INTRODUCTION Drawing is a cross-disciplinary subject that is applied in all the fields, from the arts, medicine, soience, and technology. New things come from table and paper methods using diffefent media and drawing instruments, whether mechanical or freehand drawing. lloilo Science and Technology University, formerly lioilo School of Arts and Trades, is known for its vocational and technical education ever since. Graduates of technical education as well as, technology courses were taking a drawing subject which helped them in their chosen fields. This concept was in confirmation with the thrust of the e that “from Technical Competence to Technological Excellence,” which praves that Drawing is inevitable in all discipline. Whether you are taking Technology courses such as\Ditavting, Automotve, Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics, Heating and Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration. Construction, Fumiture. and Cabinet Making, surely drawing as a subject is useful in many uses and appitation-in line wah the courses above. Let's keam Drawing because i\fun and considered as universal language, a key to mass production.UNIT 1 DRAFTING: ITS MEANING AND IMPORTANCE Description: This unit deals with the study of the techniques of line sketching, freehand, and mechanical drawing. It includes the historical background [Link]. concept, divisions. types, objectives of drawing and specialized branches 25. well as types of maps. ‘The Meaning of Drafting «Drafting is an art of making drawings. «Drafting is preparing of working drawings. + Drafting is also known as the Tanguage of industry. + Drafting is an ilustratiovrendenng. * Drafting is the systematic representation and dimensional specification of mechanical and architectural structures. © Industry uses this precise language because the drawings must communicate the information theidesignerhad in mind to those who produce the product, What is a drawing? Drawing, 4 ing: to Spencer, is the “principal means of expression of ideas in a tech } a graphic language which has its alphabet, grammar, and penmanship.” The grammar of drawing is its fundamental principle, and reasonable, skill for execution is its penmanship. it is a process of thinking, planning. ‘and setting of thoughts down on a piece of paper in graphic form. Another meaning of drawing is the ability of a person to put facts and truth in graphic form through lines and tools. Spencer defined drawing as a graphic represeniation of a real thing, an idea, or proposed design for construction later. ‘A person who prepares drawing or portrays graphically as a draftsperson. A person who uses mechanical aid or drawing struments in his/her work. The Importance of Drafting Drawing either mechanical or freehand is essential to everyone for it is 3 tanguage of vision through universal understanding can be achieved.Drafting is an integral part of 3 well-rounded educational program. “Its function is to help students further develop their capacity to think, to express understandably, and to interpret ideas of others. These skills, knowledge, and attitudes are part of basic foundation conceming matters of mechanical nature needed of all youth” (Plevyak and Walker: 1980). Drawing is the oldest type of written expression and understood throughout the world. It is a fact that industrial history recorded in graphic form. From the dawn of history, the man tied to leave permanent records vital to him in the fonm of carved pictures because of the absence of the present-dayalphabet. a were man's first step towards the discovery of the alphabet (Spencer: Drawing is a valuable means of expression to anyone = an efective way te get an idea across when words fai. A word is an abstract symbol representing a thing or idea, but a picture represents an object itself “Confueus once said, “one picture is worth a thousand words.” The [Link] house or piece of furniture could not be explained in one thousand words only. There is no complicated object in the world of drawing. Even persons not connected with the industry find the high value of drawing. only as a means of expressing ideas persuasively. Modem home appliances are bought with an instruction sheet or manual usually in the form of drawings, which guides one on Ribw to operate, maintain, repair, or how to order for spare parts. When a persin catindt find exact words that best describe his ideas, drawing is the best way! to falure through a freehand sketch in any available media. ~ DIVISIONS OF DRAWING Drawing further divided into two divisions, the Freehand or Technical Sketching and the MecHanical Drawing or Instrumental Drawing. Freehand drawing of technical sketching is the technique of making a drawing without the use of drawing instruments.. It is the freehand expression of a graphic language, while mechanical is the instrumental expression of it, Technical sketching is the [Link] tool for engineers and others engaged in technical work. It most sgientifig Meas can be expressed quickly and effectively without the use of dal instruments. It is used frequently the drafisman as the first step in making an insirumental drawing. The principal objective of a sketch is the rapid rendition of 3 neat and legible Mustration. It also considered as the principal Means to represent ideas. Thus, training in freehand work form, speed, hand control, and appreciation of proportions. Mechanical drawing or instrumental drawing is widely used to describe the technical drawing. {tis @ universal language that produces meaning by which ideas and information may be recorded and made readily available to others.Each line and symbol of this universal language has a defined meaning. The mechanical drawing was done with the aid of drawing instruments, MAIN TYPES OF DRAWING Drawing classified into two main types: these are the Anistic and the Technical drawings. In the artistic drawing, the artist expresses philosophical or aesthetic ideas or emotions. When he/she draws things. he draws them as they appear to him emotionally, and every artist sees things in his peculiar way. Examples of these are the paintings of famous artists. On the other hand, the technical drawing concemed with the actual object and his drawing showsinot only how they appear but how they are. The technical sommes exact means of expression, and accuracy is its primary objective: sfechnical drawing is the art and science of describing structures and: structural details entirely and accurately by graphical means. OBJECTIVES OF DRAWING To be successful in Technical Drawing, a Student has to follow some specific objectives. These objectives achieved through constant correct practice. 1. Accuracy. No drawing is of maximum usefulness if it is not accurate. Meaning, the student must leam Hie fundamentals and practice it to become a habit, That canibe apphed later if he does not acquire the habit of accuracy in his work, [Link] to acquire precision in work must observe — thus, it must be free from errors. 2. Speed. Speed means that “Time is money.” Meaning, in the industry, there is no demand for’a slow worker. However. speed attains not by hurrying: in short itis a product of intelligent and continuous work. It comes with-stidyattd practice. A stow worker or draftsman is dull, while a fast worker ‘5 Usually intelligent. Although @ worker is fast in his work but ceates too many errors, the industry does not accept it. 3».legibiity. Carefulness to the details, especially to lettering is the cbjective that every draftsperson should remember. Two-Way communication achieved. Therefore. accurate drawing must have -Feadable notes and figures for easy reading. 4. Neamess. If a drawing is to be accurate and legible, it must also clean. Therefore, the student should continuously strive to acquire the habit of neatness. Untidy drawings are the result of the sloppy and careless method. Henoe, cleaning of hands and instruments before doing the plates ‘are good practices.Technical Drawing and Its Specialized Branches [- “‘Specisiized Branches [Drawing 1. Architectural Drawing. ‘This branch of technical drawing is devoted to the representation of buildings and similar structures. The drawing for an architectural structure indudes plans, elevations, sections, and details sufficient to define adequately in graphis form. 2. Machine Drawing. Machine drawing is a branch of technical drawing used in machine industries. A machine shop drawing omits ail information concerning the pattem of preceding processes and conveys only those needed for machining. 3. Structural Drawing. This drawing] indudes all lay-outs and detail| drawings connected with the design and construction of buildings, bridges, Weduets, and other similar-sirictires_ Further, structural steel, timber, concrete, and other bulging maierals used. Specific standard practice and conveniences have developed in the field of drafting Quiteeunlike to those prevailing in machine @rawing. The function of structural drawing is to show: the shapes) and sizes used and the details of fastening. 4_ Sheet Metal Drawing. A branch of tachnecal, drawing used in heating, es ventilating, and air-conditioning FF indusbies. It includes problems } involved in finding the intersections of surfaces and in developing surfaces of = a various kinds into flat pattems and wy Th templates which have many applications in industries mentioned. — Broilers. smokestacks, breaching, and ducts also involve problems of this kind5. Electrical Drawing. This branch of technical drawing used in electrical industies. Electrical engineers need the basic knowledge of drawing as do chemical engineers and other engineers. This drawing includes diagrammatic drawing using conventional symbols for electrical equipment and conventions which form an essential class of electrical drawing. 6. Aeronautical Drawing. Aeronautical drawing is a composite of mechanical, ‘Structural, electrical, and sheet metal drafting. Here, some deviations made from each other to establish untormity as a single underlying system. A distinctive feature of aeronautical drafting is the planning of logical assembly and installation sequences, as well as designing for maximum strengths for maximum weight It used in aircraft manufacturing 7. Marine Drawing. This drawing deals with the making of drawings or plans of bests, ships, and otherliseagoing vessels. 8 Forniture Drawing = Fumiture drawing includes’ designing and planning pieces of fumiture like cabinets, tables, chairs, beds, and other fumishing found in an office, home. hotel. and among others.%. Map Drawing This technical drawing represents a portion of the earth's surface area. Since it usually Tepresents a relatively small part, all the third dimension (height) is not shown except in some cases by contour fines. A map also has a one- view orthographic projection. 10. Fashion Design Drawing. This. drawing is the study that focuses on clothing and apparel as well as its accessories. It entails creating and manufacturing the apparel consumers wear. Cartography is the science opaftof mag-making Maps classified into nine {8)/groUps following thei purpose or intended use. a. Geographic map — includes large areas and consequently must draw to ‘small scale. They Show notable towns and cities, steams and bodies of water, political boundaries, and reliefs. .b, Topographic map - has a complete description of specific areas and show =f0 larger Seale the geographical positions of the natural feature and the works'of man such as building, bridges, and among others. Hydrographic map — deals with the information conceming bodies of water, shorelines, sounding depth, sub-aqueous contours, navigation aids, and water control. a. Cadastral map — is one of the very accurate control maps for either cities ‘or towns made to large scale with all features drawn to scale. They are used to contol city developments and operations, particularly taxation and transfer of property lot of city additions, mineral nghts, farm surveys, and the like that fall in this group, & controts ownership.&. Engineenng maps — is a working map for engineering projects classified for speciic purposes such as for the reconnaissance of construction maintenance purposes. They provide accurate horizontal and vertical contro! data and show objects on the site along the nght way. £ Photogrammetic map — is a map which represents features on the earth’s surface from territorial and aerial photographs. The stereoscopic instruments produced the photographs and perspectives of the orthographic view for data analysis g. IMitiary map — is designed to contain information of military importance in the area presented. h. Landscape map — is used in planning installation_.of treeslishrubbery, riveways, and others in the artistic design of area improvement. Some technical terms used in map drawing: Contours are lines drawn on 3 map to locate in,the plan view and points of equal ground elevation. On a single contour line, thereforeviall points have the same elevation. Hachures are short parallel or slightly divergent lines drawn in the direction of the slope. They are closely spaced on steep slopes and converge towards the ‘top fridges and his. Hachureslare shadeines used to show relief. Instructions: Before starting to work with the prepared activities, kindly read the rubrics for evaluating the drawing plates. By doing this, you familiarized with the criteria to make satisfactory outputs. All of the lines to be made are done using freehand or technical sketching drawing or mechanical or instrumental drawing.Rubrics for Evaluating the Drawing Plates Rating 1-10 2-20 i-20 a 5-50 No Error ‘Occasional Some Jord ‘Several Errors | More than 7 Errore: Errore Errore Criteria Accuracy Line Lettering | Dimensioning| Neatness Uniformity Tethe Drawing | Are the lines Wetneletering | Are the Te he over-al apourate? corsotiy defined | adequately done? | cimencions place | output ic clean scoring te oorreatly? andinast? types? AL ‘GoO0 ‘CORRECT EXTENSION AND. | 73S DRAWING UEASUREMENT | SELECTION AND | CONSTRUCTION | DIMENSION LINES | @ FREE =ROM BON THE USEOFLUNESON | ANDEEACING — | PROPERLY OUSTRACTING DRAWING ARE | THEORAWING | OFF LETTER AND | SPACED FROM | ERABURES, ACCURATE TO WORDS CQVECTLINES | GMUDGES, DOS MTS. ‘OORRECT LINE AND OTHER. ‘GHOST LINES, PERTAINING TO | WEIGHT AND HORIZONTAL | DIMENBIQNIINES'| TEARS, OF VIEWS, AND UNIFORMITY ‘GUIDELINES ‘WRINKLES. OTHER USED IN ALL LINE | USED. DIMENSION REQUIREMENTS | CONSTRUCTION APPROPRIATELY NOTES AND PLACED Aretha views Oo all lines havea | FIGURES ARE 9 BETWEEN VIEWS | EXAMPLE: appropriately §— | propar FROPERLY WHENEVER shown? ‘relationship wii | LETTERED. POSSELE ACSURACY 1 each offer? UREWORK 2 BEST VIEWS OF Am figures and | ALLNECESSARY | LETTERING 2 ‘THE OBJECT ARE | SHARP froetions: DIMENSIONS. DIMENSIONING BHORWN INTERSECTION |iamproprintoly | GIVEN FYGLUONG | 2 PROPERLY ‘OF LINES ‘spaced? OVERALL MEATNEES 4 DIMENSIONS Toa 12 ALLVIEWS ARE | UNESCROSS | The WHOLE COMPLE AND ADJON SUMEER 128 ‘OORRECTLY. CONSTRUCTED a Aro viows daig out ANDSFACED — | AND ARCS appropriately? | TANGENT ARE | CORRECTLY DESCRIBED PERPENDICULAR, CORRECTLY VEINS ARE TORADIL 000 size CORRECTLY FROFORTON | SUFURFLOUS OR SPACEDAND © | ARROWHEADS | WITHIN MINED =| REDUNDANT PROPERLY. ARE MADE NUMBERS DIMENSIONS ALIGNED! QORRECTLY. AVOIDED PROPER ESSENTIAL PROJECTION NOTES ARE ‘TECHNIQUES PROVIDED ARE USED BESTSCALE SZE BORDER AND 1S USED. TLE TRE INCLUDING GUIDELINES aR MEABURED AND LAD OUT oN THE PAPER ACCORDING 70 REQUREWENTS “The INSUCIOF May change tie creena for grading whe drawing platas based On hair grading syszem.