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Lecture-4 Chemical Potential & Its Applications

This document discusses chemical potential and its applications in open systems. It defines chemical potential as the partial molar quantity of a substance that can alter a system while keeping entropy and volume fixed. Chemical potential is analogous to other potentials like gravitational, electric, and thermal potentials. It further explains that chemical potential is an intensive property that depends on temperature, pressure, and composition of a system. Applications of chemical potential include understanding fundamental property relations in open systems and determining equilibrium criteria for vapor-liquid equilibrium systems using the equality of chemical potentials of the components in each phase.

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561 views13 pages

Lecture-4 Chemical Potential & Its Applications

This document discusses chemical potential and its applications in open systems. It defines chemical potential as the partial molar quantity of a substance that can alter a system while keeping entropy and volume fixed. Chemical potential is analogous to other potentials like gravitational, electric, and thermal potentials. It further explains that chemical potential is an intensive property that depends on temperature, pressure, and composition of a system. Applications of chemical potential include understanding fundamental property relations in open systems and determining equilibrium criteria for vapor-liquid equilibrium systems using the equality of chemical potentials of the components in each phase.

Uploaded by

Shiavm Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics-II

Lecture-4
(Chemical Potential & its applications)

[Link] N. Panchal
Department of Chemical Engineering
FOT, D. D. University
Nadiad-387001
Fundamental Property Relation for Open System
Fundamental Property Relation for Open System
Fundamental Property Relation for Open System
Fundamental Property Relation for Open System
 An open system can exchange matter as well as energy with its surroundings • For
closed system ,𝑈 = 𝑈( 𝑆,𝑉)
 In open system, due to exchange of matter, mole numbers/fractions can also be
independent variables and 𝑈 is function of them
𝑈 = 𝑈( 𝑆,𝑉,𝑛1,𝑛2,…….𝑛𝑚) ; 𝑚 : no. of components
Total derivative of 𝑈 :

where 𝑗 = all mole numbers other than 𝑖

 Now define chemical potential as

 This is a fundamental equation for an open system


 µ𝑖 is an intensive quantity (which do not depend on the mass of the
system) and it depends on 𝑇,𝑃 and composition
 It can be seen as mass or chemical potential; seen as coefficient of
𝑑𝑛i
 Similar to that as coefficient of 𝑑𝑆 is 𝑇 (Thermal Potential) and as
coefficient of 𝑑𝑉 is 𝑃 (Mechanical Potential)
 Now fundamental equation, we have
Chemical Potential
 It is the potential that a substance has to produce in order to alter a
system. It is analogous to gravitational potential, electric potential,
thermal potential, etc.
 Chemical potential of a thermodynamic system is the amount by
which the energy of the system would change if an additional
mass/substance were introduced; and in this process the entropy and
volume held fixed
Distillation column

Cross sectional view of bubble cap


Distillation Column trays inside distillation column
VLE system

 Equilibrium processes are identified with reversible processes (i.e.,


holds for reversible processes only), the criteria for equilibrium in
a closed system is that

A state of vapor liquid equilibrium


represented schematically
Importance of Chemical Potential
Importance of Chemical Potential(Contd.)
Importance of Chemical Potential(Contd.)
Thank you

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