Conduction - Part Il oT Mer Roan oc Cm R CL Ley) Devendra Poona » Lesson 5 + June 5, 2021Ba ans eco: | 3 Ck) ae ee) ; ped ON al a red a 7 MCCS a ge TREN |r« FE aConduction Transgex of feat trom one part of an ehject to we anstrer part ox from ene object to anower object whicn one in physical contact , without appreciable drsplacement of parties of object. > Conduction is the transfer of thermat energy within or between bodies due to a temperature gradient Rate = (Driving. Force Resistance > Driving. force tor heat transjer — tomperatie difference acress ‘the Solid Surface .Fourier's Law of conduction Consider, a, brick wate off thickness = x Heat transter area = A s Temperature is unipom on beth faces ofp the wath . * Temperoture is heigher onthe legt site @ Gower on right site. + Heat flor wile be at “right ongie to the watt ob heat ctransber area ‘A’.Pourier's Lewy t- It states that the rote of heat poe through a Unyeem materia is directly proportional to te area of heat trarsbes temperature gradient in the diectin of heat for and Inversely pr- patronal to the Lengt of path of Haw dQna (“= a, &> Watt (Tis) ke mK Where 'k’ i's cated the thermat conductivity. Th @ material has | kx=Ky=K x] , isotropic materiagTST iaey SIs the temperature gradient does not vary with time, then the rate of heat tla ss constant unth time- > One plane walt (stab) ob uniform thickness :- Cond faceWe know that -rA at ae Yax = -kA dT b = -kA far = -raCrye = -kalta-% Y= -KACTE-T) ai aot =4T> driving force , % 4 Resistance KA at => Driving force (=) ~» =Resistance conductance = KA _ = (Resistance)Mechanism of conduction in Solid :~ There are tu mechanism for conduction in Sotrd, @) Lattice vibrotron :- In the ¢attrce molecutes areanged on there Ueation and they with vibrate on their position and due to vibration ob the molecutes, the energy with transger trom higher energetic mole cute to Lowes energetic molecule .@ Plow of etectron:- In the metals elecbons are blowng and they Wit aso transport, amount’ of energy along. with the cureent - Some : The tottrce component of thermal conductivity Strongly depends m the Way ob molecules are Granged. €9--> diamond which are highly ordered: Mechanism of conduction in the Liquid and gases :- In Liquid, and gases the mechanism ob heot tour unite depend upon two bactor: @® molecular coltesion (® MolecuLar diffusionTrermet Conductinty = Te cs the quantity oF hest passing threugh « Quantity off materrat oF unit wraeness wrth unit neat Yao area unct time when unt temperature aifperence | maintauned aos te oppenite paces of the material: Es ke iy Per Gases - k= 0-006 to 06 Rex tquids - k= 0-09 to O-7 Por metals - 2 Wigh remot Gnductivnty > Good conductors Wee thermal conductivity > InsulatorsEffect of temp. on thevrmed condvetrurty For Gases :- From binetic theo of gases as we inmease the temperature the number of collision will incsease and hence bk wil ofSo increase because from kinetic theory dy gases eats S67 x 107 ee EJs independent of presswe Kern ae ® ies ros Paya (Mbp ee ae «. B “ £3 Wet le = 2 hh an a” a en [20U |e ao ee ex = \ eth Cas) Bro re cto Lad(i) Aguids- ca een iad thave es ines Siena yomCOCA: Alc& U sm PanleGeneratty, on Increasing T > Kk decreases Hycerin and benzene, on TH, kv (> 'e! of Uaght o& does not depend - on tomparctwe- > ‘kof Liquids i$ independent of pressure. Por Selids i on tt dS by for AL TP > be ‘Thermal Conductivity order: Gases > Water —> ice —> buicks —> ally —> C- ste Al—>CyOR Gran erate a Q= -cAdT cbs (Cae GD) i Ly Ly ” = — _» 7 . ties fm Cre’ i a x2 pa Ce (Crap) CNG) a 3Qe = ad Koos oa eae (Cn es GE) Coen a ks a at (-4) (1 CeCe RT OS oT eT p ars - & lax) as (+ ae) A a ya (Ce B ey)ci a Wwe —> I erry [e: gb | a 7 p een - ~ 30s re) Teno mer Sa rr bye ee —= PT oar eLeGp eos mM Le biel EeQ=--ka a i=) (ax= fs coy e) i aad ae eae ie ca ~ (ed eae cae R=Steady state conduction one Dimension: fo examine the appticotions of Fourier's tua of heat conduction to calculation of heat tow In Some Simple one-dimensional systems, we may take the tollowgg cases < 4. 7@ One materiag: Using Pourier's Laur Q= -cadr am By integration @=-En BoE = Flow (Heat) = Potembiak (Driving force) Resistance * R S% = meimat Resistance KACased) When the thermal conductivity is Considered tenstant cased) When the -tnerma£ conductivity varies utth temperatwe, the k Can be descyibed as k= bo liter) ko. and B Qze constant . 7 = [ca-m +f cre-129]@) Composite wth:eer enor oeRee chad (Weeea 3) ar en Lh en YC cl nr re ‘i a a ~. v ae Mi & a ee a eae ian eae ___ Se er) en eee aS are La Tan? Wms vas Sen ion eee a rec) PG ha )) Gas TG ( a: area HOTA)Mi wy ia Sea) a 2 bare dO) Rh Ry y Y- Ws Th Mi ae Sa ane) ae) Wy ( So | be Ren Een cosas oe oe eae Vem LW Me re) aD La AASST Ri = is aa cesi 7 oan@) more than one materrot : (Composite wath) i The heat tlow must be the Same through all Sections, therejure a4 = ~kea S=B = pa HS axe ‘OXSolving these three equations Simultaneously, the heat plow is wirttent d= Por Sexies and paratted one dimensional heat transher through aPox Sexies and parallel one dimensional heot transhex through a Compesite wsaeeGeneratly , one dimensionag heab-blow equation for this type ob problem may 6@ watten AToveralt =Res Y=Q.2. A black body of finite dimension at 1000 K is inserted into an infinite medium at 300 K. Given Stefan Boltzman constant as 1.8x10°* W/m’K4, the radiative heat transfer coefficient isQ.5. An industrial wall is constructed of 20 cm thick fireclay (k = 1 w/m.°C). This is covered on the outer surface with a 3 cm layer of insulating material (k= 0.075 w/m.°C). The innermost surface is at 940°C and the outermost at 40°C. The steady state of heat transfer through the wall is W/m? and the temperature of the interface between the fireclay and the insulating material is °C.Q.17. Consider three infinite parallel plates. Plate 1 is maintained 1227° C and plate 3 is maintained at -175S° C. Emissivities are equal to that of black body. Plate 2 is placed between plate | and plate 3, and receives no heat from external sources. What is the temperature of plate 2?Q.22. A solid cube of side 30 cm at an initial temperature of 1000 K is kept in vacuum at absolute zero temperature. Calculate the time required to cool it to 500 K. The material has the following properties Density = 2700 kg/m? Specific heat = 0.9 kJ/kg. K Emissitivity = 0.1 The Stefan-Boltzman constant, s = 5.669 x 10° W/m? K+Q.34. An asbestos pad, square in cross-section, measures 0.05 m on a side and increases linearly to 0.1 m on the other end (See the Fig.). The length of the pad is 0.15 m. If the small end is held at 600 K and the larger end at 300 K. What will be the heat flow rate if the other four sides are insulated? Assume one directional heat flow. Thermal conductivity of asbestos is 0.173 W/m.K.Q.45. At steady state, the temperature variation in a plane wall, made of two different solids I and I] is shown below (Fig.). Then, the thermal conductivity of material I (A) is smaller than that of II (B) is greater than that of II elite as (C) is equal to that of IT (D) can be greater than or smaller than that of IIQ.46. The thermal radiative flux from a surface of emissivity = 0.4 is 22.68 kW/m?. The approximate surface temperature (K) is (A) 1000 (B) RT (C) 800 (D) 1200 Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant = 5.67 x 10° W/m? k* .Q.48. The variation of thermal condu y of a metal with temperature is often correlated using an expression of the form — k=ky + aT where k is the thermal conductivity, and T is the temperature (in K). The units of a in the SI system will be : A) WimK B) W/m D) None, ais just a number Cetrr)Q.51. The radiation heat flux from a heating element at a temperature of 800 °C, in a furnace maintained at 300 °C is 8 kW/m. The flux when the element temperature is increased to 1000 °C for the same furnace temperature is (A) 11.2 kW/m? (B) 12.0 kW/m? (©) 14.6 kW/m? (D) 16.5. kW/m? et)Q.52. The wall ofa cold storage unit comprises a brick layer (thickness dy = 0.1 m, thermal conductivity k, = 1.4 W/mK) and an inner layer of polyurethane foam (thickness 6, = 0.05 m, thermal conductivity k, = 0.015 W/mK). Assume one dimensional heat transfer by conduction through the composite wall, and that the inner surface of the polyurethane layer is at temperature T; and the outer surface of the brick layer is at temperature T,. Derive an expression for the heat flux per unit area through the wall Calculate the rate of heat gain when Te = -10 °C and T,, = 40 °C. ‘The surface area for heat transfer is 260 nm’. er)