ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SECTION 2: NETWORKS, SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Network solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis;

Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton’s, maximum power transfer;

Wye‐Delta transformation;

Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors;

Time domain analysis of simple linear circuits;

Solution of network equations using Laplace transform;

Frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits;

Linear 2‐port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions;

State equations for networks.

Continuous-time signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform representations, sampling theorem and
applications;

Discrete-time signals: discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), DFT, FFT, Z-transform, interpolation of
discrete-time signals;

LTI systems: definition and properties, causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros,
parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay, digital filter design techniques.

SECTION 3: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Energy bands in intrinsic and extrinsic silicon;

Carrier transport: diffusion current, drift current, mobility and resistivity;

Generation and recombination of carriers;

Poisson and continuity equations;

P-N junction, Zener diode, BJT, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, photo diode and solar cell;

Integrated circuit fabrication process: oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography and twin-tub
CMOS process.

SECTION 4: ANALOG CIRCUITS

Small signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs and MOSFETs;

Simple diode circuits: clipping, clamping and rectifiers;

Single-stage BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: biasing, bias stability, midfrequency small signal analysis and
frequency response;

BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: multi-stage, differential, feedback, power and operational;

Simple op-amp circuits;

Active filters;

Sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation, single-transistor and op-amp configurations;

Function generators, wave-shaping circuits and 555 timers;

Voltage reference circuits;

Power supplies: ripple removal and regulation.

SECTION 5: DIGITAL CIRCUITS

Combinatorial circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of functions using Boolean identities and Karnaugh
map, logic gates and their static CMOS implementations, arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers,
decoders and PLAs;

Sequential circuits: latches and flip‐flops, counters, shift‐registers and finite state machines;

Data converters: sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs;

Semiconductor memories: ROM, SRAM, DRAM;

8-bit microprocessor (8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.

SECTION 6: CONTROL SYSTEMS

Basic control system components; Frequency response;

Feedback principle; Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria;

Transfer function; Bode and root-locus plots;

Block diagram representation; Lag, lead and lag-lead compensation;

Signal flow graph; State variable model and solution of state equation of
LTI systems.
Transient and steady-state analysis of LTI systems;

SECTION 7: COMMUNICATIONS

Random processes: autocorrelation and power spectral density, properties of white noise, filtering of random
signals through LTI systems;

Analog communications: amplitude modulation and demodulation, angle modulation and demodulation,
spectra of AM and FM, superheterodyne receivers, circuits for analog communications;

Information theory: entropy, mutual information and channel capacity theorem;

Digital communications: PCM, DPCM, digital modulation schemes, amplitude, phase and frequency shift
keying (ASK, PSK, FSK), QAM, MAP and ML decoding, matched filter receiver, calculation of bandwidth,
SNR and BER for digital modulation;

Fundamentals of error correction, Hamming codes;

Timing and frequency synchronization, inter-symbol interference and its mitigation;

Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA.

SECTION 8: ELECTROMAGNETICS
Electrostatics;

Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation, boundary conditions, wave
equation, Poynting vector;

Plane waves and properties: reflection and refraction, polarization, phase and group velocity, propagation
through various media, skin depth;

Transmission lines: equations, characteristic impedance, impedance matching, impedance transformation, S-

Waveguides: modes, boundary conditions, cut-off frequencies, dispersion relations;

Antennas: antenna types, radiation pattern, gain and directivity, return loss, antenna arrays;

Basics of radar;

Light propagation in optical fibers.