Definition of Terms

• Traffic Signs - device mounted on a fixed support Fluorescent Yellow Green is used as background color for
(permanent signs) or portable support (temporary signs) signs related to pedestrian movement, school zones,
whereby a specific message is conveyed and road work hazard markers to give additional
by means of words or symbols placed or erected for the emphasis and guidance to vehicle operators.
purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic. Fluorescent Orange is used as background color for
• Regulatory Signs - signs that inform road users of traffic roadwork signs whose legends relate to personal
laws and regulations which, if disregarded, will constitute working.
an offense. Green is used as background color for direction signs.
• Special Instruction Signs - signs that instruct road users Blue is used as background color for service signs.
to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road condition Brown is reserved as background color for all tourist facility
• Warning Signs - warn road users of condition on or directional and information signs.
adjacent to the road that may be unexpected or hazardous
• Guide Signs (Informative Signs) - inform and advice road Classifications of signs
users of directions, distance, routes, the location of services, Signs are classified in the following groups according to
and points of interests their use.
• Roadwork Signs - warn or advise of temporary hazardous • Regulatory Signs
conditions that could endanger road users or the men and • Warning Signs
equipment engaged on roadwork • Guide Signs or Informative Sign
• Overhead Signs - signs which provide means of displaying • Signs for Expressways
essential traffic information on wide multi-lane roads, • Signs for Special Purposes
where some degree of lane use control is required, or where • Hazard Markers
side-of-road clearance is insufficient to accommodate a
road side sign Uniformity of application is as important as standardization
• Barriers - highway appurtenances designed to prevent with respect to design and placement. Identical conditions
vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas behind should always be treated with the same type of signs so that
the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting road users can readily anticipate the course of action
vehicles and their occupants, and to reduce the risk of required.
injuries to pedestrians and workers
• Flashing Lamps - warning devices used to supplement To be effective, the road sign should meet the five basic
other controls and devices necessary to alert motorists of requirements:
construction and maintenance activities or obstructions in • Fulfill a need
the roadway. • Command attention
• Delineators - light retro-reflecting devices mounted at the • Convey a clear, simple message
side of the roadway, in series, to indicate the roadway • Command respect; and
alignment. • Give adequate time for proper response
• Traffic Cones - devices which may be conical in shape or
tubular-shaped capable of performing channelization of It should be noted that when all sign rules have been
traffic which may be set on the surface of the roadway or followed, some visual judgment must be exercised in
rigidly attached for continued use adjusting sign elements. The following general rules are to
• Temporary Curbing - roadwork devices consisting of pre- be applied when designing the sign face.
cast concrete sections, sandbag, and others which, may be • Cramping of legend is to be avoided;
used to guide traffic at the construction site. • Avoid large areas of blank panel, particularly blank areas
• Flexible Post or Bollard - device used in place of rigid not symmetrically disposed across the panel;
barrier posts or traffic cones with a minimum of 450 mm by • If there are two list of legends side by side (e.g., as on
50 mm wide with alternate bands of contrasting color as Reassurance Signs) it is necessary to left justify the left list
seen by approaching traffic for delineation of traffic. and right justify the right list; and,
• Elements such as arrows and symbols may sometimes
The standard colors for signs are as follows: have to be larger than the principal legend would normally
Red is used as a background for STOP signs, as border color require. For example, an arrow relates to several lines of
on GIVE WAY signs, warning signs and prohibitive legends on a direction sign
signs in the regulatory type.
Black is used as legend color for signs having white, yellow, Classification of Regulatory Signs
orange, fluorescent orange, fluorescent yellow green • Priority Signs
background and as chevron for hazard makers. • Direction Signs
Yellow is used as background color for road signs. • Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs
White is the background color for most signs and legends • Speed Signs
for some colored background. • Parking Signs
• Miscellaneous Signs
Four Sizes for Regulatory Signs The elements to consider when planning Expressways are:
• Size A for urban low speed roads; • No frontage access;
• Size B for rural roads - speed limit between 60 and 70 kph; • Development set well back from the highway;
• Size C for high speed rural highways’ multi-lane urban • Grade separated intersections for extremely high flows
roads and other intersecting expressways;
• Size D for Expressways • Number of intersections to be minimized and
• Where necessary or for emergency purposes,
Classification of Warning Signs parking/stopping to be provided clear of the main
• Horizontal Alignment Signs carriageway.
• Intersection and Junction Signs
• Advance Warning of Traffic Control Device Signs The elements to consider when planning National Roads
• Road Width Signs are:
• Road Obstacle Signs • Limited frontage access
• Pedestrian and School Signs • Development set well back from the highway
• Railway Level Crossing • All access to premises provided via provincial roads
• Supplementary Signs • Number of intersections to be minimized
• Other Warning Signs • Suitable at-grade channelized intersections for minor
flows and other
Signs in Directional Signing series are usually classified into elements
four • No roadside vendors
categories:
• Those installed in advance of the intersection. Color of Pavement Markings
• Those installed at the intersection. The color of pavement markings shall be white except for
• Those on departure from the intersection. the alternative uses of
• Those installed on expressways. yellow as specified below:
• Double yellow no-passing lines;
Classification of Guide Signs • Unbroken portion of no-passing lines;
• Advance Direction Sign • Curb markings for prohibition of parking;
• Intersection Direction Sign • On islands in line of traffic;
• Reassurance Direction Sign • Bus and PUJ lanes; and,
• Finger Board Direction Sign • Keep Intersection Open markings
• Street Name Signs Red shall be used in:
• Town Name and Geographical Feature Signs • No Loading/Unloading Zone; and
• Service Signs • Fire lane zone
• Tourist Information and Tourist Destination Signs
• Route Markers Design Speed
The choice of an appropriate design speed for a road project
One-Way hazard markers indicate to the approaching is important to ensure a safe design.
driver the direction to be followed if the marker appears in When choosing a design speed, the following factors need to
the driving path. They may point to the left or right as be considered:
appropriate and are used as follows: • Function of the road
• To delineate an abrupt narrowing of pavement, for • Anticipated operating speed
example, at a lane drop; • Anticipated speed limit
• At exposed ends of raised median islands where traffic is
required to pass to Warrants for Marking Center Lines
one side; A center line may be marked on an urban or rural road if
• On central island of a roundabout facing entering traffic; one or more of the following conditions are met:
and • Two lane road (greater than 6 m in width) carrying an
• To delineate the curve approach just prior to entering an Annual Average Daily Traffic (ADT) in excess of 1000
intersection. vehicles;
• Two lane road (less than 6 m but more than 5 m in width)
Pavement markings have definite limitations: carrying an ADT in excess of 300 vehicles; and
• They are subject to traffic wear and require proper • Winding roads with widths of 5 m or more.
maintenance;
• They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet or dusty; Barrier lines may consist of either:
• They may be obscured by traffic; • Two unbroken yellow lines;
• Their effect on skid resistance requires careful choice of • Single unbroken yellow line; or,
materials; and • Single yellow line with a broken white line.
• They cannot be applied on unsealed roads.
The following are the cases where barrier lines should be PPA has used MLLW as the datum line for design of port
used: facilities in accordance with charts. But there are many
• As center lines on approaches to signalized intersections; ports of which low tide go down very often below MLLW.
• As center lines of multi-lane roads where overtaking must
be prohibited, because of sign restrictions; For instance: (Port Cebu)
• ‘No-Passing’ zones where there is a restricted sight According to the tide table (1991) of NAMRIA, the
distance due to horizontal or vertical curves, or both; and frequency of tide below MLLW is 213 times/year and the
• As center lines on approaches to railway crossings maximum amount of the value is -0.51 m. Under this
Warrants for Use condition it is dangerous for ships to utilize the port.
Because of the high cost of installation and maintenance,
use of raised pavement markers may be considered only in Shoulder paving is a valuable method of providing:
the following condition: • Integrity of the pavement
• In hilly areas where fog and rain are frequently the causes • Width to place edgeline pavement markings
of traffic accidents; and • Additional safety to prevent vehicles skidding or drivers
• In winding roads and accident prone areas. losing control in gravel.
• Low maintenance costs compared with unpaved
The provision of safety sight distance depends on the shoulders
characteristics of the driver such as:
• Alertness of driver Element of Berthing Facility:
• Recognition of the hazard • Planned Water Depth
• Actions available to the driver – to stop or to change • Design Water Depth
direction • Coping/Crown Elevation
• Length - Standard Part, Approach Part
The provision of safety sight distance depends on the • Width of Apron
characteristics of the vehicle such as: • Slope of Apron
• Type of vehicle – car or truck
• Friction between the tire and the road There are four types of escape ramps:
• Eye height of the driver • Sand Pile
• Speed of vehicles • Descending Grade
• Horizontal Grade
The provision of safety sight distance depends on the • Ascending Grade
characteristics of the road environment such as:
• Road geometry – grade and curvature sight limitations Types of intersections that generally exist on the road
• Road surface – sealed or unsealed, smooth or rough network are:
• Road illumination at night • Unflared and unchannelized intersections (without
widening or traffic islands)
Each type of sight distance consists of three elements: • Flared and unchannelized intersections (with widening
• Driver Eye Height but without traffic islands) and
• Object Height • Channelized intersections (traffic islands to guide traffic)
• Sight Distance
Principles of good design to reduce the likelihood of traffic
There are two components in stopping sight distance: accidents
• Reaction distance – the distance traveled while the driver include:
perceives a • Minimize the speed of vehicles at potential collision points
hazard, decides to take action, then acts by starting to apply •Separate movements and points of conflict by
the brakes to channelization, or in some situations, prohibit certain
start slowing down; and movements (and provide for them at other
• Braking distance – the distance required for the vehicle to intersections along the route)
slow down and • Control movements to reduce the possibility of conflict
stop and
• Clearly define vehicle paths by use of pavement markings
Four different criteria used for the establishment of sag
vertical curves:
• Headlight sight distance
• Passenger comfort
• Drainage control
• General appearance
 PORTS AND HARBORS b. Pier – Any structure built into the sea but
• Harbor - A protected water area to provide safe and not parallel to the coastline and includes
suitable accommodation for ships for the transfer any stage, stair landing place, landing stage
of cargo, refueling, repairs, etc. Harbors may be jetty, floating barge, and pontoon, any
subdivided into: bridge or other works connected there
a. Natural harbors: harbors protected from with.
storms and waves by the natural
configuration of the land. Jetty – a landing stage or small pier at
b. Semi-natural harbors: harbors with both which boats can dock or be moored.
natural and artificial protection.
c. Artificial harbors: harbors protected from c. Dolphin: a berth structure for mooring the
the effect of waves by means of ship on the open sea; An isolated piled or
breakwaters, or harbors created by gravity structure used either to maneuver
dredging. a ship or to facilitate holding it in position
at its berth.
• Port – A sheltered place where the ship may receive
or discharge cargo. It includes the harbor with its • Dry Dock – a type of dock consisting of a
approach channels and anchorage places. Ports rectangular basin dug into the shore of a body of
may be subdivided into: water and provided with a removable enclosure
a. Ocean ports: ports located on coasts, tidal wall or gate on the side toward the water, used for
estuaries or river mouths where the port major repairs and overhaul of vessels.
can be reached directly by ocean-going
ships. • Waves
b. Inland waterway ports: ports located on
navigable rivers, channels and lakes. Significant Wave (significant wave height H1/3 and
significant wave period T1/3)
• Fairway - a navigable channel in a harbor, offshore
etc; the usual course taken by vessels in such The waves in a wave group are rearranged
places. in the order of their heights and the
highest one-third are selected; the
• Berth - A place where the ship can moor. In the case significant wave is then the hypothetical
of a quay or jetty structure, it will include the wave whose height and period are the
section of the structure where labor, equipment mean height and period of the selected
and cargo move to and from the ship. waves.

• Berth structure - An artificial landing place for the Highest Wave (highest wave height Hmax and
loading and unloading of ships. Berth structures highest period Tmax) is the highest wave
can be subdivided into: in a wave group.
a. Wharf - A continuous structure built
parallel to along the margin of the sea or Highest One-Tenth Wave (H1/10, T1/10) is the wave
alongside riverbanks, canals, or whose height and period are equal to
waterways where vessels may lie the mean height and period of the
alongside to receive or discharge cargo, highest one-tenth of the waves in a
embark or disembark passengers or lie at wave group.
rest.
Mean wave (mean wave height H , mean period T
Quay – this term can be substituted to ) is the wave whose height and period
wharf when applied to great solid are equal to the mean height and period
structures in large ports. of all of the waves in a wave group.

In stability calculation of gravity type Deepwater Waves (deepwater wave height H0 and
quaywall, the following matters should be deepwater wave period T0) is the wave
examined: at a place where the water depth is at
(a) Sliding of the wall least one-half of the wavelength; the
(b) Bearing capacity of foundation wave parameters are expressed with
(c) Overturning of the wall those of the significant wave at this
(d) Circular slip and settlement place.
 Equivalent Deepwater Wave Height (H0’) is a e. Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) – is the
hypothetical wave height that has been average height of the higher high water
corrected for the effects of planar over a 19-year period.
topographic changes such as refraction
and diffraction; it is expressed with the
significant wave height. Storm Surge is abnormal rise of the sea level that
occurs when a typhoon passes by. This
Wave Refraction occurs in intermediate depth to rise above normal level on this open
shallow waters. The change in wave coast is due to atmosphere pressure
height and wave direction due to the reduction as well as that due to wind
change in local wave velocity caused in stress.
water depth.
Tsunamis are wave with an extremely long period
Wave Diffraction is a phenomenon whereby waves that mainly occur when there is a
wheel into region that is screened by sudden large-scale sea floor movement
something like a breakwater. usually associated severe, shallow
focus earthquake.
Wave Reflection the waves reflected from port and Seiche is a phenomenon involving abnormal oscillations of
harbor facilities can exercise a large the water level with a period of approximately a few
influence on the navigation of vessels minutes to a few tens of minutes. It occurs when small
and cargo handling. For example, fluctuations of the water level are generated by micro-scale
waves reflected from vertical variations of the atmospheric pressure by an air front or a
breakwaters can cause disturbances in low pressure in the outer sea, and the components of those
navigation channels, and multiple oscillations whose period is the same as a natural period of
reflected waves from quaywalls can the harbor are amplified through resonance.
cause agitations within harbors.

Wave Shoaling shoaling is one of the important 1. Which of the following standard abbreviation of signs is
factors that lead to changing of the not correct?
wave height in coastal waters. It A. EX for expressway C. RD for road
exemplifies the fact that the wave B. HWY for highway D. AVE for avenue
height in shallow waters is also
governed by the water depth and wave 2. Traffic instruction sign should not carry long messages
period. and where possible no more than ___ lines of messages
should be used.
Wave Breaking At places where the water depth is A. 6 C. 3
no more than about three times the B. 4 D. 5
equivalent deepwater wave height
decreases rapidly of the wave height 3. They are used to mark the edge of the road formation and
due to wave breaking shall be assist the road users by indicating the alignment of the road
considered. ahead especially at horizontal and vertical curves.
A. Chevron signs C. Guide posts
• Tides and Abnormal Water Level B. Obstruction markers D. Concrete barriers
Astronomical tide is the periodic rise and fall of sea
level in response to the gravitational attraction of 4. Shall mean any public thoroughfare, public boulevard,
the sun and moon as modified by the earth’s and avenue, but shall not include roadway upon grounds
rotation. The essential parameters to characterize owned by private sectors, colleges, universities, or other
the tide are: similar institutions.
a. Mean Sea Level (MSL) – is the average of A. Highway C. Carriageway
the sea water surface for all stages of the B. Expressway D. Intersection
tide over a 19-year period.
b. Mean Low Water (MWL) – is the height of 5. Small devices which are fixed to the concrete pavement
the low water over a 19-year period. surface to stimulate or supplement painted pavement
c. Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) – is the markings
average height of the lower low waters A. Raised pavement markings C. Zebra
over a 19-year period. B. Rumble strips D. Chevron markings
d. Mean High Water (MHW) – is the average
height of the high waters over a 19-year
period.
6. Distance traveled by the vehicle during the total reaction 16. A sheltered place where the ship may receive or
time. discharge cargo. It includes the harbor with its approach
A. braking distance C. reaction distance channels and anchorage places.
B. lag distance D. stopping distance A. Port C. Basin
B. Harbor D. Quay
7. Distance traveled by the vehicle after the application of
the brakes until it stop. 17. Waves under the influence of the winds that generated
A. braking distance C. reaction distance them.
B. lag distance D. stopping distance A. wakes C. swell
B. sea D. seiche
8. The headway in a major stream, which is evaluated by a
vehicle driver in a major stream who wishes to merge into 18. The driver identifies the object and thus understand the
the major stream. stimulus.
A. lag C. space headway A. emotion C. identification
B. gap D. mean headway B. reaction or volition D. perception

9. The difference between the time a vehicle that merges 19. The driver decides what action to take in response to the
into a main traffic stream reaches a point on the highway in stimulus.
the area of merge and the time a vehicle in the main stream A. emotion C. identification
reaches the same point. B. reaction or volition D. perception
A. mean time C. time gap
B. space headway D. time lag 20. Residual of a measured quantity is the
A. difference of the observed value from its most probable
10. Owing to retardation of the tidal wave in the ocean by value
frictional force, as the earth revolves daily around its axis B. value obtained by adding the most probable value to its
and as the tide tends to follow the direction of the moon, the true value
highest tide for each location is not coincident with C. remainder of the division of the true value by its most
conjunction and opposition but occurs at some constant probable value
time after new and full moon. This interval which may D. product of the most probable value and the observed
amount to as much as two and a half days is known as: value
A. diurnal tide C. Age of the tide
B. lunar tide D. Semi-diurnal tide 21. A landing place or platform built parallel to the shore for
the berthing of vessels.
11. Waves formed by moving ship or boats are called: A. wharf C. jetty
A. wakes C. breaking waves B. breakwater D. pier
B. swell D. seiche
22. A platform extending from a shore over water and
12. The configuration and roughness of the ground is supported by piles, used to secure, protect, and provide
referred to as: access to ships or boats.
A. contour C. hachure A. wharf C. breakwater
B. relief D. topography B. quay D. pier

13. The structure that protects the harbor from stormy 23. The correction for the atmospheric refraction is equal
waves and permits calm in the harbor. to:
A. Dock C. Breakwater A. 1/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth
B. Wharf D. Jetty B. 1/4 of the correction for curvature of the earth
C. 3/4 of the correction for curvature of the earth
14. A solid structure, which projects into the sea D. 6/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth
perpendicular to the shore to berth vessels is called:
A. dock C. Breakwater 24. In stadia surveying, the height of instrument must be
B. Wharf D. Jetty known in order to determine the:
A. probable error C. refraction
15. A platform built in the harbor parallel to the shore and B. accidental error D. elevation of line of sight
backed up by the ground is called:
A. Dock C. Quay 25. What is the maximum number of words permitted for a
B. Wharf D. Jetty word message on road surface?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
26. One of the oldest types of surveying instrument in field III. Additional safety to prevent vehicles skidding or
mapping. It consists of a board attached to a tripod in such drivers losing control in gravel.
a way that it can be leveled or rotated in any desired IV. Low maintenance costs compared with unpaved
direction. shoulder.
A. plane table C. dumpy level
B. engineers level D. transit A. II, III and IV only C. III and IV only
B. I, II and III only D. All of the above
27. The average of 24-hour traffic counts collected every
361. Because of the high cost of installation and
day in the year.
A. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) maintenance, the warrant use of raised pavement markers
B. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) may be considered only in the following conditions:
C. Peak Hour Volume (PHV) I. In hilly areas where fog and rain are frequently the
D. Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) cause of traffic accidents.
II. In winding roads.
28. A term commonly used as a guide in determining upper III. In accident prone areas.
speed limits.
A. 85th percentile C. two quadrant value A. I and III only C. I only
B. 15th percentile D. growth factor value B. I and II only D. All of the above

29. When an embankment is built, the volume of the

37. The purpose of installing edges lines is generally based
compacted earth is generally less than its volume before
on the following:
excavation from its original location. The difference is
usually defined as: I. To discourage travel on road shoulders.
A. subsidence C. waste II. To make driving safer and more assured particularly
B. shrinkage D. borrow at night and during inclement weather conditions.
III. To act as a guide past objects which are close to the
30. Based on the expression of the technical resolution of edge of the pavement and which constitute a hazard.
the International Water Way Congress, about how many IV. To prevent parking at or near intersections.
percent of tide is guaranteed safe for the ships?
A. 98% C. 95% A. II, III and IV only C. I, III and IV only
B. 75% D. 80% B. I, II and III only D. All of the above

31. Which of these contour characteristics is not true? 38. The provision of safety sight distance depends on the
A. Contours on the ground can cross another.
characteristics of the vehicle such as:
B. Contours are at the right angles to the slope.
C. Contour on the ground closes itself. I. Type of vehicle – car and truck
D. Contours point upstream. II. Friction between the tire and the road
III. Eye height of the driver
32. According to NSCP, the slope of cut surfaces shall be no
IV. Speed of vehicles
steeper than:
A. 1H:1V C. 2H:1V A. I, II and III only C. II, III and IV only
B. 1.5H:1V D. 3H:1V B. I, III and IV only D. All of the above

33. According to NSCP, the slope of fill surfaces shall be no

39. The provision of safety sight distance depends on the
steeper than:
characteristics of the road environment such as:
A. 1H:1V C. 2H:1V
B. 1.5H:1V D. 3H:1V I. Road geometry – grade and curvature sight limitations
II. Road surface – sealed and unsealed, smooth and
34. According to NSCP, drainage facilities and terracing for
rough
cut or fill slopes steeper than:
III. Road illumination at night
A. 1H:1V C. 2H:1V
B. 1.5H:1V D. 3H:1V IV. Road topography

A. I, II and III only C. II, III and IV only

35. On curve alignments, it is advisable to consider the
B. I, II and IV only D. All of the above
paving of the outside curve shoulder width. Shoulder paving
is a valuable method providing:
I. Integrity of the pavement.
II. Width to place edge line pavement markings.
40. In the Standard practice of measuring vertical or zenith 46. Based on the expression of the technical resolution of
angles, the following practices are of great importance: the International Water Way Congress, about how many
I.) Be sure the instrument is level percent of tide is guaranteed safe for the ships?
II.) Sight with the vertical crosshair A. 98% C. 95%
III.) Sight exactly on the target B. 75% D. 80%
IV.) Sight direct and reverse
Which standard practices are true? 47. Minimum K value vertical curves should be selected
on the basis of three controlling factors:
A. I only C. I, III & IV only I. Sight distance is a requirement in all situations for
B. All of the above D. I & III only driver safety.
II. Appearance is generally required in low fill and flat
41. Which of the following is important to avoid bias in topography situations.
surveying? III. Riding comfort is a general requirement with specific
a. Taking care to choose individuals who you feel are need on approaches to a floodway where the length of
representative of the population in terms of as many depression needs to be minimized.
characteristics as you can list. IV. Vertical alignment should fit into the natural terrain
b. Picking a sampling method in which every possible earthwork balances.
combination of people has the same chance of being A.I, III, IV only C. I, II, IV only
selected. B.I, II, III only D. II, III, IV only
c. Making sure that every individual in the population of
interest is invited to respond. 48. Which of these contour characteristics is not true?
d. Sending out a large number of surveys so that even if the A. Contours on the ground can cross another.
response rate is low, you will have sufficient number of B. Contours are at the right angles to the slope.
responses to do statistical analysis. C. Contour on the ground closes itself.
D. Contours point upstream.
42. The warrant for the use of safety barriers can be
established:
49. The overall track structure for a railroad typically
I. Fore slope or back slope steepness and height consists of the following except one.
II. Unforgiving hazards within the clear zone
I. Subgrade IV. Ties
III. Water hazards within the clear zone
II. Ballast V. Rails
A.I only C. II and III only
III. Spikes VI. Rail fastening
[Link] only D. All of the above

43. Messages when painted on pavement should be limited A. V C. IV

to how many words only? B. III D. VI
A. Five words or less C. Three words or less
[Link] words or less D. Six words or less 50. Pavement markings shall only be applied and/or
removed by ____.
44. What are the four types of pavement and curb markings? A. LTO C. DPWH
A. Longitudinal lines, transverse lines, transition lines & B. PNP D. DOTC
stop line.
B. Longitudinal lines, transverse lines, other lines & other
markings.
C. Longitudinal lines, transverse lines, stop line & center
line.
D. Longitudinal lines, transverse lines, center line & lane
line.

45. Planned water depth is considered as follows: For a ship

with draft of 7.5 m, find the standard water depth of berth
for the ship.
[Link] water depth of berth for the ship (5.5m)
+ Design low tide (0.55m) = 6.05m
B. Standard water depth of berth for the ship (-5.5m) +
Design low tide (-0.55m) = -6.05m
C. Standard water depth of berth for the ship (-7.5m) +
Design low tide (-0.35m) = -7.85m
D. Standard water depth of berth for the ship (7.5m) +
Design low tide (0.35m) = 7.85m