Reinforced Concrete Design II

Chapter Four: Footings

Footings are structural members used to support columns and
walls and transmit their loads to the underlying soils.
Reinforced concrete is a material admirably suited for footings
and is used as such for both reinforced concrete and structural
steel buildings, bridges, towers, and other structures.

Not only is it desired to transfer the superstructure loads to

the soil beneath in a manner that will prevent excessive or
uneven settlements and rotations, but it is also necessary to
provide sufficient resistance to sliding and overturning.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
To accomplish these objectives, it is necessary to transmit the supported
loads to a soil of enough strength and then to spread them out over an area
such that the unit pressure is within a reasonable range. If it is not possible to
dig a short distance and find a satisfactory soil, it will be necessary to use piles
to do the job.
The closer a foundation is to the ground surface, the more economical it will be
to construct. There are two reasons, however, that may keep the designer from
using very shallow foundations.
• First, it is necessary to locate the bottom of a footing below the ground
freezing level to avoid vertical movement or heaving of the footing as the soil
freezes and expands in volume. This depth varies from about 3 ft to 6 ft.
• Second, it is necessary to excavate enough distance so that a satisfactory
bearing material is reached, and this distance may on occasion be quite a few
feet.
Leaning Tower of Pisa

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Types of Footings

A wall footing is simply an enlargement of the bottom of a wall

that will sufficiently distribute the load to the foundation soil.
Wall footings are normally used around the perimeter of a
building and perhaps for some of the interior walls.

An isolated or single-column footing is used to support the load

of a single column. These are the most commonly used footings,
particularly where the loads are relatively light, and the columns
are not closely spaced.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Combined footings are used to support two or more column loads. A combined footing
might be economical where two or more heavily loaded columns are so spaced that
normally designed single-column footings would run into each other. Single-column
footings are usually square or rectangular and, when used for columns located right at
property lines, extend across those lines. A footing for such a column combined with
one for an interior column can be designed to fit within the property lines.

A mat or raft or floating foundation is a continuous reinforced concrete slab over a

large area used to support many columns and walls. This kind of foundation is used
where soil strength is low or where column loads are large. For such cases, isolated
footings would be so large that it is more economical to use a continuous raft or
mat under the entire area. If individual footings are designed for each column and if
their combined area is greater than half of the area contained within the perimeter
of the building, it is usually more economical to use one large footing or mat.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Pile caps are slabs of reinforced concrete used to distribute column
loads to groups of piles.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Actual Soil Pressures
The soil pressure at the surface of contact between a footing and the soil is assumed to be uniformly
distributed as long as the load above is applied at the center of gravity of the footing. This assumption is
made even though many tests have shown that soil pressures are unevenly distributed due to variations
in soil properties, footing rigidity, and other factors.

sandy soil clayey soil assumed condition

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Allowable Soil Pressures

The allowable soil pressures to be used for designing the

footings for a particular structure are preferably obtained
by using the services of a geotechnical engineer.
Because such investigations often may not be feasible,
most building codes provide certain approximate
allowable bearing pressures that can be used for the
types of soils and soil conditions occurring in that
locality. Table 12.1 shows a set of allowable values that
are typical of such building codes. It is thought that these
values usually provide factors of safety of approximately
three against severe settlements

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Footing Size

servise Loads (with own weight)

Area of the footing = allowable soil pressure

Strength design requirement are based on 𝑞𝑢

𝑃𝑢
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Design of Wall Footings
The theory used for designing beams is applicable to the design of footings with
only a few modifications. The upward soil pressure under the wall footing tends to
bend the footing into the deformed shape shown. The footings will be designed as
shallow beams for the moments and shears involved. In beams where loads are
usually only a few hundred pounds per foot and spans are fairly large, sizes are
almost proportioned for moment.

In footings, loads from the supporting soils may run several thousand pounds per
foot and spans are relatively short. As a result, shears will almost always control
depths.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
The use of stirrups in footings is usually considered impractical and
uneconomical. For this reason, the effective depth of wall footings is selected
so that Vu is limited to the design shear strength, φVc , that the concrete can
carry without web reinforcing. The following expression is used to select the
depths of wall footings:

Critical section for shear in a wall footing.

The design of wall footings is conveniently handled by using 12-in. widths of

the wall.
The determination of a footing depth is a trial-and-error problem. The
designer assumes an effective depth, d, computes the d required for shear,
tries another d, computes the d required for shear, and so on, until the
assumed value and the calculated value are within about 1 in. of each other

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Example: Design a wall footing to support a 12-in.-wide 12 inches wall
reinforced concrete wall with a dead load D = 20 k/ft and a live
load L = 15 k/ft. The bottom of the footing is to be 4 ft below
the final grade, the soil weighs 100 lb/ft3, the allowable soil
pressure, qa, is 4 ksf, and there is no appreciable sulfur content
4 ft
in the soil. Fy = 60 ksi and fc= 3 ksi, normal-weight concrete
12 in

Solution: Assume a 12-in.-thick footing (d = 8.5 in.). The

cover is determined by referring to the code (7.7.1), which qa= 4000 psf
says that for concrete cast against and permanently exposed
to the earth, a minimum of 3 in. clear distance outside any Effective soil pressure qe.
reinforcing is required. In severe exposure conditions, such as
high sulfate concentration in the soil, the cover must be
suitably increased (ACI Code Section 7.7.6).
3.5’’ =3’’ clear cover + 0.5’’ to the center of the main reinforced steel

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Bearing Pressure for Strength Design for a 12 in. width

Depth Required for Shear at a Distance d from Face of Wall

Assume 20-in. Footing (d = 16.5 in.)

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Bearing Pressure for Strength Design Determine Steel Area (Using d = 16.5 in.)

Taking moments at face of wall

Depth Required for Shear qu= 4.80 Ksf

From Appendix A, Table A.12, ρ = 0.00345. Since this value of ρ

is less than 0.0136 (from Table A.7), the section is tension
controlled and φ = 0.9 as assumed.
As = (0.00345) (12 in.) (16.5 in.) = 0.68 in.2 Use #7 @ 10 in.
(0.72 in.2 from Table A.6)

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Development Length
From Table 7.1 in Chapter 7

Ktr is a factor called the transverse reinforcement index (accounts for (stirrups
or ties). The code in Section 12.2.3 conservatively permits the use of Ktr = 0 to
simplify the calculations

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Load Load

Secondary
Reinforcement

Main
Reinforcement

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings
Design of Square Isolated Footings
Homework No.11
Single-column footings usually provide the most
An 8-ft width reinforced concrete wall footing economical column foundations. Such footings are
supports a 10-inches thick masonry-wall as shown. generally square in plan, but they can just as well be
Based on the given information, calculate the rectangular or even circular or octagonal. Rectangular
moment to be used for footing design. footings are used where such shapes are dictated by the
available space or where the cross sections of the columns
are very pronounced rectangles.

Single-slab footing

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Square Isolated Footings

Most footings consist of slabs of constant thickness, but if calculated
thicknesses are greater than 3 ft or 4 ft, it may be economical to use
stepped footings. The shears and moments in a footing are obviously
larger near the column, with the result that greater depths are required
in that area as compared to the outer parts of the footing.
Stepped footing

Sloped footings, are used instead of stepped ones, but labor costs can be a
problem. When sloped or stepped footings are used, it is necessary to
check stresses at more than one section in the footing. For example, steel
area and development length requirements should be checked at steps as
well as at the faces of walls or columns.

Sloped footing

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Square Isolated Footings

Shears The second shear condition is two-way or punching shear.
Two shear conditions must be considered in column The compression load from the column tends to spread out
footings, regardless of their shapes. The first of these is into the footing, opposing diagonal tension in that area, with
one-way or beam shear, which is the same as that the result that a square column tends to punch out a piece
considered in wall footings in the preceding section. of the slab, which has the shape of a truncated pyramid.
maximum depth required is as follows

One-way or beam shear Two-way or punching shear

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Square Isolated Footings

The d required for two-way shear is the largest The shear stress in a footing increases as the ratio bo/d
value obtained from the following expressions decreases. To account for this fact, ACI Equation 11-34
was developed. The equation includes a term αs that is
used to account for variations in the ratio. In applying
the equation, αs is to be used as 40 for interior columns
(where the perimeter is four-sided), 30 for edge columns
(where the perimeter is three-sided), and 20 for corner
columns (where the perimeter is two-sided).

Where βc is the ratio of the long side to the short

side of the column.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Square Isolated Footings

Moments
The bending moment in a square reinforced concrete footing with a
square column is the same about both axes because of symmetry. If the
column is not square, the moment will be larger in the direction of the
shorter column dimension
It should be noted, however, that the effective depth of the footing
cannot be the same in the two directions because the bars in one
direction rest on top of the bars in the other direction. The effective
depth used for calculations might be the average for the two directions
or, more conservatively, the value for the bars on top.
The critical section for bending is taken at the face of a reinforced
concrete column or halfway between the middle and edge of a masonry Sections for computing
wall or at a distance halfway from the edge of the base plate and the bending moment.
face of the column if structural steel columns are used.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Square Isolated Footings

Example: Design a square column footing for a 16-in.
square tied interior column that supports a dead load
PD = 200 k and a live load PL = 160 k. The column is
reinforced with eight #8 bars, the base of the footing
is 5 ft below grade, the soil weight is 100 lb/ft3, fy =
60,000 psi, fc = 3000 psi, and qa = 5000 psf.

Bearing Pressure for Strength Design

Solution:
After Two Previous Trials:
Assume 24-in. Footing
d = 19.5 in. Estimated to center of top layer of flexural steel

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Square Isolated Footings

Depth Required for Two-Way or Punching Shear

Depth Required for One-Way Shear

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Square Isolated Footings

Development Length
3.83 ft

6.12 ft-k

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Square Isolated Footings

Examples of concrete spacers

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Rectangular Isolated Footings

Rectangular Isolated Footings
The design procedure is almost identical with the one used
for square footings. After the required area is calculated and
the lateral dimensions are selected, the depths required for
one-way and two-way shear are determined by the usual
methods. One-way shear will very often control the depths
for rectangular footings, whereas two-way shear normally
controls the depths of square footings.

The reinforcement in the long direction spaced uniformly across the footing, but such is not the case for the
short-span reinforcing. In the shown Figure, it can be seen that the support provided by the footing to the
column will be concentrated near the middle of the footing, and thus the moment in the short direction will
be concentrated somewhat in the same area near the column.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Rectangular Isolated Footings

The code (15.4.4.2) states that a certain minimum percentage of
the total short-span reinforcing should be placed in a band width
equal to the length of the shorter direction of the footing. The
amount of reinforcing in this band is to be determined with the
following expression, in which β is the ratio of the length of the
long side to the width of the short side of the footing:

The remaining reinforcing in the short direction should be

uniformly spaced over the ends of the footing, but the authors feel Band width for steel in the short direction for
it should at least meet the shrinkage and temperature rectangular isolated footings
requirements of the ACI Code (7.12).

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Rectangular Isolated Footings

Example: Design a rectangular footing for an 18-in. square
interior column with a dead load of 185 k and a live load of 150 k.
Make the length of the long side equal to twice the width of the
short side, fy = 60,000 psi, fc= 4000 psi, normal weight, and qa=
4000 psf. Assume the base of the footing is 5 ft 0 in. below grade.

Solution

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Rectangular Isolated Footings

If either value of d in the last two equations had exceeded the
assumed value of 19.5 in., it would have been necessary to
increase the trial value of d and start over.

Design of Steel in Long Direction

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Rectangular Isolated Footings

Design of Steel in Short Direction

4 ft

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Rectangular Isolated Footings

Homework No.12 Q2: For a square footing cast using normal-weight
concrete with f’c of 3500 psi and fy of 60,000 psi.
Calculate the minimum development length to be used
Q1: Calculate the minimum depth d required to resist to ensure full transfer of stress into concrete. Use the
the one-way shear failure for a rectangular footing 8 ft side cover of 2.6 inches and the bar no. 10 (diameter
Χ 5 ft supports a square 12-inch column. Knowing that 1.27 inches). Knowing that the calculated steel area
the factored soil pressure under the footing equals to equals to 8.82 in2 and the actual steel area is 8.86 in2.
6.5 Ksf. Use f’c equals to 4000 psi and the initial footing
thickness h is 20 inches; the cover to the center of the
main steel is 4.5 inches.

Ans. d=12.61” Ans. ld=46.97”

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Combined footings support more than one column. One
situation in which they may be used is when the columns
are so close together that isolated individual footings
would run into each other
Another frequent use of combined footings occurs where
one column is very close to a property line, causing the
usual isolated footing to extend across the line. For this
situation, the footing for the exterior column may be
combined with the one for an interior column.
Because it is desirable to make bearing pressures uniform
throughout the footing, the centroid of the footing should
be made to coincide with the centroid of the column
loads to attempt to prevent uneven settlements.
Use of combined footings.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
You probably realize that a problem arises in establishing the
centroids of loads and footings when deciding whether to use
service or factored loads. The required centroid of the footing will
be slightly different for the two cases. The authors determine the
footing areas and centroids with the service loads (ACI Code
15.2.2), but the factored loads could be used with reasonable
results, too.
First, the required area of the footing is determined for the service
loads, and the footing dimensions are selected so that the centroids
coincide.
The various loads are then multiplied by the appropriate load factors, and the shear and moment diagrams are
drawn along the long side of the footing for these loads. After the shear and moment diagrams are prepared,
the depth for one- and two-way shear is determined, and the reinforcing in the long direction is selected.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Upward deflection of a combined footing in two directions Analysis of combined footing in the transverse direction

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Example: Design a rectangular combined footing for the two columns
shown in the Figure. qa = 5 ksf, fc= 3000 psi, normal weight, and fy= 60 ksi.
The bottom of the footing is to be 6 ft below grade. Assume the soil
weight is 100 lb/ft3
Solution

Plan view of combined footing

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
C1=220 k R=570 k C1=350 k

x=7.37 ft

x=8.12 ft

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
d
Depth Required for One-Way Shear
From the shear diagram, the largest shear force is 271.1
k at the left face of the right column. At a distance d to
the left of this location, the value of shear equals to:

((304/1.5)- 48.26)x1.5=231.6 k

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Depth Required for Two-Way Shear Design of Longitudinal Steel
99 in=8.5 ft
d
42.5=col.+2( )
2

𝑑 𝑑
29.25=col.+( ) 40.5=col.+2( )
2 2

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Design of Short-Span Steel Under Interior Column

A similar procedure is used under the exterior column where

the steel is spread over a width equal to 18 in. plus d/2, and
not 18 in. plus 2(d/2), because sufficient room is not available
on the property-line side of the column.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Example (Manaseer): Design a rectangular combined footing to
support two columns, as shown in the Figure. The edge column, I,
has a section 16 × 16 in. and carries a DL of 180K and an LL of 120 K.
The interior column, II, has a section 20 × 20 in. and carries a DL of
250K and an LL of 140 K. The allowable soil pressure is 5 ksf and the
bottom of the footing is 5 ft below final grade. Design the footing
using f ′c = 4 ksi, fy =60 ksi.
Determine the location of the resultant of the column loads. Take
moments about the center of the exterior column I:

The distance of the resultant from the property line is 9+2=11.0 ft. The
length of the footing is 2 × 11=22.0 ft. In this case the resultant of column
loads will coincide with the resultant of the upward pressure on the footing.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Determine the factored upward pressure using factored loads:
Determine the area of the footing. Assume the footing
total depth is 36 in. (d=36−4.5=31.5 in.). Pu1(column I) = 1.2 × 180 + 1.6 × 120 = 408 K
Total actual (working) loads = 300 + 390 = 690 K Pu2( column II) = 1.2 × 250 + 1.6 × 140 = 524 K
The net factored soil pressure is qu =(408+524)/165=5.65 ksf.
Draw the factored shearing force diagram as for a beam
of L=22 ft supported on two columns and subjected to an
upward pressure of 5.65 ksf × 7.5 (width of
footing)=42.38 K/ft (per foot length of footing):

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Find the point of zero shear, x; the distance between The maximum moment occurs at zero shear:
interior faces of columns I and II is

Draw the factored moment diagram considering the

footing as a beam of L=22 ft supported by the two
columns. The uniform upward pressure is 42.38 K/ft. The moments calculated from both sides of the footings
are close enough, and Mu,max =1147.9 K ft may be
adopted. This variation occurred mainly because of the
adjustment of the length and width of the footing.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Check the depth for one-way shear. Maximum shear
occurs at a distance d=31.5 in. from the interior face of
column II

The effective depth provided is 31.5 in. > 24.4 in.;

thus, the footing is adequate
Check depth for two-way shear (punching shear).
For the interior column,

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings

The exterior column is checked and proved not to be critical.

Check the depth for moment and determine the

required reinforcement in the long direction:

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings

Use seven no. 8 bars placed within the bandwidth of

84 in. under column II, as shown in Figs. 13.26 and
13.27. The development length ld of no. 8 bars in the
short direction is 48 in. Though not required by
code, it is recommended to provide in the shorter
direction at the top of the footing no. 5 bars at 10 in.
center-to-center to prevent possible shrinkage
cracks and to hold the reinforcement in the other
direction.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Homework No.13

Q.1 Determine the size of a combined footing to produce

uniformly distributed pressure for the two square columns
shown (20 inches). Given the soil bearing capacity is 3000
psf and unit weight of soil above the footing is 100 lb/ft3,
the footing thickness h is 20” and depth of the soil above
the footing is 12”.

Ans. 14Χ7.82 ft

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Combined Footings
Q.2 A 5 ft by 5 ft square reinforced concrete footing Q.3 For the given combined footing (14 ft 4 in. by 10 ft 6 in.)
supports a W-section steel column; the column is and loads. Use the given information to calculate the shear
bolted on a 30×30-inch base plate as shown. Based force at point B, knowing that the ultimate soil pressure under
on the given information, calculate the moment to be the footing equals 6.0 ksf.
used for footing design.

Ans. M=22.22 k-ft Ans. V= -183.3 K

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

Moment transfer from columns to footings depends on how
the column–footing connection is constructed. Many
designers treat the connection between columns and footings
as a pinned connection. Others treat it as fixed, and still
others treat it as somewhere in between.
To provide continuity at the column–footing interface, the
reinforcing steel would have to be continued into the footing.
This is normally accomplished by embedding hooked bars into
the footing and having them extend into the air where the
columns will be located. The length they extend into the air
must be at least the lap splice length; sometimes this can be a Pin connection Embedding hooked
significant length. These bars are then lap spliced or bars
mechanically spliced with the column bars, providing continuity
of tension force in the reinforcing steel.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

If there is a moment transfer from the column to the
footing, the resultant force will not coincide with the
centroid of the footing. Of course, if the moment is
constant in magnitude and direction, it will be possible
to place the center of the footing under the resultant
load and avoid the eccentricity, but lateral forces such as
wind and earthquake can come from any direction, and
symmetrical footings will be needed.
The effect of the moment is to produce a linearly
varying soil pressure, which can be determined at any
point with the expression:

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

When the resultant force strikes the footing base, the value of + Mc/I will at some points be
larger than −P/A, and there will be uplift or tension. The soil–footing interface cannot resist
tension, and the pressure variation will be as shown in Figure (c).
For this case, the method described for calculating soil pressures is not
correct. To compute the pressure for such a situation, it is necessary to
realize that the centroid of the upward pressure must for equilibrium
coincide with the centroid of the vertical component of the downward
load. As shown in the Figure, it is assumed that the distance to this point
from the right edge of the footing is a. Since the centroid of a triangle is
located at one-third of its base, the soil pressure will be spread over the
distance 3a as shown. For a rectangular footing with dimensions L × b,
the total upward soil pressure is equated to the downward load, and the (c)
resulting expression is solved for qmax as follows: For a rectangular footing, this occurs when
the eccentricity exceeds

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

Example I: Determine the width needed for a wall footing
to support loads: D = 18 k/ft and L = 12 k/ft. In addition, a
moment of 39 ft-k must be transferred from the column to
the footing. Assume the footing is 18 in. thick, its base is 4
ft below the final grade, and qa = 4 ksf. Assume the soil
weight is 100 lb/ft3.

First Trial

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

Second Trial Note that in both trials, the sign for qmin is negative,
meaning that the soil–footing interface is in compression.
Had the value been positive, the equations used to
calculate stress would not have been valid. Instead, the
designer would have to use the equation:

Continue for calculation of Vu and Mu: as described before

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

Example II (Almanseer): A 12×24−in. column of an
unsymmetrical shed shown is subjected to an axial load
PD =220K and a moment MD =180K⋅ft due to dead load
and an axial load PL =165K and a moment ML =140K⋅ft
due to live load. The base of the footing is 5 ft below
final grade, and the allowable soil bearing pressure is 5
ksf. Design the footing using f′ c = 4 ksi and fy =60 ksi.

Method 1: Move the center of the footing a distance

e=10in. from the center of the column. In this case, the
soil pressure will be considered uniformly distributed
under the footing .

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

For the first method, assume a footing depth of 20in.
(d=16.5in.) and assume the weight of soil is 100pcf.
Net upward pressure is

The design procedure now is similar to that for a single footing.

Check the depth for two-way and one-way shear action. Determine
Assume a footing width of 9ft; then the footing the bending moment at the face of the column for the longitudinal
length is 87.1/9=9.7ft, say, 10ft. Choose a footing and transverse directions. Due to the eccentricity of the footing, the
9×10 ft and place the column eccentrically, as critical section will be on the left face of the column in. The distance
shown. The center of the footing is 10 in. away from to the end of footing is (5×12)−2=58in.=4.833ft.
the center of the column.

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

For the second method, calculate the area of the footing
in the same way as explained in the first method; then
calculate the maximum soil pressure and compare it with
that allowable using actual loads

Method 2: The footing is placed concentric with the The footing is not safe. Try a footing 9.25×13ft (area=120.25ft2).
center of the column. In this case, the soil pressure
will be trapezoidal or triangular, and the maximum
and minimum values can be calculated as shown
Calculate the factored upward pressure using factored loads; then
calculate moments and shears, as explained in previous examples

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

Example III: For a footing has a width of 10 ft. Estimate footing length and depth. Estimate the overall
Assume it will be supporting a 16 in. by 16 in. thickness, t, of the footing to be between 1.5 and 2.0 times the
column that is carrying the following loads. The size of the column, so select h = 26 in
length and depth of the footing are to be
determined. The geotechnical report indicates that
for shallow foundations, the allowable soil bearing
pressure is 4000 psf. Design the footing assuming =
3500 psi (normal-weight concrete) and fy = 60 ksi
Select a footing length of 12 ft.
PD = 180 kips and PL = 120 kips
MD = 80 k-ft and ML = 60 k-ft
Calculate factored soil pressures

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

The critical shear perimeter is located d/2 away from each column
face, Assume the average effective depth for the footing is:
Check footing thickness for two-way shear

Thus, each side of the critical shear perimeter has a length of 38 in.
Using the average factored shear stress inside the critical perimeter
(qu(avg) = 3.40 ksf), the net factored shear to be transferred across
the critical perimeter is:

Critical perimeter for two-way shear

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

Check for one-way shear
The critical section for checking one-way shear strength as
shown. To simplify this check, it is conservative to assume that
the maximum factored soil pressure of 4.20 ksf acts on the
entire shaded region. Thus, the factored shear force to be
resisted at the critical section is:

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 Chapter Four Reinforced Concrete Design II

Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments

Design flexural reinforcement for long direction
The critical section for flexural design and the variation of
factored soil pressure to be used are given in the Figure. The
factored design moment at the critical section is:

Assuming a moment arm, jd, equal to 0.95d, and using the required
area of bottom flexural reinforcement in the long direction is:

Dr. Faris Matalkah 58