Size ØD A H N ØR E

Airflow Switch
Airflow Sensor
Heater Neck

150 153 595 x 595 95 28

200 200 595 x 595 92 33

580 90 115 125

250 250 595 x 595 89 34

300 293 595 x 595 86 35

Swirl Diffuser Mounting Types

Swirl Diffuser Style Plastered Ceiling Surface
Exposed Tee Baffled Ceiling
Mounting
4 Point
Swirl Swirl Drop-in Drop-in 4 Point 3 Point
Fixing &
Model Diffuser Diffuser Flush Shadow Fixing Fixing T-Frame T-Ring
Backing
Shape Size Mounting Line Brackets Brackets
Plate
Square 595x595 • • • ○ • • ○
CSW3 or VSW1
Square 23¾"x23¾" • • • ○ • • ○

CRW3 or VRW1 Round 580 ○ ○ ○ • ○ ○ •

 If the room temperature were to fall by 0.5°C below set point, the
FORM FACTOR
Triac Controller will commence energizing the heater proportionally
and will fully energize the heater when the room temperature is ap-
RICKARD ceiling diffusers may be fitted with electric re-heaters that
proximately 1.5°C below set point.
are housed within a sleeve which slides into the diffuser neck. This
applies to ceiling diffuser types VCD1, VSD1, CCD3, CSD3, VSW1 and
CSW3’s. The heaters are energised when additional heating is re-
quired in a room. Heaters fitted into WBD’s and VLN’s are not modu-
lar and are fitted to the diffusers casing or spigot respectively.

Integration of the Rickard VAV diffuser system with the central plant
BMS is possible by using our MLM Interoperable BMS Compatible
Controls.

PROPORTIONAL HEATING

For accurate control of room temperature, the electric re-heater is

VAV PLATE DIFFUSER FITTED WITH MODULAR HEATER SPIGOT controlled on a step-less, proportional basis. In addition to having a
proportional output signal for cooling control, the temperature con-
troller also has a proportional output signal for heating.

This is done by means of a triac switching set (current valve) which

varies the heater output capacity by cycling the power supply to the
heater on and off – Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). This switching
takes place over a cycle of approximately 2 seconds and always oc-
curs at zero voltage to avoid radio frequency interference and volt-
age spikes. The “on” and “off” periods are varied in proportion to
the amount of heating required, i.e. a required heating capacity of
75% will result in an “on” period of 1.5 seconds and an “off” period
WBD WITH DEDICATED HEATER FITTED of 0.5 seconds.

If used correctly, electric heating in VAV diffusers can be considered CONTROLS

to be an energy saving device. By using them in offices that are typi-
cally colder than the building average allows the central plant to In a situation where multiple diffusers are controlled from a single
produce less heating in winter than is otherwise possible. controller, each diffuser will be fitted with its own triac that will re-
ceive a heating signal from the Master controller. The heating signal
The most efficient scenario in heating is for the central plant to sup- transmitted by the controller is a 9 Volt DC signal.
ply sufficient heated air to allow most of the zones to be in control
when the diffusers damper is close to minimum position. Zones that From the table “Maximum Recommended Heater Output (Watts)”, it
are colder are controlled by the diffuser opening further. Zones that will be noted that for each neck total pressure there is a specific
cannot be satisfied by the diffuser supplying warm air at full volume heater output quoted and for each diffuser size a standard heater
are toped up with supplementary heating. capacity is referenced. For example, in the case of a VCD 250 diffus-
er, the re-heater sleeve would be factory fitted with a 1500 watt
heater, which by utilizing the RICKARD MLM or MLM Interoperable
BMS Compatible Controls, can be electronically set for any output
from as little as 100 watts to 1500 watts to match the design engi-
neer’s requirements for minimum cooling mode supply air flow and
desired leaving air temperature. Therefore, if the diffuser neck total
pressure were to be set at 50Pa and the minimum desired air flow
was 30% of maximum with 17°C air temperature rise, the heater
output for a VCD 250 should be set to 1350 watts. Kindly refer to the
help section in the MLM software program for more detailed infor-
mation.

The most efficient scenario in cooling is for the central plant to sup-
IMPORTANT ELECTRICAL INFORMATION: Electrical reticulation
ply sufficient cool air to allow most of the zones to be in control
should be designed to have the capacity to manage the heaters full
when the diffuser dampers are close to minimum position. Zones
capacity e.g. when a heater is set to 50%, the heater element draws
that are warmer can be controlled by the diffuser opening further.
the same current as it would when set to 100% but it is drawn for
Zones that cannot be warmed sufficiently by reducing the cold air
50% of the time.
supply can be controlled by heating this reduced volume of air.
 STANDARD SAFETIES FITTED TO ALL VAV DIFFUSER TYPES
SELECTION GUIDELINES
(VCD1, VSD1, CCD3, CSD3, VSW1, WBD’s and VLN’s )
When calculating heater capacities for VAV diffusers, please keep in
mind that heating in the cooling mode takes place when the diffuser
Power-reset
is supplying minimum air flow and care must therefore be taken to
ensure that an excessive temperature rise in the diffuser is avoided. Cut-out
Discharge temperatures in excess of 32°C are likely to cause stratifi-
Auto-reset
cation within the room. As a guide-line, the temperature of the air
leaving the diffuser should not be more than 10°C above actual Cut-out
room temperature. Kindly refer to the appropriate products table
giving the “Maximum Recommended Heater Output (Watts)” on Incaloy “Black
page 3 for each diffuser size. These heater output ratings have been
computed on the basis that minimum air flow is 30% of maximum Heat” Element
and the maximum capacity of the fitted re-heater are set electroni-
Silicone
cally for an air temperature rise of no more than 17°C, a standard
feature of the RICKARD MLM and Interoperable BMS Compatible Insulation
Controls.
Silicone Insulated
IMPORTANT: These maximum capacities do not take into account Wire
limitations of the triac which are rated at 12A maximum. This reduces
the capacity of the triac at low voltage supply.
For additional safety, RICKARD offer an Airflow Switch to interrupt
ELECTRICAL AND OVERHEAT SAFETIES power to the re-heater controls when there is insufficient airflow
across the heater element. The switch is calibrated to disable the
Every Heater Module is fitted with a coiled Electrical Element inside a heater current valve below a static pressure of 12Pa (+/- 5Pa). The
Mill Galvanised Sheet metal enclosure. The Heater Elements are switch operates as a dead man switch i.e. if the cable between the
“black heat” having a heat density of 3.2W/cm² and are constructed switch and the heater controls is unplugged, the heater will not op-
from an Incaloy material that does not glow red when energised. erate.
This element is selected to reduce the risk of combustible materials
igniting should they come into contact with the heater element itself. OPTIONAL AIRFLOW CUT-OUT/SWITCH
No combustible materials are used in the construction of a Rickard
Diffuser or Heater Module. Rickard uses a high spec flame retardant,
self extinguishing polycarbonate plastic that is chlorine and bromine
free and has a UL94 V-0 rating at 1.5mm in its ceiling diffusers. The
Heater modules are fitted with their own Triac or Heater driver and
receive a proportional signal from the diffuser controls when addi-
tional heating is required to bring the room into control. The Triac
receives its power from a seperate power circuit. Dedicated plug tops
can be fitted to the heater module on request.

The Heater Modules Triacs are fitted with a number of safeties to

reduce the risk of failure. The Triac is fitted inside an electrically Triac/current valve
grounded metal enclosure that is physically attached to the Heater
module Enclosure. This safety increases the electrical safety of the
device should a short circuit occur. A fuse offers additional protection
against large current surges and shorts. A Transient suppressor pre-
vents the Triac from failing closed and therefore driving the heater
permanently after a voltage surge has occurred. Air flow Switch

In all cases an auto-reset 65°±5°C (10 000 cycles) and power-reset TESTING
85°C±5°C (300 cycles) overheat safety cut-out is fitted as standard.
The reset temperatures indicate the air temperature inside the over- All electrical wiring associated with the re-heater is carried out in the
heat safety cut-out casing at which it operates. Rickard heater mod- factory and all units carefully tested for correct operation.
ules are designed so that the overheat safety cut-outs trigger when
the neck Total pressure is 30Pa or below. The trigger point can vary OPTIONS
depending on a number of factors namely, excessively squashed or
bent flex, neck size, heater size and damper position. Rickard controls Heaters are available in various capacities, ranging from 0.5kW to
do not activate its heaters below 20% flow damper position, thereby 2.5kW.
reducing the likelihood of the overheat safeties not triggering in the
range described. The power reset cut-out is reset by turning the For additional safety, RICKARD offer an Airflow Switch to interrupt
power supply off momentarily. If a power reset is required, an inves- power to the re-heater controls when there is insufficient airflow
tigation into the cause should be made. Push-button type manual across the heater element.
reset safeties are not recommended in conjunction with diffuser re-
heaters.
 Recommended Heater settings & sizing for a 15 Degree C Heat Rise @ 30% Open
Pa 20 30 40 50 60 70
Neck kW kW kW kW kW kW
Size
(mm) Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set
VCD 150 0.35 0.50 70% 0.34 0.50 68% 0.50 0.50 100% 0.50 0.50 100% 0.60 0.75 80% 0.65 0.75 87%
200 0.60 0.75 80% 0.70 0,75 93% 0.75 0.75 100% 0.90 1.00 90% 1.00 1.00 100% 1.00 1.00 100%
250 0.85 1.00 85% 1.00 1.00 100% 1.15 1.25 92% 1.30 1.50 87% 1.40 1.50 93% 1.50 1.50 100%
300 1.00 1.00 100% 1.25 1.25 100% 1.50 1.50 100% 1.65 2.00 83% 1.75 2.00 88% 2.00 2.00 100%
350 1.30 1.50 87% 1.50 1.50 100% 1.85 2.00 93% 1.85 2.00 93% 2.25 2.50 90% 2.50 2.50 100%
Recommended Heater settings & sizing for a 15 Degree C Heat Rise @ 30% Open
Pa 30 40 50 60 70
Neck kW kW kW kW kW
Size
(mm) Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set
VSW
150 0,35 0,5 70% 0,4 0,5 80% 0,45 0,5 90% 0,5 0,5 100% 0,55 0,75 73%
200 0,6 0,75 80% 0,7 0,75 93% 0,8 1 80% 0,85 1 85% 0,9 1 90%
250 0,85 1 85% 1 1,25 80% 1,1 1,5 73% 1,2 1,25 96% 1,3 1,5 87%
300 1 1 100% 1,2 1,5 80% 1,35 1,5 90% 1,5 1,5 100% 1,6 2 80%
Recommended Heater settings & sizing for a 15 Degree C Heat Rise @ 30% Open
Pa 30 40 50 60 70
VLN1 Length kW kW kW kW kW
2 Slot (mm) Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set
Pattern 600 0,3 0,5 60% 0,35 0,5 70% 0,35 0,5 70% 0,4 0,5 80% 0,45 0,5 90%
C 900 0,45 0,5 90% 0,55 0,55 100% 0,6 0,75 80% 0,65 0,75 87% 0,7 0,75 93%
1200 0,65 0,75 87% 0,75 0,75 100% 0,8 1 80% 0,9 0,9 100% 1 1 100%
1500 0,85 0,85 100% 1 1 100% 1,1 1,25 88% 1,2 1,2 100% 1,3 1,5 87%
Recommended Heater settings & sizing for a 15 Degree C Heat Rise @ 30% Open
Pa 20 30 40 50
kW kW kW kW
Size (mm)
Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set
300/100 0,4 0,5 80% 0,5 0,5 100% 0,55 0,75 73% 0,6 0,75 80%
350/100 0,55 0,75 73% 0,65 0,75 87% 0,7 0,75 93% 0,75 0,75 100%
400/100 0,6 0,75 80% 0,75 0,75 100% 0,8 1 80% 0,9 1 90%
450/100 0,7 0,75 93% 0,8 1 80% 0,9 1 90% 1 1 100%
500/100 0,7 0,75 93% 0,85 1 85% 0,95 1 95% 1,1 1,25 88%
WBD
550/100 0,75 0,75 100% 0,95 1 95% 1,1 1,25 88% 1,2 1,25 96%
600/100 0,9 1 90% 1 1 100% 1,2 1,25 96% 1,25 1,25 100%
650/100 0,95 1 95% 1,15 1,25 92% 1,25 1,25 100% 1,45 1,5 97%
500/150 1 1 100% 1,25 1,25 100% 1,6 2 80% 1,8 2 90%
550/150 1,2 1,25 96% 1,4 1,5 93% 1,65 2 83% 1,85 2 93%
600/150 1,4 1,5 93% 1,6 2 80% 1,9 2 95% 2 2 100%
650/150 1,4 1,5 93% 1,7 2 85% 2 2 100% 2,2 2,5 88%
700/150 1,5 1,5 100% 1,85 2 93% 2,2 2,5 88% 2,4 2,5 96%
800/150 1,75 2 88% 2,1 2,5 84% 2,5 2,5 100% 2,5 2,5 100%
Recommended Heater settings & sizing for a 10 Degree C Heat Rise @ 100% Open
Pa 20 30 40 50 60 70
kW kW kW kW kW kW
Neck
Size Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set
CCD
150 1.30 1.50 87% 1.50 1.50 60% 1.75 2.00 88% 2.00 2.00 100% 2.25 2.50 90% 2.40 2.50 96%
200 1.80 2.00 90% 2.25 2.50 90% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100%
250 2.30 2.50 92% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100%
300 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100%
Recommended Heater settings & sizing for a 10 Degree C Heat Rise @ 100% Open
Pa 20 30 40 50 60 70
kW kW kW kW kW kW
Neck
Size Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set Adjust Fit Set
CSW
150 0.70 0.75 93% 0.80 1.00 80% 1.00 1.00 100% 1.00 1.00 100% 1.15 1.25 92% 1.25 1.25 100%
200 1.20 1.25 96% 1.30 1.50 87% 1.50 1.50 100% 1.75 2.00 88% 1.90 2.00 95% 2.00 2.00 100%
250 1.80 2.00 90% 2.00 2.00 100% 2.25 2.50 90% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100%
300 2.00 2.00 100% 2.40 2.50 96% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100% 2.50 2.50 100%

To limit stratification in heating Rickard recommends that the heater outputs be limited to the values published in the tables above. The calculated values will ensure that
the heat rise is no more than 15°C in VAV diffusers and 10°C in CAV diffusers. Please note that these values are a guide and are calculated at 30% volume for VAV diffus-
ers and 100% volume for CAV diffusers. By adjusting the diffuser damper position down, a smaller volume will create a larger heat rise and therefore increase the likeli-
hood of stratification. The Fit column indicates the maximum fitted heater size recommended, the Adjust value indicates the maximum heater setting recommended to
achieve a 15°C (VAV) or 10°C (CAV) heat rise and the Set column is the MLM Heater Output % value required to achieve a 15°C (VAV) or 10°C (CAV) heat rise.