DRR
Disasters
● canno be managed by those involved without external help
● caused by natural or manmade events
● caused by unsustainable development without regard for possible hazards
● inevitable
● incur loss of life, infrastructure; hinder essential functions
● damage can be reduced with better understanding of locally-experienced hazards and
with implementation of preventive and mitigative measures
Disaster Risk Management
● Range of elements depending on the nature of hazards in a given location:
Risk Reduction
● vulnerability and hazards are not dangerous if taken separately
● become risk and disaster factors when united
● risks can be reduced with measures to ensure hazards do not turn into disasters by
reducing weaknesses and vulnerabilities to existing hazards in the location
Risk Management
● needed for disaster prevention to ensure sustainable development without damage to
the environment
● damage leads to disasters
● includes
● identifying health and safety hazards
● determining probability of their occurrences
● estimating their potential impacts to those at risk
● enumerating and implementing the following risk reduction measures
● hazard mapping
● vulnerability analysis
● potential losses estimation
● strategic disaster prevention/mitigation development
Essential Components in Determining Risk
- Hazard occurrence probability
- Likelihood of experiencing a natural or technological hazard at a given location
- Quantifying hazard probability involves assessing not only the probability of
occurrence but the probability of magnitude
- Elements at Risk
- Identifying and making an inventory of people, infrastructure, and other elements
that may be affected by the hazard if it occurs
- Includes an estimation of economic value, if necessary
- Vulnerability of the elements at risk
- The degree of effect people, the infrastructure, and other elements would
experience if a level of hazard impact were to occur
- Vulnerability is the relationship between the severity of the hazard impact and the
degree of damage caused
- Each element is affected differently by hazards of different severity
Loss Management
- Pre and post disaster actions assigned to keep losses at a minimum in human,
structural, and economic aspects
- Pre-disaster loss management
- Activities focused on reducing community vulnerability to hazards
- Improving resistance of physical structures
- developing improved safety plans for occupants
- increasing/diversifying the network of social support mechanism available
to communities in threatened areas
- Post disaster loss management
- Improving emergency response and broadening the range of support given to
victims
- Facilitating relief delivery
- Stimulating rapid recovery
- Control of Events
- Most critical element of disaster risk management
- Maintained through the following:
- Anticipation of disaster and the case-effect relationship generated by
each type of event
- Mitigation or reduction of the risk of disaster
- Disaster preparedness
- Accurate information collection and assessment
- Balanced response
- Timely actions
- Effective leadership
- Discipline among those handling the relief and disaster management
Equity of Assistance
- Disaster assistance should be provided in an equitable manner
- Special needs of women, children, and elderly are catered for
Resource Management
- Essential for meeting competing needs and demands post-disaster
- Use of available resources should be maximized; affordable locally available resources
are preferred
Impact Reduction
- Impact may be beyond immediate human, physical, or economic losses
Damaged School Buildings (weirdchamp)
- Disasters represent a loss of opportunity not only to individuals but also to the entire
education community
- Can also be a setback to the development program of the country which can erode gains
in the education sector
- Disaster preparedness must be undertaken to reduce their impact to the minimum and to
accomplish recovery quickly for the overall development of the country and its citizens
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
- Actions taken to lessen the impact of a hazard
- Natural hazards cannot be stopped but the damage can be reduced with these
measures
- Prevention includes measures taken to avoid an event turning into a disaster
- Planting trees to avoid landslides, erosion, etc.
- Mitigation includes reduction of vulnerability to certain hazards
- Improved building practices; standards designs that ensure infrastructure can
withstand earthquakes or typhoons
- Prevention and mitigation begins with:
- Hazard mapping; knowing which hazards and risks the school is exposed to
- Meeting with stakeholders and making plans to reduce said hazards and risks
- Implementing plans to reduce vulnerabilities
- Hazards are events that have potential to cause harm to life, property, and the
environment
- Risk is the probability of harmful consequences, loss of lives, injuries, disruption to
economic, environmental, etc. as a result of natural and human induced hazards and
vulnerable conditions
- Vulnerability comprises conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors which increase the susceptibility of certain areas to the impact of
hazards
- Capacities are positive resources and abilities helpful to individuals, families, and
communities in mitigating, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from hazard
impact
- The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) puts these
definitions into an equation:
Hazard∗Vulnerability
Risk =
Capacity
Overview of Policies and Principles of Disaster Risk Reduction
Legal Basis
Adoption of the Manual by DepED and their role in the Philippine Disaster Management
System is mandated by the following legal documents:
- Executive Order No. 159, series of 1968
- Mandates that all heads of departments, bureaus, offices, agencies,
instrumentalities, and political subdivisions of the government, including
all corporations owned and controlled by the government, the armed
forces, government hospitals, and public educational institutions to
establish their respective disaster control organizations
- Presidential Decree No. 1566 of June 1978 "Strengthening the PhilippineDisaster
Control, Capability and Establishing the National Program on Community
Disaster Preparedness"
- stresses on the hardships endured by our people due to a hostile
environment and has continually sought survival against hazards, both
natural and human-made. Furthermore, the Decree stated the urgency of
the need to direct, control and coordinate the manpower, material,
monetary, and spiritual resources of the entire Filipino nation to reduce
the impact of hazards.
- Rule 1040 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (as amended)
- which states that EACH AGENCY provide for the organization of disaster
control groups/health safety committees in every place of employment
and the conduct of periodic drills and exercises in work places;
Guiding Principles
- The department has adopted the following guiding principles in disaster risk reduction
management in 2005 to implement the Hyogo Framework for Action
Making Disaster Risk Reduction a Priority
- Ensures DRR is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for
implementation
- Emphasizes collaboration as key
- In implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action, countries must develop or modify
policies, laws, and organizational arrangements, as well as plans, programs, projects to
integrate risk reduction and allocate sufficient resources to support or maintain them
- Priority considerations are given to the implementation of programs and projects relative
to DRM
Knowing the Risks and Taking Actions
- Identifies, assesses and monitors disaster risks and enhances early warning
- Believes that early warning saves lives
- Early warning
- Relay to individuals, groups or populations messages which provide them with
the information about the existence of danger and what can be done to prevent,
avoid, or minimize the danger
- Warnings issued by PAGASA, PHIVOLCS, National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC) are communicated to the public followed by actions like
suspension of classes
- President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in September 11, 2007 issued Administrative
Order No. 1966 “Empowering the Secretary of National Defense and Concurrent
Chairman of the National Disaster Coordinating Council to Declare the
Suspension of Classes in Times of Disasters or Calamities”
- Secretary, as the Chairman of the NDCC is also given authority to
suspend classes in coordination with LGUs, DepED, and the CHED
- DepED continues the School Mapping Exercise (SME) project to include not only
schools covered by the Third Elementary Education Project (TEEP), and the Secondary
Education Development and Improvement Project (SEDIP) to know the risks and
vulnerability to natural hazards of existing schools
- Both are foreign assisted projects that started the SME
- The National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) was
commissioned by the Department to train DepED Engineers on the basics of hazard
assessment, map layout, digitizing, gathering and consolidation of data, analysis and
interpretation.
- NAMRIA also assisted the Physical Facilities Engineering Division (PFSED) of the Office
of Planning Service (OPS) in the integration and utilization of SME outputs given by
TEEP and SEDIP as well as in establishing a Geographic Information System Based
School Profiling System (GIP-SPS) as part of the
Basic Education Information System (BEIS)
- Information generated from the SME like hazard maps, liquefaction maps, topographic
maps, base map, and other information shall be used as one of the criteria in the
approval of establishing new schools and in relocating schools at risk to safer sites
Building Understanding and Awareness
- Uses knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at
all levels
- Based on the premise that local knowledge is critical in DR
- Department Memorandum No. 100, s. 2007 “Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction
Concepts in Secondary Curriculum”
- Information dissemination campaigns on basic concepts for all hazards, their
causes, preventative measures, and consequences
- Implemented integration of DRR concepts in school curricula
- DepED Order No. 55, s. 2007 “Prioritizing the Mainstreaming of DRRM in the School
System and Implementation of Programs and Projects Relative Therefore”
- Mainstreaming DRM in the school system
- Other strategies include:
- Providing relevant information on disaster risks and means of protection,
especially in hazard prone areas
- Strengthening networks and promoting dialogue and cooperation among disaster
experts, technical and scientific specialists, planners and other stakeholders
- Conducting capability training for teachers, non-teaching personnel, community
members, parents and children
- Developing or strengthening community based disaster risk management
programs
- Working with the media in DRR awareness activities
Reducing Risk
- Reduce the underlying risk factors
- Building local resilience in order to protect school communities
- Investing in simple, well-known measures to reduce risk and vulnerability
- Locating/relocating schools away from hazard-prone areas (i.e. flood plains,
shorelines, earthquake fault lines)
- Building schools and facilities strong enough to withstand the impacts of all
hazards
- Encouraging reforestation and protection of wetlands
- Implementing the provisions of Clean Air Act and Waste Segregation Scheme,
Presidential Decree No. 856, Code on Sanitation of the Philippines, Presidential
Decree No. 1185, Fire Code of the Philippines, and the Presidential Decree No.
196, Building Code of the Philippines
- Encouraging participation in the National Schools Maintenance Week or “Brigada
Eskwela”
- Parents and local volunteers come together for one week in May before
the start of the School Year to do minor repair and maintenance of school
facilities to get the Prevention Mitigation Preparedness schools ready and
safe for the children to use
Being Prepared and Ready to Act
- Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels
- Believes that disaster preparedness needs practice
- Including conducting risk assessments before investing in development at all
school communities
- Preparedness Activities
- Development and regular testing of contingency plans;
- Appropriation of the calamity fund to support preparedness, response and
rehabilitation activities through the NDCC;
- Development of coordinated Regional, Division, District and school approaches
for effective disaster response;
- Regular dialogue between response agencies, planners and policy-makers, and
development organizations;
- Coordination with Local Disaster Coordinating Councils for better collaboration
and synchronization, and convergence of assistance;
- Establishment and maintenance of bilateral coordination among cluster
members, partners and stakeholders for timely and effective humanitarian
response;
- Conduct Quarterly Earthquake Drills in Schools; and
- Drill Exercises like fire drill, and evacuation drills.
Organization of a Disaster Control Group
- In order to make disaster risk reduction management operational, the Department
organized the DeED Calamity, Disaster and Fire Control Group (CDFCG) created by
DECS Order No. 61, s. 1990, which was revived / reconstituted and amended by DECS
Order No. 56, s. 1995, DECS Order No. 14, s. 1997, DECS Order No. 92 s. 1998 and
reactivated by DepED Order No. 25, s. 2005.
- The CDFC Group is supported by eight Committees.
- Intelligence / Disaster Analysis Committee
- Plans and Operation Committee
- Communication and Warning Committee
- Rescue, Engineering and Evacuation Committee
- Physical Security Committee
- Documentation and Investigation Committee
- Fire Fighting Committee
- Action Group
- The figure below shows the existing organizational structure of the Calamity / Disaster
and Fire Control Group (CDFCG):
- The CDFCG is headed by the Director of Administrative Service, DepED
- He also plays the role of Incident Commander in case of emergencies;
- The group is composed of 8 committees to carry out DRM wherein Evacuation,
Rescue and Rehabilitation Committees were lumped into one under the Physical
Facilities and Schools Engineering Division, Office of Planning Service (PFSED-
OPS).
- Each committee has functions and responsibilities to perform as stated in DepED
Order No. 25, s. 2005
- The group coordinates with the DepED Secretary and NDCC on matters relative
to DRM through the DepED Focal Person on DRM and leads the Disaster
- Operations Center in conducting the damage assessment and monitoring of damages to
school properties during emergency situations.
- The Focal Person also reports to NDCC all damages caused by calamities/disasters to
the education sector, and sits at the NDCC Operations Center to address queries
pertaining to education during emergency situations
