UNIT 14
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
T167 ELCL1059 ELECTRICAL THEORY II
P ROONEY 9/6/2022
Magnetism
Magnetism is one of the most important natural phenomena
Magnetism
The first magnetic stones were found in Magnesia near Asia Minor
This stone is called magnetite
Magnetism
Magnetic force was known over 2000 years ago by the Greeks
Magnetism
Magnetite was noticed to attract iron
Magnetism
A simple compass was invented using magnetite
The compass stones or leading stones became known as lodestones
Magnetism
Lodestones align with the earth’s magnetic
poles
Magnetism
The earth’s axis poles and magnetic poles are not aligned
The angle of declination is the difference in alignment between the earth’s magnetic
pole and the axis pole
Magnetism
Permanent magnets do not require any power to maintain their field
Energy is required to create a magnetic field, but no energy is required to maintain a
magnetic field.
The Electron Theory of Magnetism
Manmade permanent magnets are much stronger and last longer than natural
magnets
The Electron Theory of Magnetism
There are only three substances that form natural magnets: iron, nickel, and cobalt.
The Electron Theory of Magnetism
One theory of magnetism states that electrons spin on their own axis while orbiting
the nucleus.
This spinning action causes each electron to become a tiny permanent magnet
The Electron Theory of Magnetism
Electron pairs generally spin in opposite directions.
Magnetism
The electrons tend to form pairs spinning in opposite directions. These pairs
negate each other’s magnetism.
Magnetism
These magnetic materials (iron, nickel, and cobalt) have regions of magnetic polarity
called magnetic domains
Magnetism
When the magnetic domains are in disarray, the material is not magnetic
Magnetism
When the magnetic domains are aligned on an axis, the material is magnetized.
Magnetism
When a magnet is cut apart, each piece becomes a separate magnet.
Magnetism – Magnetic Material Classifications
The three classes of magnetic materials are:
➢ Ferromagnetic
➢ Paramagnetic
➢ Diamagnetic
Magnetism – Magnetic Materials
Ferromagnetic materials are easily magnetized. Examples of these materials are
iron, nickel, cobalt.
Magnetism – Magnetic Materials
Paramagnetic materials are not as easily magnetized. Examples are platinum, titanium, and
chromium.
Magnetism – Magnetic Materials
Diamagnetic materials cannot be magnetized.
• Diamagnetic materials can be metal or nonmetal.
• Magnetic lines of force tend to go around diamagnetic materials.
• Examples of diamagnetic materials are copper, brass, and antimony
Magnetism – Magnetic Flux
Flux is represented by the Greek symbol phi (Φ)
Magnetism – Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux lines repel each other and never cross
Magnetism – Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux lines do not flow, but have a north and south direction
N S
Magnetism – Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux lines form north poles and south poles
Magnetism – Magnetic Flux
Unlike poles attract, and like poles repel
Magnetism – Magnetic Flux
Iron filings sprinkled on a piece of paper held over a magnet reveal magnetic flux
lines.
ELECTRO-MAGNETS
Magnetism – Electric Current and Magnetism
Whenever an electric current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is formed
around the conductor.
Magnetism – Electro-magnets
Electromagnets depend on current flow to produce a magnetic field.
The magnetic field usually only lasts as long as current is flowing.
Magnetism – Electro-magnets
Turns or loops of wire also increase the magnetic field strength
Magnetism – Electro-magnets
Increasing the current flow will increase the magnetic field strength
Magnetism – Electro-magnets
Thus magnetic field strength is proportional to its ampere-turns.
Magnetism – Electromagnet - Core Material
Core material is the base that the wires are wound around
Nonmagnetic core materials Cores made from magnetic materials like
are referred as air cores iron greatly increase the field strength
Magnetism – Magnetic Units of Measure
Reluctance is resistance to magnetism
Magnetism – Magnetic Units of Measure
Saturation occurs when all the molecules of a magnetic material are lined up
Magnetism – Magnetic Units of Measure
Permeability is a measure of a material’s ability to become magnetized.
Magnetism – Magnetic Units of Measure
Coercive force is a measure of the material’s ability to retain magnetism after the
magnetizing force is stopped.
MEASURABLES
Magnetism – Measurables
In the English system of measure, magnetic strength is measured in a term called
flux density. Flux density is measured in lines per square inch. As the Greek letter phi
(Φ) is used to measure flux, the letter B is used to represent flux density. The
following formula is used to determine flux density:
( Flux lines )
B( flux densisty ) =
A(area )
Magnetism – Measurables
In the English system, the term used to describe the total force producing a
magnetic field, or flux, is magnetomotive force (mmf ). Magnetomotive force can be
computed using the formula
Magnetism – Measurables
The MKS or SI system employs the units of measure of the MKS
(meter-kilogram-second) system.
In the SI system, the unit of force is the newton.
One newton is equal to 0.2248 pounds, or it requires 4.448 newtons to equal a force
of 1 pound.
Magnetism – Measurables
The weber is used to measure magnetic flux. One weber equals 100,000,000 lines of
flux or 108 maxwells.
The main unit of measure in the SI system is the Tesla.
One tesla is equal to one weber per square meter.
Magnetism – Measurables
Magnetism – Magnetic Polarity
The polarity of an electromagnet can be determined using the left-hand rule
When the fingers of the left hand are placed around the windings in the direction of
current flow, the thumb will point in the direction of the north magnetic pole.
Magnetism – Demagnetizing
Demagnetizing an object is accomplished by causing the molecules to become
disarrayed
When the fingers of the left hand are placed around the windings in the direction of
current flow, the thumb will point in the direction of the north magnetic pole.
Magnetism – Demagnetizing
Heating or striking an object will also cause demagnetization.
Magnetism – Demagnetizing
An AC magnetic field can be used to demagnetize an object.
Magnetism – Magnetic Devices
Our society uses many types of magnetic devices. Our lives would be very different
without motors and transformers
Magnetism – Magnetic Devices
A speaker uses both an electromagnet and a permanent magnet.
