MEC102

KINEMATICS OF
A PARTICLE
Module 1:KINEMATICS OF A
PARTICLE
 
◦Position, Velocity and
Acceleration

CO1. Explain and use the principles governing

motion of particles.
CO2. Apply the concepts of kinematics of
particles to compute positions, velocities, and
accelerations of rigid bodies.
OBJECTIVES
 At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:

 Understand the concept of position, velocity

and acceleration
 Solve problem inline with Position, Velocity and
Acceleration
 Kinematics: study of the geometry of
motion. Kinematics is used to relate
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and
time without reference to the cause of
motion.
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 (Motion along straight line)

 Kinematical Quantities
 1. Distance /Displacement Position
 2. Speed /Velocity
 3. Time
 4. acceleration (vector quantity)
 Position and Displacement
 Particle moving along a straight line is said
to be in rectilinear motion.
• Position coordinate of a particle is defined by
positive or negative distance of particle from a
fixed origin on the line.

Displacement is the change of position

x  x2  x1
Motion of Particle

• The motion of a particle is known if the

position coordinate for particle is known for
every value of time t. Motion of the particle
may be expressed in the form of a function,
i.e.,

x(t )  6t 2  t 3
or in the form of a graph x vs. t.
 Velocity
 Consider particle which occupies position P
at time t, and P’ at t +Dt,

x
Average velocity 
t
x
Instantaneous velocity  v  lim
t 0 t

• Instantaneous velocity may be positive or

negative. Magnitude of velocity is referred
to as particle speed.
 acceleration
 Consider particle with velocity v at time t
and v’ at t+Dt,  2  1
aav 
t 2  t1
v
Instantaneous acceleration  a  lim
t 0 t

• Instantaneous acceleration may be:

- positive: increasing positive velocity

or decreasing negative velocity

- negative: decreasing positive velocity
or increasing negative velocity.
  [Link] the position at time of 1 s and 4s.
 Find the displacement from 1 to 4 interval
P1  Find the average velocity from 1s to 4s time
interval.
P2
 RECTILINEAR
MOTION
 Problem 4
 The position of a particle is given by the
equation f(t) = t3 – 6t2 + 9t
where t is measured in seconds and f(t) in
meters
a. Find the velocity at time t
b. What is the velocity after 2seconds? After 4
seconds?
c. When will the object be stationary?
d. Find the acceleration at time t and after
4seconds. (Hint: acceleration is the rate of
change of velocity)
P5
P6
 Suppose the velocity υ of a car at any time t is
given by the equation
  60m/s  0.50m/s 3 t 2
 Find the change in velocity of the car in the
time interval between t1 = 1.0 s and t2 = 3.0 s.
 Find the average acceleration in this time
interval
 Find the instantaneous acceleration by taking
Δt from 1 to 0.001 s.
 Derive an expression for the instantaneous
acceleration
19
Module 1:KINEMATICS OF A
PARTICLE
 
Draw and interpret (x-t, v-t and a-t
curves)

CO1. Explain and use the principles governing

motion of particles.
CO2. Apply the concepts of kinematics of
particles to compute positions, velocities, and
accelerations of rigid bodies.
Graph of (x-t, v-t and a-t curves)

• The motion of a particle is known if the

position coordinate for particle is known for
every value of time t. Motion of the particle
may be expressed in the form of a function,
i.e.,

x-t curve graph the function using graphing

techniques or elementary techniques
v-t curve- v= dx/dt
a-t curve a= dv/dt
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Sample Problem:
 The motion of a particle is defined by the
relation
x(t )  6t 2  t 3
where x is expressed in feet and t in seconds.
 Draw the (a) x-t, (b) v-t, and (c) a-t curves,
and (d) determine when the velocity is zero,
(e) the interval where the particle is moving
to the right, (f) the position of the particle
after t=6s.
Graph of (x-t, v-t and a-t curves)

2 3
x(t )  6t  t
 Acceleration
 From the definition of a derivative,

x dx
v  lim 
t 0 t dt

x(t )  6t 2  t 3
dx 2
v(t )   12t  3t
dt
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 From the definition of a derivative,

v dv d 2 x
a  lim   2
t 0 t dt dt
e.g. v  12t  3t 2
dv
a  12  6t
dt
RECTILINEAR MOTION
• Consider particle with motion given by

x  6t 2  t 3
dx
v  12t  3t 2
dt

dv d 2 x
a  2  12  6t
dt dt

• at t = 0, x = 0, v = 0, a = 12 m/s2

• at t = 2 s, x = 16 m, v = vmax = 12 m/s, a = 0

• at t = 4 s, x = xmax = 32 m, v = 0, a = -12 m/s2

• at t = 6 s, x = 0, v = -36 m/s, a = 24 m/s2

11 - 27
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Sample Problem:
 The motion of a particle is defined by the
relation 1 3
x  t  36t
3
where x is expressed in feet and t in seconds.
 Draw the (a) x-t, (b) v-t, and (c) a-t curves,
and (d) determine when the velocity is zero,
(e) the interval where the particle is moving
to the right, (f) the position traveled when
t=6s.
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Exercise:
 The motion of a particle is defined by the
relation x  t 3  6t 2  9t  3
where x is expressed in feet and t in seconds.
 Draw the (a) x-t, (b) v-t, and (c) a-t curves,
and (d) determine when the velocity is zero,
(e) the interval where the particle is moving
to the right, (f) the total distance traveled
when t=6s.
Module 2:KINEMATICS OF A
PARTICLE
 
Uniform Rectilinear Motion

CO1. Explain and use the principles governing

motion of particles.
CO2. Apply the concepts of kinematics of
particles to compute positions, velocities, and
accelerations of rigid bodies.
OBJECTIVES
 At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
 Derive the different equations used for
particles in rectilinear motion and apply
these derived equations in solving uniform
and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion
problems.
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Uniform Rectilinear Motion:
 For particle in uniform rectilinear motion, the
acceleration is zero and the velocity is
constant.
dx
 v  constant
dt
x t Where:
 dx  v  dt
x0 0
X is the final position
Xo is the initial position
Vis the average speed
t is the time
x  x0  vt
x  x0  vt
 [Link]
formula/#:~:text=The%20general%20speed
%20average%20formula,average%20speed
%20is%20m%2Fs.
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Sample Problem:
 An automobile is driven along a straight
line at 30 mph for 12 min, then at 40 mph
for 20 min, and finally at 50 mph for 8 min.
 (a) What is its average speed over this
interval?
 (b) How fast must the automobile move in
the last 8 min to obtain an average speed
of 35 mph?
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Example:
 Car A at a gasoline station stays there
for 10 minutes after a car B passes at an
average speed of 50 kph. How long will it
take car A moving at an average speed of
60 kph to overtake car B?
Module 2:KINEMATICS OF A
PARTICLE
 
Uniformly Accelerated
Rectilinear Motion:

CO1. Explain and use the principles governing

motion of particles.
CO2. Apply the concepts of kinematics of
particles to compute positions, velocities, and
accelerations of rigid bodies.
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion:
 For particle in uniformly accelerated
rectilinear motion, the acceleration of the
particle is constant.

v t

dv
 a  constant
 dv  a  dt
v0 0
dt
v  v 0  at
v  v 0  at
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion:

x t

dx  dx   v 0  at dt
 v 0  at x0 0
dt 2
x  x0  v 0 t  at 1
2
2
x  x0  v 0 t  at 1
2
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion:

v x

dv  v dv  a  dx
v  a  constant v0 x0
dx 1
2
v 2

 v 02  a  x  x0 
v 2  v 02  2a  x  x0 
 Motion with Constant Acceleration
 1. A car is heading east through a small Iowa
city accelerates after he passes the signpost
marking the city limits. His acceleration is a
constant 4.0 m/s2. At time t = 0 he is 5.0 m east
of the signpost, moving east at 15 m/s.
a) Find his position and velocity at t = 2.0 s
b) Where is the motorcyclist when his velocity
is 25 m/s

11/24/2022 Ramon Irving Angelo de Jesus 40

Find his position and velocity at t = 2.0 s
Where is the motorcyclist when his velocity
is 25 m/s
 Motion with Constant Acceleration
 2. A car is travelling with a constant speed of
15 m/s passes a school crossing corner, where
the speed limit is 10 m/s. Just as the motorist
passes, a police officer on a motorcycle stopped
at the corner starts in pursuit with constant
acceleration of 3.0 m/s2.
a) How much time elapses before the officer
catches up with the motorist?
b) What is the officer’s speed at that point

11/24/2022 Ramon Irving Angelo de Jesus 43

a) How much time elapses before the officer
catches up with the motorist?
b) What is the officer’s speed at that point
c) What is the total distance each vehicle has
travelled at that point??
Free Falling Bodies
 Free Fall

 The object is in free fall if it is moving

against the gravity.
 Free fall is an example of motion in one
dimension with constant acceleration.
 Near the surface of the Earth, the
acceleration due to the force of gravity is
constant and is always in the downward
direction.
 a = ay = -9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
November 24, 2022 Chapter 2 47
 V  V0  a t
Where : V  velocity at any given time
V0  initial velocity
1 2
S  V0 t  a t a  acceleration
2 t  time elapsed
S  position
V 2  V02  2 a S
 Free Falling Bodies
 Ex 1. A one-euro coin is dropped from the
Leaning Tower of Pisa. It starts from rest and
falls freely. Compute its position and velocity
after 1.0 s, 2.0 s and 3.0s,

11/24/2022 Ramon Irving Angelo de Jesus 50

 Free Falling Bodies

 Ex. 2You throw a ball vertically upward from the roof of a tall
building. The ball leaves your hand at a point even with the roof
railing with an upward speed of 15.0 m/s; the ball is then in free
fall. On its way back down, it just misses the railing. At the
location of the building. Find:
a) The velocity when the ball is 5.00 m above the railing
b) The maximum height reached and the time at which it is
reached
c) The acceleration of the ball when it is at its maximum
height.
d) Assume that the building is 50 m tall, what is the velocity
of the ball before it stike the groud. How much time is
11/24/2022needed for the ball toIrving
Ramon strike the
Angelo ground.
de Jesus 53
a. The position and velocity of the ball 1.00 s
and 3.00 s after leaving your hand
c. The acceleration of the ball
when it is at its maximum height.
 GROUP ACTIVITY
 Problem 1
 The position of a particle is given by the
equation f(t) = t3 – 6t2 + 9t
where t is measured in seconds and f(t) in
meters
a. Find the average velocity 2 seconds interval.
b. What is the velocity after 2seconds? After 4
seconds?
c. When will the object be stationary?
d. Find the acceleration at time t and after
4seconds. (Hint: acceleration is the rate of
change of velocity)
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Sample Problem:
 A stone is dropped down a well and 5
seconds later the sound of splash is heard.
If the velocity of the sound is 1120 fps,
what is the depth of the well? (Ans. 353
ft)
PREPARATION FOR THE COURSE
 Effective Listening
PREPARATION FOR THE COURSE
 TEXTBOOK
Merriam, James L., Kraige, L.G. and Jeffrey N. Bolton. (2018). Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics,
Enhanced eText 9e. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
REFERENCES

e-Books

Beer, Ferdinand P., E. Russel Johnston Jr. , David F. Mazurek, Phillip J. Cornwell and Brian P. Self
(2018). Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics 12e. New York: The McGraw Hill. Co.
Hibbler, Russel C. (2016). The Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics Series 14e.
Pearson.
Tongue, Benson H. and Daniel T. Kawano. (2017). Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics. Wiley
Global Education US.
Websites
[Link]
[Link]
References:
[Link]
ematics/
[Link]
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