VISCOSITY
Shihabudheen M
Assistant Professor in Physics
SNGS College, Pattambi
Streamline flow
Slow and steady flow
Liquid flow-flow of different layers
In a layer- all the particle has same velocity
Different layers- velocities different
Velocities of layers increases as
distance from the fixed surface
increases
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Velocity Gradient=
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑑𝑣
Layer in contact with fixed surface- stationary = 𝑑𝑥
Liquid flow in a tube
The layers are coaxial cylindrical shells
Layer in contact with the tube is stationary
Velocity increases towards the axis
Velocities of layers increases
towards the axis
Axis
Stationary layer
Viscosity
Any layer- retarded by below layer
- accelerated by above layer
Net tangential force which opposes
the motion
Viscosity – Property of a liquid by
virtue of which it opposes the
relative motion between its
different layers
Coefficient of Viscosity
According to Newton,
Viscous force ∝ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝐹∝𝐴
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝐹= −𝜂𝐴 (Newton’s law of viscous flow in stream line motion)
𝑑𝑥
Negative sign-viscous force is opposite to velocity
𝑑𝑣
When 𝐴 = 1, = 1, 𝐹 =𝜂
𝑑𝑥
Coefficient of Viscosity- Tangential force per unit area to maintain
unit velocity gradient between the layers of the liquid
Unit & Dimension
𝑑𝑣 𝐹
𝐹 = −𝜂𝐴 𝜂=− 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑑𝑥
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁𝑠
Unit of 𝜂 = 𝑚𝑠−1
= = =Pascal second=Poiseuille
𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑠 −1 𝑚2
𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2
Dimension of 𝜂 = 𝐿𝑇−1
= =𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1
𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2 𝑇 −1
Poiseuille’s Equation
Rate of flow of a liquid through a tube
Consider a liquid of
Coefficient of viscosity 𝜂,
flowing through a tube of
Length-l
Radius- r
Pressure difference across 2
ends-P
Poiseuille’s Equation
Rate of flow of a liquid through a tube
Assumptions
The flow of liquid is steady and streamline
The tube is horizontal, so that gravity does
not affect the flow of liquid
The liquid layer in contact with the tube
remains stationary
The pressure is constant over any cross
section, so that there is no radical flow of
liquid.
The liquid yields only small shearing stress
Poiseuille’s Equation
Rate of flow of a liquid through a tube
Consider a cylindrical layer of
x - radius
v- velocity of all points in this layer
Area of the layer A = 2πxl
Viscous force acting on this layer
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝐹 = −𝜂𝐴 = −𝜂2𝜋𝑥𝑙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Poiseuille’s Equation
Rate of flow of a liquid through a tube
Due to thepressure difference between
the ends of the tube, there is a forward
force
Force due to Pressure difference,
𝐹 = 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑃
When the flow of the liquid is steady and
streamline, these two forces are equal
and opposite.
𝑑𝑣
−𝜂2𝜋𝑥𝑙 = 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑃
𝑑𝑥
𝑃
𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2𝜂𝑙
Poiseuille’s Equation
Rate of flow of a liquid through a tube
𝑃𝑥 2
Integrating, 𝑣= − + 𝐶1
4𝜂𝑙
To find 𝐶1 -Constant of Integration
when x=r, v=0 (The liquid layer in contact with the tube remains stationary)
𝑃𝑟 2 𝑃𝑟 2
0= − + 𝐶1 𝐶1 =
4𝜂𝑙 4𝜂𝑙
𝑃𝑥 2 𝑃𝑟 2 𝑃
𝑣=− + = 𝑟2 − 𝑥2
4𝜂𝑙 4𝜂𝑙 4𝜂𝑙
This is equation for a parabola. It shows that the velocity distribution curve is parabolic
Poiseuille’s Equation
Rate of flow of a liquid through a tube
Imagine a cylindrical shell Of radius x and thickness dx
Cross sectional area of the shell, 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
Volume of liquid flowing through this area per second
𝑃 𝜋𝑃
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑣𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟2 − 𝑥2 2𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4𝜂𝑙 2𝜂𝑙
Volume of liquid flowing through the tube per second= Integrating the
expression within the limit x=0 to x=r
𝑟
𝜋𝑃 𝑟 𝜋𝑃 𝑟 𝜋𝑃 𝑟 2 𝑥 2 𝑥4
𝑉= 𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = −
2𝜂𝑙 0 2𝜂𝑙 0 2𝜂𝑙 2 4 0
𝝅𝑷𝒓𝟒
𝑽=
𝟖𝜼𝒍
Determination of coefficient of viscosity-
Poiseuille’s method
Inflow
Vessel A
Constant Pressure head h-maintained
by outflow arrangement
A
O Height of pressure head can be varied
by adjusting O
h Capillary tube-T of length-l, radius-r
fixed horizontally near the bottom of
T
vessel
A beaker of known weight is placed
below the free end of the capillary
tube
Beaker
Overflow
Determination of coefficient of viscosity-
Poiseuille’s method
Inflow
The weight of the dry beaker is taken
The liquid flowing through the tube is
collected for a known time
A
O The mass of the liquid collected is calculated
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Volume of the liquid =
h 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Volume of the liquid
T Rate of flow=
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Coefficient of Viscosity,
𝝅𝑷𝒓𝟒
Beaker 𝜂=
8𝑉𝑙
Overflow
Derivation of Stoke’s Equation
Consider a spherical body fall through a viscous medium
Assumptions
The spherical body is rigid and smooth
There is no slip between spherical body & medium’
The medium through which the body moves is of infinite extent
The medium is homogeneous
The diameter of the body is large compared with intermolecular
distance of the medium
No waves or eddy currents set up in the medium during the
motion of the body
Derivation of Stoke’s Equation
When a body falls through viscous medium, motion is opposed by
viscous force
𝑑𝑣
𝐹 = −𝜂𝐴
𝑑𝑥
F increases with velocity
When the viscous force=Gravitational force, Body attains constant
velocity –Terminal Velocity
According to Stoke’s law, F-Viscous Force
Viscous force, 𝐹 ∝ 𝑣 𝑎 𝑟 𝑏 𝜂𝑐 v-terminal velocity
r –radius
𝜂 -Coefficient of Viscosity
𝐹 = 𝐾𝑣 𝑎 𝑟 𝑏 𝜂 𝑐
K-Dimensionless constant
𝐹 = 𝐾𝑣 𝑎 𝑟 𝑏 𝜂 𝑐
Taking dimensions
MLT-2 = (LT-1)a Lb (ML-1T-1)c = McL(a+b-c)T-(a+c)
Comparing dimensions of M,
C=1
Comparing dimensions of T,
-(a+c)=-2 a+1=2 a=1
Comparing dimensions of L,
(a+b-c)=1 b=1-a+c=1-1+1=1 b=1
𝐹 = 𝐾𝑣𝑟𝜂
K=6𝜋
𝑭 = 6𝝅𝒗𝒓𝜼
Derivation of Stoke’s Equation
When a body falls through a liquid,
𝜌 − 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
𝜎 − 𝐷. 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
4
Weight of the body = 𝑀𝑔 = 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌𝑔 (Downward)
3
Upward thrust on the body by the medium = Weight of the liquid displaced
4
= 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜎𝑔
3
4 4 4
Resultant downward force = 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜎𝑔 = 𝜋𝑟 3 (𝜌 − 𝜎)𝑔
3 3 3
Derivation of Stoke’s Equation
When terminal velocity is attained,
4 3
6𝝅𝜼𝒓𝒗 = 𝜋𝑟 𝜌 − 𝜎 𝑔
3
2 𝑟2 𝜌 − 𝜎 𝑔
𝜂=
9 𝑣
2 𝑟 2 𝜌−𝜎 𝑔
Terminal Velocity, 𝑣 =
9 𝜂
1
𝒗 ∝ 𝑟2, 𝒗∝ 𝜌−𝜎 𝑣∝
𝜂
Application of Stoke’s law
4 3
6𝝅𝜼𝒓𝒗 = 𝜋𝑟 𝜌 − 𝜎 𝑔
3
To determine coefficient of viscosity of liquids
To determine radius of small spherical objects like rain
drops
To determine electronic charge in Millikan’s oil drop
method
Application of Stoke’s law
Examples
Formation of cloud of tiny drops of water
𝒗 ∝ 𝑟2
Tiny drops of water – small radius -0.001 cm
- small Terminal velocity ≈ 1.2𝑐𝑚/𝑠
They remain suspended in air
Appear to be floating
Application of Stoke’s law
Examples
Rain drops
Bigger drops of water – big radius -0.01 cm 𝒗 ∝ 𝑟2
- big Terminal velocity ≈ 120 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
They fall through air
Application of Stoke’s law
Examples
If 𝜌 > 𝜎, Terminal velocity = positive
The body will move downward
4 3
If 𝜌 < 𝜎, Terminal velocity = negative 6𝝅𝜼𝒓𝒗 = 𝜋𝑟 𝜌 − 𝜎 𝑔
3
The body will move upward 2 𝑟 2 𝜌−𝜎 𝑔
Terminal Velocity, 𝑣 =
9 𝜂
Eg: Air bubbles formed in water
For a small bubble, 𝒗 ∝ 𝑟 2 , terminal velocity small, small air
bubbles will move up with small velocity
When the size increases, 𝒗 ∝ 𝑟 2 , Terminal velocity increases
Determination of coefficient of viscosity-
Stoke’s falling viscometer
The liquid whose 𝜂 to be determined is
taken in a jar
Put two marks, A & B on the jar
Tiny sphere of known radius is dropped
centrally
A stopwatch is started when the sphere
A just crosses A
It is stopped just it cross B
S
Distance AB=S, Time taken to cross AB=t
B Terminal Velocity, 𝑣 =
𝑆
𝑡
2 𝑟2 𝜌 − 𝜎 𝑔 2 𝑟2𝑡 𝜌 − 𝜎 𝑔
𝜂= =
9 𝑣 9 𝑆
Determination of coefficient of viscosity-
Stoke’s falling viscometer
The experiment is repeated for spheres of
different radii
Time is noted in all cases
A graph is plotted between 𝑟 2 and 1Τ𝑡
𝑟2
It will be a straight line
𝑑𝑦 𝑟2
1ൗ Slope= = = 𝑟2𝑡
𝑡 𝑑𝑥 1Τ
𝑡
𝑟 2 t is constant
Determination of coefficient of viscosity-
Stoke’s falling viscometer
Thermometer 𝜂 for different temperatures can be
found out
A sensitive thermometer is used to
measure the temperature of the liquid
A
S
B
𝜎
Brownian Motion
Brownian motion is the seemingly random
movement of particles suspended in a fluid.
It is the clearest proof of molecular agitation.
It was first noticed by ROBERT BROWN in 1827
Albert Einstein and Marian Smoluchowski
predicted a solution for this
Einstein’s predictions were verified by Perrin
and was awarded the Nobel prize for Physics
According to Einstein,
The colloidal particle is struck by several molecules of dispersion
medium
The movement is caused by unequal number of molecules of medium
striking from opposite direction.
When more molecules strike the particle from one side than other
direction of movement changes.
Avg. Translational K.E= Avg K.E
2
1 MV 1 mv 2 3 k BT
2 2 2
M=Mass of colloidal particle
V=Velocity of colloidal particle
m=mass of molecules of medium at absolute temp. T
v=velocity of molecules of medium at absolute temp. T
kB =Boltzmann’s constant
The Boltzmann’s constant kB is given by
R
kB
NA R=Universal gas constant
NA =Avogadro’s number
According to kinetic theory,
the mean Brownian displacement,𝑥ҧ of a particle from its
original position along a given axis after t seconds is,
1
RTt 2
x r=radius of particle
3rN A T=absolute temp.
𝜂=coefficient of viscosity
Viscosity of gases
Viscosity of gases arises from the molecular diffusion that
transports momentum between layers of flow.
The kinetic theory of gases allows accurate prediction of
the behaviour of gaseous viscosity.
Viscosity is independent of pressure.
It increases as temperature increases.
Viscosity of liquids Viscosity of gases
𝜂𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 decreases with temperature 𝜂𝑔𝑎𝑠 increases with temperature
While flowing,
The molecules of liquid layer in
contact with the walls
remain stationary Slipping occurs
Since the liquid is incompressible, Since density varies with pressure,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
is constant is constant
𝑡 𝑡
Thank You
Meyer’s formula
Consider a gas flowing through a tube
Let
V = volume of the gas flowing per second
X = distance from the inlet end of the tube
𝜌= density of the gas
P = uniform pressure
During the flow
density and volume of gas flowing through any section change
Mass of the gas flowing through any section taken to be constant
𝜌𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜌∝𝑃
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Consider
dx- A section of the tube
At a distance X from the inlet end
With a pressure difference dP
𝝅𝑷𝒓𝟒
Poiseuille’s formula 𝑽= 𝟖𝜼𝒍
Substituting for l=dx
P=dP
𝝅𝒓𝟒 𝒅𝑷
𝑽=
𝟖𝜼 𝒅𝒙
As x increases P decreases,
𝛑𝐫 𝟒 𝐝𝐏
𝐕= −
𝟖𝛈 𝐝𝐱
𝛑𝐫 𝟒 𝐝𝐏
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾 𝐕=−
𝟖𝛈 𝐝𝐱
𝜋P𝑟 4 𝑑𝑃
PV = − =𝐾
8𝜂 𝑑𝑥
𝜋𝑃𝑟 4 πr4
− 𝑑𝑃 = 𝐾𝑑𝑥 − PdP = 𝐾dx
8𝜂 8η
πr4 𝑃2 𝑙 𝑃1 -Pressure at the inlet of the tube
− PdP = 𝐾 0 dx 𝑃2 - Pressure at the outlet of the tube
8η 𝑃1
Integrating
πr4 πr4
− (𝑃2 2 2
− 𝑃1 ) = 𝐾𝑙 (𝑃1 2 − 𝑃2 2 ) = 𝐾𝑙
16η 16η
πr 4
𝐾= (𝑃1 2 − 𝑃2 2 )
16η𝑙
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
πr 4
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 = (𝑃1 2 − 𝑃2 2 )
16η𝑙
This is Meyer’s formula for gaseous flow through a capillary tube
Effect of pressure on the viscosity of gases
James Clerk Maxwell published a paper in 1866 explained gaseous
viscosity using the kinetic theory of gases
The viscosity coefficient ∞ density (pressure),
∞ mean free path
∞ mean velocity of atoms
1
mean free path ∞
density (pressure)
So increase of pressure doesn’t change viscosity
But at high pressures, Viscosity of gases increases with pressure
Effect of temperature on the viscosity of gases
The viscosity of gases increases with temperature
Sutherland’s formula can be used to derive the viscosity of an ideal gas as a function
of the temperature
3ൗ
𝑇0 + 𝐶 𝑇 2
𝜂 = 𝜂0
𝑇+𝐶 𝑇0
𝜂 = Viscosity in (Pa.s) at input temperature T
𝜂0 =Reference Viscosity in (Pa.s) at reference temperature 𝑇0 (273 K)
C = Sutherland’s constant for the gas
This equation is valid for temperatures between 0 < T < 555 K
