(me 2033 SUCCEED PROGRESS David Rayner lan Bettison Mathew TaylorExample Solve: 2x(x—1)= (x41) -5 2x? 2x = 2° 42x 41-5 2x? —2x—x? -2x-145, x -4x+4=0 (x= 2)(x-2) x=2 In this example the quadratic has a repeated solution of x= 2. Exercise 31 Solve the following, giving answers to two decimal places where necessary: 1.8=6-x 2. x(x+ 10) =-21 3. 3x+ ae 4.22445 5x 5. 6x(x + 1)=5—¥ 6. (2x)? = a(x 14)—5 7.(x-3P=10 8 (x4 1)?= 105 2x(x-2) 10. 3x(x +2) —x(x-2) +6=0 12, x45 iv x 14. lox =142 x 16, 16 18. — 3 3 2 4 uns et Doi xtl 20. 7-3 xtl 21. One of the solutions published by Cardan in 1545 for the solution of cubic equations is given below. For an equation in the form x4 pr=q ATT 3 2 2 3 2 2 ‘Use the formula to solve the following equations, giving answers to 4 sf where necessary. a) X+7x=-8 b) x + 6x=4 ©) 8 43x=2 d) x'49x-2=0 Quadratic equations [ETSolution by completing the square Look at the function f(x) = 2° + 6x ‘Completing the square, this becomes f(x) = (x + 3)? - 9 ‘This is done as follows: Halve the 6 to give 3 inside the bracket Subtract 3° from the bracketed expression since expanding the square will give x° + 6x +9, which is 9 too many. ‘Here are some more examples. a) 22- 2x=(x~6)'—36 b) w43eo(x42)-2 ) x +6xt1=(x+3)-941 = (x43) -8 4) x°-10x-17=(x-5)'-25-17 =(x-5)'-42 9) 2x? 1284 7-9] x6 +2] a (x-3)-9+ Example 1 Solve the quadratic equation x* - 6x +7=0 by completing the square. (x-3)'-94+7=0 (x-3) =2 x-3=4/2 or -y2 x=3+V2 or 3-V2 So, x=4dl or 1.59(2dp) EM Algebra 1Example 2 Given f(x) =2° - 8x +18, show that f(2) > 2 for all values of x. Completing the square, f(x) =(x — 4)’ -16 +18 f(x) =(x-4) +2. Now (x — 4)? is always greater than or equal to zero because it is ‘something squared’ 2 fla) >2 Exercise 32 In Questions 1 to 10, complete the square for each expression by writing each one in the form (x+a)'-+ b where a and b can be positive or negative. 1.24 8x 2..x°- 12x Actartl 5.x 6x9 7.20 + L6x+5 8. 20° 10x 10. 3-2-2" 11, Solve these equations by completing the square a) e+4x-3=0 b) x -3x-2=0 12. Try to solve the equation 2° + 6x+ 10 = 0, by completing the square. Explain why you can find no solutions. 13. Given f(x) = x° + 6x + 12, show that f(x) = 3 for all values of x, Box bx 6.x +2x-15 9.6+4x—x° ©) 24+12x= 14. Given g(x)=x?-7x+ > show that the least possible value of g(x) is -12. 15. If f(a) =2° + 4x47 find a) the smallest possible value of f(s) b) the value of x for which this smallest value occurs ©) the greatest possible value of == 2.11 Problems solved by quadratic equations Example 1 “The area of rectangle A is 16 cm? greater than the area of rectangle B. Find the height of rectangle A. ea Area of rectangle A = 7(x +3) Area of rectangle B= (x + 2)(x~1) We are given (x+ 2)(x-1) +16 =7(x+3) A |o+3)em (+ 2em (Dem Problems solved by quadratic equations [°)Solve this equation x? +2x—x—2+1( 7x+21 x txt14=7x421 Cetin tl (x=7)(x+1) x =7 (xcannot be negative) “The height of rectangle A, x +3, is 10 cm. Example 2 A man bought a certain number of golf balls for $20. If each ball had cost 20 cents less, he could have bought five more for the same money, How many golf balls did he buy? Let the number of balls bought be x. Cost of each ball = 22 cents x If five more balls had been bought 2000 (x+5) ‘The new price is 20 cents less than the original price. 2000 2000 _ x (@&+5) (multiply by x) cents Cost of each ball now = . 2000 = 20x @+5) aa (x4+5)=20x(x+5) (multiply by (x +5)) 2000x +10 000 ~ 2000x = 20x* + 100x 2000(x+5)—x 20x7 +100x—10000 = 0 x? +5x—500=0 (x= 20)(x +25) 20 or x=-25 We discard x= -25 as meaningless. “The number of balls bought = 20. Algebra 1Exercise 33 Solve by forming a quadratic equation: 1. Two numbers, which differ by 3, have a product of 88. Find them. 2. The product of two consecutive odd numbers is 143, Find the numbers. 3. The length of a rectangle exceeds the width by 7 em. If the area is 60 cm’, find the length of the rectangle. 4. The length of a rectangle exceeds the width by [Link]. Ifthe diagonal is 10 cm long, find the width of the rectangle. (=m 5. The area of the rectangle exceeds the area of the (6) m square by 24 m2, Find x. 6. The perimeter of a rectangle is 68 em. If the diagonal is 26 cm, find the dimensions of the rectangle. 7. Sang Jae walks a certain distance due North and then the same distance plusa further 7 km due East. Ifthe final distance from the starting point is 17 km, find the distances he walks North and East. 8. A farmer makes a profit of x cents on each of the (x +5) eggs her hen lays. Ifher total profit was 84 cents, find the number of, eggs the hen lays. 9. Sirak buys.x eggs at (x~ 8) cents each and (x ~ 2) bread rolls at (x= 3) cents each. If the total bill is $1.75, how many eggs does he buy? 10. A number exceeds four times its reciprocal by 3. Find the number. z 11. Two numbers differ by 3. The sum of their reciprocals is 73 find the numbers. 12. A cyclist travels 40 km at a speed of x km/h. Find the time taken in terms of x. Find the time taken when his speed is reduced by 2 km/h. If the difference between the times is L hour, find the original speed x. 13. An increase of speed of 4 km/h on a journey of 32 km reduces the time taken by 4 hours. Find the original speed. 14. A train normally travels 240 km ata certain speed. One day, due to bad weather, the train's speed is reduced by 20 km/h so that the journey takes two hours longer. Find the normal speed. Gam 7m Problems solved by quadratic equations [5Ed 15. ‘The speed of a sparrow is x km/h in still air. When the wind is blowing at | km/h, the sparrow takes 5 hours to fly 12 kilometres to her nest and 12 kilometres back again. She goes out directly into the wind and returns with the wind behind her. Find her speed in still air. 16. An aircraft flies a certain distance on a bearing of 135° and then twice the distance on a bearing of 225°. Its distance from the starting point is then 350 km. Find the length of the first part of the journey. 17. In Figure 1, ABCD isa rectangle with AB = 12 cm and BC=7 cm. AK=BL=CM=DN=y ~7- 5.74456. or x= EEO = 3.18614. 4 = y=-93722.. ‘The solutions are x=-0.31,y tH fl Exercise 34 Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations. Give your answers to two decimal places where necessary. 1. y= 20-28 y=x?—16x468 5. y+10x4+31= yr6=x" 8. yx? -14x=5 43= y—6x 1. 3y+4x 3. y=2-2x 4xt3 yas 6. y+ 12x=x°+40 y+8x=38 go. yt2x47=4 yr8=x7 46x42 12, 3y-23+5=0 y=7—2x-3x" ‘Non-linear simultaneous equations. |pRevision exercise 2A 1. Solve the equations: a) x+4=3x49 ¢) 3x°+7x-40=0 2. Given a a) 2a’—b b) alb-c) ©) 2b-e 3. Eactorise completely: a) 4t- yt b) 2° +8x+6 ¢) 6m-+4n—9km—6kn @) 2¢-5x-3 4, Solve the simultaneous equations: a) 3x+2y=5 3, b=4 and c=~2, evaluate: 2x-y=8 b) 2m-n=6 2m+3n=-6 ©) 3x—4y =19 x+6y=10 4) 3x-7y=11 2x—3y=4 5, Given that x= 4, y= 3, 2= 2, evaluate: a) 2x(y+2) b) (ay? 9 xtyte @) (&+y)e-2) jain ed 6a). Simplify 3x5) - 2(2x+3). b) Factorise 2a — 3b — 4xa + 6xb. ll ©) Solve the equation Algebra 1 10. d) Remove the brackets and simplify (x-2)(x-3)(x—4). €) Remove the brackets and simplify (2x-3). . Solve the equations: a) 5-7x=4-6x 7_2 Dims x ©) 28-7x=0 d) 2+5x4+6=0 ie x43 °) . Factorise completely: a) 2-162 b) xytety tl 6) 2x 41x +12 ). Find the value of 2°32 when x=20 and — Sxt2y Solve the simultaneous equations: a) 7e+3d=29 Se—4d = 33 by 2-357 2y-3x=-8 eo) 5x=3(1-y) 3x+2y+1=0 4d) 5s+31=16 Ls+7#=34 ©) yaxt4 yar bart