See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: [Link]

net/publication/354319802

THE EFFECT OF PARENTING STYLES ON PERSONALITY: A REVIEW OF

LITERATURE

Article  in  International Journal of Advanced Research · August 2021

DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/13229

CITATIONS READS
0 2,539

2 authors:

Nidhi Roy Choudhury Srimoyee Roy

Jain University Jain University
7 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS    1 PUBLICATION   0 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Nidhi Roy Choudhury on 23 September 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 9(08), 56-60

Journal Homepage: - [Link]

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/13229

DOI URL: [Link]

RESEARCH ARTICLE
THE EFFECT OF PARENTING STYLES ON PERSONALITY: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Dr. Nidhi Roy Choudhury1 and Srimoyee Roy2

1. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, School of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Jain Deemed-to-be
University, Bangalore, India.
2. Msc Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Jain Deemed-
to-be University, Bangalore, India.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History The influence of parents on child’s development is extremely
Received: 05 June 2021 important. The impact a parent and family has on an individual is the
Final Accepted: 09 July 2021 foremost indicator of the holistic personality of that individual. Several
Published: August 2021 researches are evident to the aspect that parental styles are very crucial
factor that influences an adolescent’s behaviour, also the academic
Key words:-
Parenting Styles, Personality, success besides other factors. Literature accords that based on
Adolescents, Alcohol Use, Academic Baumrind’s model of Parenting Styles, authoritative parenting style is
Achievement the most efficient in enhancing the academic achievement. Also that
Permissive and neglectful parenting styles are the indicator styles for
the abuse of alcohol among the adolescents and young adults. Thus the
scope of this literature review is to filter out the significant factors
influencing an individual’s personality by assessing the aspects of
academic achievement and alcohol use in accordance to parenting
styles.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2021,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
The future of the countries lies on the upcoming generations and the responsibility is on the shoulders of the
adolescent and the young adults. The way they are nourished and influenced affects their personalities and in turn
affects the entire nation. Many researchers are extremely keen to find out what exactly are the factors that compel an
adolescent to try experiencing use of alcohol. Some researches show the involvement of peers as an factor in the
initiation of alcohol use as the significant factor (Kandal, 1980). Researches also show the impact of family
socialization on alcohol consumption and tobacco use (Conrad, Flay and Hill, 1992). Studies (Foxcroft and Lowe,
1991) show the focus on two dimensions of parenting- control and support. Low support and Low control is related
to the increased substance use. Recently increased attention is paid to the interactive effects of Parenting control and
support in relation to substance use. Barnes and Colleagues, 2000, in their longitudinal studies found out that
adolescents who grew up in supportive families were more likely to respond to parental monitoring and in turn less
likely to misuse alcohol. Barnes and Farell (1992) found that parents who used yelling, screaming, shouting,
slapping and hitting on their adolescents were the ones who were deviant and acted out in school, whereas,
adolescents whose parents exerted monitoring and had house rules were less likely to exhibit behavioural problems
like alcohol, drug abuse, smoking etc). Low parental monitoring increases the likelihood of indulging with deviant
peers in turn increasing the likelihood of substance use ( Dishion and Loeber, 1985).

Corresponding Author:- Dr. Nidhi Roy Choudhury

Address:- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, School of Allied Healthcare and Sciences,
56
Jain Deemed-to-be University, Bangalore, India.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 9(08), 56-60

Parenting Styles are referred to as the choice of interactive way parents indulge and communicate with their
children. The choice of parenting styles varies vividly, but Baumrind, 1971 posed three distinct parenting styles
which were used by several researchers while researching on this area of interest, a. Permissive, b. Authoritarian, c.
Authoritative. Accordingly, Permissive parenting style refers to the style where the parents exerts very little
involvement with demands, rules or punishment, they exhibit negligible monitoring on their children and treat them
more like peers. Authoritarian refers to the style that is directive and rule driven, these sort of parenting styles are
exhibited by parents who are less warm than any other parenting styles towards their children and value
unquestioned obedience from their children, they use very stringent measures for controlling. Authoritative
parenting style refers to the style where the parents exhibit clear and firm direction moderated by warmth, love,
affection and values give and take. Among the three styles, Authoritative style is regarded as the best optimal type of
parenting which should be used because it provides firm control over children without being too restrictive, and the
children are well adjusted and exhibit high levels of autonomy and independence as well.

Family environment is one of the factors in children cognitive, emotional, social and behavioural competence
(Nancy and Lawrence, 1993). Permissive and authoritarian parenting styles are correlated with negative
psychological and behavioural outcomes (Anne et al, 2008). Also it was found that there are strong correlation
between academic achievement and authoritative parenting style than authoritarian and permissive (Pong et al,
2005). It was also found in one study that different parenting styles differ according to cultures. Authoritative
parenting style is effective in high grades among in the European American Students, while this type of parenting
style resulted in lower grades among Asian American Students (Dornbusch et al, 1987). In another study it was
tested that whether parenting style is affected by ethnic groups, it was analyzed that parenting styles were less
advantageous for Asian American than European American adolescents (Steinberg et al, 1994). Studies have
revealed that children from authoritative families tends to score higher than peers from authoritarian and permissive
and also have wide variety of measures of competence, psychosocial development and school
achievement(Baumrind, 1991).

The present literature review after integrating the facts focuses mainly on two objectives:
1. Effects of parenting styles on the addictive behaviour, alcohol, among young adults.
2. Effects of parenting styles on academic success among adolescents.

Also, this review will try to answer the research questions, which parenting style affects the most among young
adults to abuse alcohol and which parenting style will enhance the grades among adolescents.

The research questions for this literature review are-

1- Does parenting styles influence addictive behaviours like use of alcohol among young adults?
2- Is parenting style playing any role in academic success among adolescents?

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The papers selected for reviewing strictly adheres to the objectives. In total five papers are reviewed, all the papers
have the effects of parenting style as the independent variable and the dependent variable remains addictive
behaviours and academic success respectively. Any other papers with other dependent variables are not taken into
consideration for this review of literature. The papers included in this review dates from 2001- 2018.

Significance of this study

To have a better understanding about how parenting styles adopted by several parents across the globe have an
impact, if any, on the young adults and adolescents life. The fact that Parents play a very significant role in our lives
also makes it equally important to understand the parenting styles they choose, the pros and cons of it. The kind of
control and liberty experienced by the young generation in homes sometimes affect their behaviours in the social
setting. How academic success and adopting addictive behaviours, to be specific are affected by the parenting styles
are to be clarified through this review. Also, to understand which parenting styles works mostly better in such cases
and which attributes wrongly with the adolescents and young adults behaviour, thereby shaping their personalities
for the long run. It is important for any individual for having a healthy personality and how much parenting styles
has to offer to it, is to be understand in this review of literature.

57
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 9(08), 56-60

Literature Review:-
Adalbjarnardottir and Hafsteinsson (2001) in their study, they studied the aspect of how adolescents perceive
parenting styles and how that is related to substance use by longitudinal way. The study was focused on 347
adolescents who participated in both the age groups, baseline (14 yrs) and follow up (17 yrs) among the ninth
graders of the compulsory schools in Reykjavik, the capital city of Iceland. The sample was homogenous in respect
to culture, language and religion. Permission was taken through letters from the parents whether they want their
children to participate or not. Self report questionnaires were administered in two parts within a week apart during
the school hours, with the help of trained data collectors. For assessing the alcohol drinking at the age of 14 over a
period of 12 months, six response choices were offered, never, 1-2,3-5,6-9,10-19 and 20 times or more. When 17
year olds were asked how many times they drank and seven response choices were offered, I do not drink, Less,
less than 1,1,2,3-4,5-6, and 7 or more drinks. Those who reported drinking more than 5 drinks at each episode were
concluded to be heavy drinkers. Parental Styles were assessed using the Acceptance/Involvement and
Strictness/Supervision scales developed by Lamborn and colleagues (1991). They were classified into 4 types of
parenting style- authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful. Authoritative parents were defined as the one
who scored in the upper third of both the scales, Authoritarian were defined who scored in the lowest one third of
Acceptance/Involvement and upper third of Strictness/Supervision, Indulgent parents were those who scored highest
on Acceptance/Involvement and lowest on Strictness/Supervision and neglectful parents were defined who scored
lowest on both the scales. For attrition analysis chi-square tests were used to compare respondents and non
respondents. Logistic analysis were done to determine the parental styles. According to the statistics approximately
50% of the 14 years old tried drinking at least once with no gender differences, at age of 17, nearly 40% drank
heavily with males being more than females. Parenting styles were associated with 14 years experimenting with
drinks. Adolescents who perceived their parents as authoritative were less likely to try drinking than authoritarian
and neglectful. Also adolescents who perceived their parents as Neglectful were more likely to try drinking than
indulgent parenting. The results from logistic regression revealed that parenting styles which adolescents
experienced at age of 14 tends to predict their heavy drinking at the age of 17.

Patock-Peckham and Morgan-Lopez (2006) in their study, they studied college drinking behaviour and how
parenting styles effects the drinking behaviour. The sample for this study included 421 students, which had 206
women and 215 men, who were reported drinkers of alcohol beverages. The participants were students of Arizona
State University who volunteered to be in the study. Pattern-Mixture modelling approach was used to model the
missing data. For assessing the parenting style, Parental Authority Questionnaire was used. The measure contains 60
items (30 per parent), which asked the individuals how they perceived their parent’s parenting style. For assessing
the Drinking behaviour, The Drinking Control measure was used. The high scorers on this measure represented a
greater degree of control over drinking. The alpha reliability for this sample was .85. For assessing the frequency of
drinking behaviour or alcohol use, Alcohol use (quantity frequency measure) was used. Based on the sample taken
the median drinking frequency was between two and three drinking occasions per month to weekly. For assessing
the moderate drinking behaviour, Problem with alcohol use scale was used. Using the pattern mixed framework they
used the standard approach to multiple group SEM to test the hypothesized relationships among the variables. Chi
square tests were conducted for gender differences, and hence significant gender differences were revealed in the
strength of mother permissiveness, impulsiveness path stronger for girls than boys and Father permissiveness,
impulsiveness path stronger for boys than girls. This investigation hinted that Permmissive parenting style is a risk
factor for alcohol used and abuse, particularly if the permissive parent is of same gender as the child. Also that non
directive parenting style increases the likehood of having more impulsive child and in turn having less control over
his or her own drinking behaviour.

Patrick C.L. Heaven and Joseph Ciarrochi (2009), in their study, studied the parental styles and its effects on the
academic performance in a three wave Longitudinal study. In this study the authors focused on adolescents reporting
parenting styles that teenagers perceive through their parents behaviour which influences their own behaviours. The
sample for this study were the students of Wollongong Youth Study and attended five high schools in a Catholic
Diocese of the State of New South Wales, Australia. For assessing the parenting style, The Parental Authority
Questionnaire (PAQ) was used. This scale demonstrated reliability and validity and assess adolescents perception of
parental permissiveness, authoritarianism, authoritativeness. They used the shortened version of PAQ which
consisted of 15 items from the original 30 items. The study took place in three time measure. The subject scores
varied across the schools and hence the grades were converted to z scores. The students were administered the
questionnaire in regular setting under the supervision of teachers and authors, the questionnaire were coded and the

58
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 9(08), 56-60

students participated anonymously. Co-rrelational and regression analysis was done. Family permissiveness was
significantly and negatively related to math achievement.

Hamid Masud, Ramayah Thurasamy and Muhammad Shakil Ahmad (2014), in their systematic literature review,
reviewed the Parental styles and academic achievement of young adolescents. The main focus of this study focused
on the 39 research studies that were reviewed. Also the main objective of this paper was to integrate all the studies
on the relationship of parenting style and academic performance. The inclusion criteria for this review were the
studies that was published between 1987 and 2013, also published in English language, which focused on parenting
styles and academic achievement. Studies that had other variables to measure academic achievement other than
parenting style were excluded and also meta analysis were excluded from the review. Studies were collected from
Seven databases, (Google scholar, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis Journals, Web of Science, JSTOR, Springer
link. SAGE Journals). Among 132 papers the authors examined each article and found match with 39 articles with
the review objectives and those were selected. There were several findings that were extracted from the articles
selected for the review. Some of the findings were, authoritative parenting lead towards to high grades as compared
to authoritarian and permissive (Stanford et al,1987); Adolescents are more likely to be optimally competent when
parent were high in demanding and responsive (Baumrind. D, 1991); Students who ranked their parents as
authoritative they had positive school performance (Laurence et al, 1992); Authoritative parenting is related to high
academic achievement ( Barbara et al,1996); Parental authoritative style was associated positively with social and
school adjustment and negatively related with adjustment problems (Xinyin et al,1997); Authoritative parenting
leads to intrinsic motivation, authoritarian parenting leads to extrinsic motivation and neglectful parenting leads to
amotivation (Patrick and Kim,1998); Authoritative and Permissive parents were positive predictors of academic
performance as compared to authoritarian parenting ( Kim and Rohner,2002); High score of Academic achievement
and psychosocial measures revealed that authoritative parenting is more effective than authoritarian and permissive
parenting style ( Christopher Spera,2005); Authoritative Parenting styles are supportive of higher academic
achievement (Rashmi et al,2005); Academic achievement is affected by parental styles and also parental education
(Lola and Shrinidhi,2008); Authoritative parenting has positive relationship with school achievement and
authoritarian parenting has negative relationship with school achievement (Catherine and Lei,2010); High academic
performance by students ranked their parents as authoritative (Jewrell et al,2012); Authoritative Parenting style
results in intrinsic motivation among adolescents (Katerina et al,2012); Indian college students considered
Permissive parenting more effective than US college students (Caitlin et al,2013). Also from the review it was
viewed that fewer researches were conducted in continents like Australia, Europe and Asia than US. Case studies
and review analysis were used. All the researches revealed that there is a rather strong relationship between
academic achievement and parenting styles.

Alicia Abundis-Gultierrez (2018) in this mini review the author reviewed the parenting styles, academic
achievement and the influence of culture. It was viewed that authoritative parenting style has been consistently
related to an enhanced academic achievement. Also the emotional environment created in family with an
authoritative parenting style supports the development and boosts many skills and abilities of an individual which
includes academic achievement as well and induces a sense of autonomy and independence. Some empirical studies
also suggested that parental styles is influenced by cultural differences and social values. Chinese and Indian ethnic
groups regarded authoritarian parenting and didn’t relate it to unfavourable style. Also college students from Nigeria
didn’t really differ for need of achievement and academic success from the different parenting styles, there response
were quite similar regardless the parenting style. According to this study, 26% , authoritative parenting style was
associated with adolescents and that maternal and paternal parenting styles had individual effects on the academic
achievement. Also that culture plays an important role in context of parenting styles and that in turn effects the
academic achievements

Results:-
Parenting styles thus have a rather greater impact on the adolescents and their academic achievement than perceived
at times. It also plays an immensely important role on the drinking behaviour influencing the experimentation with
the alcohol. Authoritative Parenting tends to enhance and lead to better and positive outcomes in child development.
The reason that mostly all the papers suggested that it’s the best and most effective parenting style among the others
because of its aspects like loving, caring and supportive environment that it offers to the child to grow in a healthy
fashion. Also Authoritative parents are supportive in nature, making it easier for the child to explore and also
express at times of crisis and can rely on their parents for support, making it easier on the child. Authoritarian and
Permissive style were not considered that effective in child development and in turn in the academic achievement as

59
 ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 9(08), 56-60

well. Also, authoritative was considered effective even for the control of drinking behaviour because they could
closely monitor and connect to their children without suffocating their autonomy with unjustifiable restrictions.
Permissive parenting style is considered to be closely related to the drinking behaviour and alcohol use.

Conclusion:-
Therefore, it can be concluded that parenting styles effects majorly in shaping up an individual’s personality and
also contributes in influencing drinking behaviour and the academic achievement can also be closely related with the
parenting styles. The choice of parenting style is extremely important for any person’s overall development.
Authoritative Parenting style yields the most positive outcomes in the lives of adolescents and young adults.
Permissive parenting style is seen to be very closely related to influence the drinking behaviour. Hence, choosing
wisely the parenting styles can make a large difference in the child’s life and as a whole in the society.

References:-
1. Sirgun Adalbjarnardottir and Leifur G. Hafsteinsson, Adolescent’s Perceived Parenting styles and their
Substance use: Concurrent and Longitudinal Analyses, Journal Of Research on Adolescence, 11(4), 2001.
2. Julie Ann Patock-Peckham, Antonio Morgan-Lopez, College drinking behaviours: Mediational links between
Parenting styles, Impulse control and Alcohol-Related outcomes, Psychology of Addictive Behaviours, 2006.
3. Patrick C.L Heaven, Joseph Ciarrochi, Parental Styles, Conscientiousness and Academic performance in High
School: A three wave longitudinal Study, Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2008; 34; 451.
4. Hamid Masud, Ramayah Thurasamy and Muhammad Shakil Ahmad, Parenting styles and academic
achievement of young adolescents: A systematic literature review, Springer Science +Business Media
Dordrecht 2014.
5. Alicia Abundis- Gultierrez, Parenting Styles, Academic achievement and the influence of culture, Crimson
Publishers, Wings of Research, ISSN 2639-0612, 2018.

60

View publication stats