CIVI 381 Hydraulics

AI-X

Student Name: Mayank Guglani

Student ID: 40080212

Lab 1

Experiment 1: Energy & Specific Energy Diagram for flow through a Sluice Gate
Experiment 2: Pressure Distribution and Force on a Sluice Gate

Lab Instructor: Rui Zeng

Date Performed: May 10, 2022

Introduction

Sluice gates are used to control and measure discharge in an open channel and in our
experiment. They are typically used in connection to the development of hydroelectric power.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the total discharge through the gate using the
momentum equation, the energy equation, and the equation of continuity. We will likewise be
following up on the force on entryway, the upward conveyance of strain on the door, and gauge
the tension dispersion in the upward point underneath point A. To determine the force acting on
the gate, a free body diagram will be used. Furthermore, with the help of pressure tabs, we will
be capable of calculating the pressure distribution at different points acting on the gate Fig 1.

Continuity Equation:

𝑏𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑄
1 1 2 2

𝑣𝑦 =𝑣𝑦 = 𝑞
1 1 2 2

Energy Equation:
2 2
𝑣1
1 𝑣2
2
𝑦 +𝑧 + =𝑦 +𝑧 + +ℎ
1 1 2𝑔 2 2 2𝑔 𝑓

Momentum Equation:
2 2
0. γ𝑦 + 0. 5γ𝑦 − 𝐹 = 𝑞ρ𝑣 − 𝑞ρ𝑣
1 2 𝑔 2 1

Figure 1: Sketch of flow through a sluice gate

 Methodology

1. Set the height of the gate opening to 2.54 cm.

2. Measure the Flume width. (31.3 Cm)
3. Make sure to set the Discharge (Q) in the way that flow depth of the gate is 38.4cm.
4. After the flow is constant measure the upstream flow depth y1 and the downstream flow
depth y2.
5. Record the manometer reading for the p/γ at few points on the sluice gate to observe the pressure head on
the gate according to the depth.
6. Conduct this experiment 3 times with different discharge rates each time.

Observations

TABLE 1: Observations
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
a Initial reading of point gauges at upstream 0 0 0
a Initial reading of point gauges at downstream 0 0 0

b Final reading of point gauges at upstream 384.16 343.69 299.64

mm mm mm
b Final reading of point gauges at downstream 16.00 cm 16.33 cm 16.33cm

c Gate opening AH 2.54 cm 2.54 cm 2.54 cm

d Flume width (b) 31.3 cm 31.3 cm 31.3 cm

e Flow depth upstream of the gate at cross section 1 (y1) 384.16 343.69 299.64
mm mm mm

f Flow depth downstream of the gate at cross section 2 (y2) 368.16 327.36 283.31
mm mm mm

g Discharge (Q): (m3/h) 46.1 43.6 40.3

h Pressure taps readings Table 2 Table 3 Table 4

h Manometer reading for flume floor 5.9 5.9 5.9

TABLE 2: Pressure Tap Readings Run 61

N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Δhtap (mm) 3.2 6.4 6.4 12.7 25.4 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8
Δhtap (in) 0.125 0.25 0.25 0.5 1 2 2 2 2 2

P/γ + d + 𝛿 + ∑Δhtap 35.5 40.2 41.8 43.2 44.0 44.3 44.4 44.4 44.3 44.3

P/γ (cm)

26.74 30.81 31.76 31.95 30.17 25.4 20.4 15.32 10.15 5.05
P (pa) 2623.195 3022.5 3116.6 3131.5 2979.7 2500.7 2001.2 1502.9 995.71 495.40
TABLE 3: Pressure Tap Readings Run 2

N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Δhtap (mm) 3.2 6.4 6.4 12.7 25.4 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8
Δhtap (in) 0.125 0.25 0.25 0.5 1 2 2 2 2 2
P/γ + d + 𝛿 + ∑Δhtap
32.4 36.5 38.2 39.3 40.0 40.3 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.3
P/γ (cm)
23.64 27.1 28.17 28.00 26.16 21.38 16.5 11.32 6.24 1.06
P(pa)
2319.08 2658.51 2763.47 2746.8 2565.2 2097.278 1608.8 1110.5 612.14 103.9

TABLE 4: Pressure Tap Readings Run 3

N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Δhtap (mm) 3.2 6.4 6.4 12.7 25.4 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8
Δhtap (in) 0.125 0.25 0.25 0.5 1 2 2 2 2 2
P/γ + d + 𝛿 + ∑Δhtap
29.1 32.8 34.3 35.0 35.6 35.9 35.9 35.9 36.0 35.9
P/γ (cm)
20.31 23.37 24.24 23.65 21.39 16.95 11.86 6.78 1.8 -3.34

P(pa) 1992.411 2292.6 2378 2321.04 2120.9 1661.9 1163.46 657.27 176.58 -----------
Calculations
Example:

Pressure of the
first reading: 𝑃 ×γ = 𝑃 = 0 . 2674×9810 = 2 6 2 3 . 1 9 5 𝑃𝑎
γ

Continuity Equation:
𝑏𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑄
1 1 2 2

0. 313×0. 1143×0. 38416 = 0. 313×2. 74 × 0. 016 = 𝑄 = 0.

𝑣𝑦 =𝑣𝑦 = 𝑞
1 1 2 2

0. 1143×0. 38416 = 2. 74×0. 01577 = 𝑞 = 0. 043

Energy Equation:
2 2
𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑦 +𝑧 + =𝑦 +𝑧 + +ℎ
1 1 2𝑔 2 2 2𝑔 𝑓
2 2
𝑣1 𝑣
ℎ =𝑦 +𝑧 + −𝑦 −𝑧 − 2

𝑓 1 1 2𝑔 2 2 2𝑔

𝑍1 = 𝑍2
2 2
ℎ = 0. 38416 + 0 + 0.1143 − 0. 016 − 0 − 2.74 =− 0. 000114 𝑚
𝑓 2×9.81 2×9.81

Momentum Equation:
2 2
0. 5γ𝑦 + 0. 5γ𝑦 − 𝐹 = 𝑞ρ𝑣 − 𝑞ρ𝑣
1 2 𝑔 2 1
 𝑣2𝑦2 2

𝑦 + ( ) 𝑦1
=𝑦
2

1 2𝑔 2
+ V2𝑔2
2
0.016𝑣

0. 38416 +
( 0.38416
2
) 𝑣
2
2
2×9.81 = 0. 016 + 2×9.81
𝑣 = 2. 7453 𝑚/𝑠
2

𝑣𝑦
2 2
𝑣1 = 𝑦
1

2.7453×0.016 =
𝑣 = 0. 1143 𝑚/𝑠
1 0.38416

𝑄 = 𝑏𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑣 𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 1 1 2 2
3
𝑄 = 0. 313×0. 1143×0. 38416×3600 = 49. 477 𝑚 /ℎ
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

Example of Force: V = 0.1143 m/s

1 y = 0.38416 m
1

V = 2.74 m/s
2 y = 0.016 m
2

qV + ½y = qV + ½y + F
1
2
1 2
2
2

2
𝐹𝑔 = 0. 5𝑥9810𝑥0. 38416 − 0. 5𝑥9810𝑥0. 016 − 0. 043𝑥1000𝑥2. 75 + 0. 043𝑥1000𝑥0. 1143 = 705.49N
𝑦 𝑦
1 2
𝐹 = 𝑞ρ𝑣 − qpv + ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑧
𝑔 1 2 1
Fg= [(3.2*3.24) +(6.4*3.65) +(6.4*3.82) +(12.7*3.93) +(25.4*4.0) +(50.8*4.03) +(50.8*4.04) +(50.8*4.04) +(50.8*4.04)
+(50.8*4.03)/10=1468.8101/10 N= 123.4831 N=0.12348 kN

Therefore, the difference between both forces acting upon the gates in different direction are different, which actually
shows there is human error involved in measuring the pressures of the flow at different discharges due to air bubbles and
other more reasons.

Conclusion
In Conclusion, the objectives of this experiment were satisfied. We found the pressure distribution
throughout the gate and see different values depending on the location. We had the option to track
down the strain appropriation all through the door and see various qualities relying upon the area.
We were likewise ready to figure the incentive for frictional misfortune to dynamic energy. The
grating was extremely low because of the way that the glass was a smooth surface. Although we
acquired two unique qualities that were not near one another, which could be ascribed to human
mistake while leading the investigation, for example, the presence of air rises in the cylinder and
incorrect manometer readings.

Remarks
While recording pressure, eliminate air bubbles in the tubing

The presence of air bubbles could cause a source of error when reading the pressure in the tubes, due to their small
diameter. Air bubbles present in the tubing can result in faulty readings and can cause the pressure reading to be
higher.

Hf is small in the energy equation. Why?

Hf represents friction loss to kinetic energy. In this experiment the surface was made of smooth
glass, so the friction was negligible.

Will the flow be more two-dimensional (the velocity component in the cross-channel
direction being more significant) in a wider flume?

By dissecting the condition 𝑏𝑣𝑦 = 𝑄, we can see that by expanding the flume width b, the speed v should be
diminished. In this way, we can securely express that the speed part in the cross-channel course won't be more huge
in a more extensive flume.
Do you expect viscosity of the fluid to influence the contraction coefficient in the
experiment? Justify your answer by computing the Reynolds number.
ν
By analyzing the equation 𝑅𝑒 = ρ𝑣ℎ , we can see that increasing the viscosity v will decrease
Reynolds Number Re. Higher viscosity will mean less movement and a lower contraction
coefficient.

Should the flow be supercritical downstream of the sluice gate when the flow is
subcritical upstream of it? Provide a simple proof.

If the flow rate Q is to be maintained between two sections, the upstream flow must be subcritical,
and the downstream flow must be supercritical, this can be verified using Froude’s
number 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑣 𝑔𝑦.
Upstream Fr = 0.1143 x Sqrt (9.81 * 0.38416) = 0.2218 < Subcritical

Downstream Fr = 2.74 x Sqrt (9.81 * 0.016) = 1.08 > Supercrical

We cannot apply the energy equation between cross section 1 and the cross section rightbelow
the sluice gate. Why?

Since there is no constant height h or constant flow Q below the gate, the energy equation cannot be
used.

What term has been neglected in the application of the momentum equation? (Assumethe
channel slope So = 0).

There is no slope in the channel as we saw in the experiment, the gravity in the flow
direction was not taken intoconsideration. As well as Sf-So = 0.

(h) For an inclined channel (Sο ≠ 0 ), what additional term should be included when applying
the momentum equation?

Gravity is the additional term, which should be included when applying momentum equation as gravity acts
upon water.

(i) Suggest two methods to improve the accuracy of recording the pressure in the
manometers.

1. Removing the air bubbles from the water.

2. Wider tube to minimize surface tension effects.