STS REVIEWER • JOHN J REILLY CENTER FOR SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO STS o University of Notre Dame 10
emerging ethical dilemmas
• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. HELIX – digital app store designed to read
o as a field of study
genomes.
- Define SCIENCE
- It provides all of the information the
➢ Latin word “Scientia”, meaning
organism requires to function.
knowledge (to know.)
- Results of characteristics in your body.
➢ Refers to systematic and methodical
2. BLESS U-2 & PEPPER – first robot and
activity of building and organizing
priest monk.
knowledge.
3. EMOTION SENSING FACIAL
➢ Ordered knowledge of natural
RECOGNITION – software being
phenomena.
developed to assess your reactions to
➢ Accumulation of knowledge by common
anything.
sense and critical thinking.
4. RANSOMWARE – way of holding data
➢ “Modern science is a discovery as well
hostage through hacking and requiring a
as an invention” – John Heilbronn
ransom to be paid.
5. TEXTALYZER – give police officers to
- Define TECHNOLOGY
access a driver’s phone after an accident to
➢ Greek word “Techne” meaning
see if they were using phones in the of
arts/crafts.
event.
➢ Application of scientific knowledge,
6. GOOGLE CLIPS – designed to capture
laws, and principles to produce services.
beautiful images of a person’s life.
➢ Way of using findings of science to
- the issue here is the privacy.
produce new things for a better way of
7. CITIZEN APP – acts as a digital police
living.
scanner, notifying people of ongoing crimes
➢ “--it improves our senses or ability and
in their area.
augments” – Mark Zuckerberg
8. SOCIAL CREDIT SYSTEM – they alerted
➢ “Scientific knowledge has no moral or
Chinese citizen of their plan to unveil a
ethical value” – Wolpert
personal scorecard based on their
➢ Scientist is not the primary responsible
trustworthiness.
to the application of technology –
- Data being collected on shopping habits,
Wolpert
credit ratings, online behavior, etc.
- A scorer from 350-950.
9. SENTENCING SOFTWARE – algorithm ➢ Ancient Egyptians began writing on
designed to aid courts in sentencing papyrus.
decisions. ➢ Made from the pith of the papyrus plant
10. THE RISE OF THE FRIENDBOT – chat bot Cyperus papyrus.
out of our loved one’s old texts. ➢ Lightweight, strong, durable, and
- App that stores the deceased’s digital portable.
footprint so one can still chat with them.
3. SHADOOF
➢ Invented and used by ancient Egyptian
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS to irrigate lands.
➢ Used for lifting water, introduced the
- Defines as a precursor to the unfolding or idea of lifting things using
existence of something. counterweights.
- Useful in appraising the innovations today.
- Antecedent - a thing or event that existed 4. ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
before. ➢ Before the invention of modern
computer.
• ANCIENT PERIOD ➢ Greek invented the ancient world’s
o The rise of ancient civilization paved the analog computer orrery.
way for advances in science and ➢ Similar to mantel clock.
technology. ➢ A knob on the sides makes it possible to
wound forward or backward.
1. ANCIENT WHEEL ➢ Used to predict astronomical positions
➢ Animals used for transportation long and eclipses for calendar.
before the invention of ancient wheel.
➢ No one knows exactly who invented the 5. AEOLIPILE
wheel and when. ➢ Known as Hero’s engine.
➢ Believed that grew out of the potter’s ➢ Ancient precursor of the steam engine.
wheel by Sumerians. ➢ Credited to Hero of Alexandria.
➢ Was first used on carts. ➢ A steam-powered turbine which spun
when the water is container was heated.
2. PAPER ➢ Believed to be one of many “temple-
➢ People used to write on stones before wonders” at the time.
paper was invented.
➢ “The mighty and wonderful laws of ➢ Mongol attempted to introduced this into
heaven and natures of winds” – the middle east but did not gain
Vitruvius, Roman Architect. success.
4. MECHANICAL CLOCK
• MIDDLE AGES • Paved the way for accurately keeping
o Was not as stagnant as alternates term track of time.
such as “Medieval Period” or “Dark
Ages”. 5. SPINNING WHEEL
• A machine used for transforming fiber
1. HEAVY PLOUGH
into thread or yarn and woven into cloth.
➢ Used in farming on clay soil.
• Theorized that Indians invented the
➢ One of the most important innovations
spinning wheel.
during Middle Ages.
• The process of hand spinning was used
➢ It became possible to harness clay soil.
predominantly before the invention of
➢ “The heavy plough turned European
spinning wheel.
agriculture, and economy on its head.” –
Prof. Thomas Berne beck Andersen.
• MODERN AGES
2. GUNPOWDER
o The industrialization took place with
➢ Chinese alchemist accidentally invented
greater risk in human health, food safety
black powder or gunpowder.
and chuchuness.
➢ Unintended attempts made by the
Chinese to invent the elixir of life.
1. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
➢ Called it “huoyao”, meaning “fire
➢ Invented by Zacharias Janssen, a Dutch
position”.
spectacle maker.
➢ Almost every new weapon used in war
➢ Hans and Zacharias began
since the invention of gunpowder.
experimenting with lenses by putting
together several lenses on a tube.
3. PAPER MONEY
➢ When place near the end of the tube, it
➢ The first version of paper money traced
can be magnified far larger.
as an offshoot of invention of block
➢ It was capable of magnifying objects 3x
printing, similar to stamping.
their sizes when fully closed, 10x when
➢ Golds and silvers were used as
extended the maximum.
currency before the invention of money.
2. TELESCOPE ➢ Objects in outline (1924)
➢ Most important invention in the study of → recognizable human faces (1925)
astronomy. → moving objects (1926)
➢ Invented by Galileo Galilei. → colored images (1928)
➢ Could magnify objects 20x larger
➢ Galileo identified the presence of craters
and mountains on moon. • INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO SCIENTIST
o Filipinos have long been known for their
3. JACQUARD LOOM ingenuity.
➢ Most critical drivers of the revolutions.
➢ Built by Joseph Maria Jacquard, a 1. ELECTRONIC JEEPNEY (E-JEEP)
French weaver. ➢ It was introduced as demand for more
➢ Simplifies textile manufacturing. responsive transportation.
➢ Before the jacquard loom, a draw loom ➢ Inventive response to criticism to the
was used which required two individuals traditional jeepney.
to operate the weaver and a “draw boy”
➢ A series of cards with punch holes 2. ELECTROMYCIN
automatically created complex textile ➢ Invented by Abelardo Aguilar, an
designs, (ex. Different textile patterns). Ilonggo scientist.
➢ Out of a strain of bacterium call
4. ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE “streptomyces erythreus”.
➢ Credited by Orville Wright Figure and
Wilbur Wright. 3. MEDICAL INCUBATOR
➢ The first engine-powered aircraft. ➢ Incubator and jaundice relieving device.
➢ Proved that aircrafts could fly without ➢ Credited by Fe Del Mundo, a world-
airfoil-shaped wings. renowned Filipino pediatrician.
➢ The aero planes --- slightly tilted wings, ➢ First woman to be admitted to the
were the key features of a powered Harvard University’s School of Medicine.
aircraft. ➢ Won the Ramon Magsaysay award at
1977.
5. TELEVISION ➢ The original improvised incubator
➢ Credited by John Logie Baird, a Scottish consisted of two native laundry baskets
engineer. of different sizes.
➢ Warmth is generated by bottles with hot
water placed around the basket.
➢ A makeshift hood over the basket allows the progress of scientific thinking across
oxygen to circulate inside the basket. critical periods in history.
4. MOLE REMOVER 1. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
➢ Removes moles and warts on the skin ➢ Nicolaus Copernicus, 16th Century.
without the need of any surgical ➢ Heliocentric model, the sun is at the
procedure. center of the universe.
➢ Credited by Rolando dela Cruz. ➢ Opposed the theory of Ptolemy, which is
➢ Made use of extracts of cashew nuts the geocentrism –earth is at the center.
(pili) which are very common in the ➢ 40-page outline entitled
Philippines. “Commentariolus”.
➢ Accessibility, affordability, and painless ➢ Proved to be unsettling to many when
and scarless procedure. Copernicus first introduced his model.
➢ Won a gold medal for this invention in ➢ Met with huge resistance, primarily from
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2000. the church, especially catholic.
➢ Despite the problems, it was later
5. BANANA KETCHUP accepted by other scientist at the time,
➢ Credited by Maria Orosa, Filipino food like Galileo Galilei.
technologist. ➢ Marks the beginning of modern study of
➢ Different from commonly known tomato cosmology and astronomy.
ketchup.
➢ Invented at the backdrop of WWll when 2. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
there was a huge shortage of tomatoes. ➢ Charles Darwin, English naturalist,
➢ Made use of banana, sugar, vinegar, geologist, and biologist.
and spices. ➢ Credited for his treatise, “On the Origin
➢ It is brownish-yellow in natural color, but of Species” – published in 1859.
dyed to red to resemble the color of ➢ He gathered evidence pointing to
tomato ketchup. natural selection theory, an evolutionary
process by which organisms, including
humans, adapt traits that favored
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS AND survival and reproduction.
SOCIETY ➢ Through this revolution, the
development of organisms and the
- refer to the series of events that led to origin of unique forms of life could be
the emergence of modern science and rationalized by a lawful system or an
orderly process of change. vitality and bordering on being
unscientific as a theory.
3. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION ➢ Amidst controversy, Freud's
➢ Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist. psychoanalysis is widely credited for
➢ Credited for the Freudian Revolution. dominating psychotherapeutic practice
➢ Developed psychoanalysis, a scientific in the early 20th century.
method of understanding inner and
unconscious conflicts embedded within ❖ 5 Psychosexual development
one's personality. stages
➢ Psychoanalysis immediately shot into
controversy. Stage 1: Oral Ex. Smoking or problem in eating
➢ Psychoanalytic concepts of Stage 2: Anal Ex. Sloppy or lazy person
psychosexual development, libido, and
Stage 3: Phallic Ex. Oedipus complex (male),
ego.
Electra complex (female)
❖ 3 parts of your personality Stage 4: Latency
ID - “Bad boy” of our subconscious. Stage 5: Genital
- only seeks pleasures, and avoid
pain at all cost.
- wants instant gratification. (ex.
Sexual desire) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION
- aggressive decision
BUILDING
Super ego - Opposite or wants to control the
ID. TIMETABLE:
- Always follows the rules of society
and tries to keep the ID from ✓ PRE-COLONIAL TIMES
causing damage.
➢ Use herbal medicine to treat illness.
- Operates as a moral conscience
➢ First livelihood skills of the Filipino
Ego - Lies between the ID and super
ego. were farming, fishing, mining, and
- Constant struggle to balance the weaving.
two.
✓ SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
➢ establishment of formal education
➢ Scientists studying human behavior institutions and the launching of
criticized psychoanalysis for lack of scientific organizations.
➢ Schools were mandated to teach (DepEd), to promote science
religion, mathematics, reading and courses in public high schools.
writing, music and chuchuness. ➢ In 1968 as the Philippine Science
➢ Medicine and biology were taught in Community, now the site of the
different educational and training Department of Science and
institutions. Technology (DOST).
➢ innovative approaches in farming. ➢ Seminars, workshops, training
➢ construct buildings, churches, programs, and scholarships on
bridges, roads and forts, engineering fisheries and oceanography were
was introduced. also sponsored by the government
➢ Trade was prioritized due to possible during Marcos' presidency.
bigger profits. ➢ The Philippine Coconut Research
Institute (PHILCORIN) was tasked to
✓ AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD promote the modernization of the
➢ Former Laboratorio Municipal was coconut industry.
replaced by the Bureau of ➢ Several agencies and organizations
Government Laboratories. were then established like:
➢ Was established for the purpose of ▪ Philippine Nuclear Institute
studying tropical diseases ▪ National Food Authority
➢ In 1905, the Bureau was changed to ▪ Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Bureau of Science, which became Aquatic, and Natural Resources
the main research center of the Research and Development
Philippines. ▪ Philippine Atmospheric,
➢ Developments in science and Geophysical and Astronomical
technology during the American Services Administration
regime were focused on agriculture, (PAGASA)
medicine and pharmacy, food ▪ Philippine National Oil Company
processing. and forestry. ▪ Plant Breeding Institute
➢ In 1946, the Bureau of Science was ▪ International Rice Research
replaced by the Institute of Science. Institute (IRRI)
▪ Bureau of Plant Industry
✓ PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS ▪ Bureau of Fort Products, and the
➢ Mandated the Department of National Committee on
Education and Culture, now known Geological Sciences.
as the Department of Education
➢ In 1976, established the National the science and technology sector were
Academy of Science and mandated such:
Technology (NAST) to be the ▪ RA 8439: Magna Carta for Scientist
reservoir of scientific and Engineers, Researchers and other
technological expertise in the Science and Technology Personnel
country. in Government;
➢ Salary increases for teachers and ▪ RA 7687: Science and Technology
administrators at the Philippine Scholarship Act of 1994
Science High School were granted. ▪ RA 7459: Inventors and Inventions
Incentives Act.
✓ PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO ▪ RA 8293: The Intellectual Property
➢ In 1986, under President Corazon Code of the Philippines.
Aquino, NSTA was renamed DOST.
➢ --- play an integral role in the ✓ PRESIDENT JOSEPH ESTRADA
country's sustainable economic ▪ RA 8749: The Philippine Clean Air
recovery and growth. Act of 1999
➢ --- aimed to update the production ▪ RA 8792: Electronic Commerce Act
sector, improve research activities, of 2000
and develop infrastructures for the ➢ He was responsible for implementing
science and technology sector. cost-effective irrigation technologies
and providing basic health care
✓ PRESIDENT FIDEL RAMOS services for those who could not
➢ In 1997, the Philippines had afford them.
approximately 3,000 competent
scientists and engineers. ✓ PRESIDENT GLORIA MACAPAGAL-
➢ The "Doctors to the Barrio Program” ARROYO
made healthcare accessible even in far- ➢ The science and technology sector
flung areas in the country. were developed to strengthen the
➢ The National Program for Gifted Filipino education system and to address
Children in Science and Technology poverty.
was created for high school students ➢ Filipinnovation was coined to refer to
who wanted to major in science and the Philippines as an innovation hub
engineering in college. in Asia.
➢ It was also during Ramos' term that a
number of laws and statutes related to
▪ Ra 9367: biofuels act, to utilize ➢ The current administration also gives
indigenous materials as sources of importance to agriculture and
energy disaster preparedness.
➢ --- the act was not able to produce
positive outcomes because of the
lack of technology to source raw - END -
materials.
➢ Farmers were encouraged to use
rice that can withstand
environmental hazards.
▪ Ra 10601: agriculture and fisheries
mechanization (AFmech) law --- to
modernize agricultural and fisheries
machinery and equipment.
✓ PRESIDENT BENIGNO AQUINO III
➢ In 2014, President Benigno Aquino
III named new National Scientists.
✓ PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE
➢ The science and technology sector
are seen to be a priority and grew by
nearly six times over the same
period.
➢ Focus of DOST is to put the results
of R&D into commercialization in
order to gain new intellectual
properties.
➢ Philippines has the Philippine Space
Technology Program which launched
Diwata 2 in 2018 after the launch of
Diwata-1 in 2016 that displayed the
Philippine flag in space.
