UEC1602 Wireless Communications

Prabagarane.N
prabagaranen@[Link]
 Session Meta Data

Author Prabagarane N

Reviewer

Version Number 1

Release Date 20 Jan 2021

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 Revision History

Revision Date Details Version

no.

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 Syllabus
UNIT I PROPAGATION IN WIRELESS CHANNELS

UNIT II MULIPLE ACCESS AND MODULATION TECHNIQUES

UNIT III EQUALIZATION TECHNIQUES

UNIT IV ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

UNIT V DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES

TEXT BOOK:
Andreas F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, John Wiley India, Second Edition, 2013.
Rappaport T.S, Wireless communications, Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2014.

REFERENCES:

Gordon L. Stuber, Principles of Mobile Communication, Springer International Ltd., Fourth Edition, 2017.
Rappaport T.S, Wireless communications, Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2014.
Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Simon Haykin & Michael Moher, adapted by David Kovilpillai, Modern Wireless Communications,
Pearson Education, 2011.
David Tse and Pramod Vishwanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge University
Press, 2005

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 OBJECTIVES

• The student should be made to:

• To gain knowledge about wireless channel models

• To understand the concepts and benefits of multiple
access, modulation and equalization techniques
• To learn multicarrier transmission techniques
• To comprehend the concepts of diversity in
communication and MIMO systems

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 OUTCOMES:

• At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

• CO1: Determine the types and appropriate fading channel models

based on the design parameters
• CO2: Analyze and design multiple access and modulation
techniques for wireless systems
• CO3: Analyze and design equalization techniques
• CO4: Understand the modulation and coding in the design of multi-
carrier systems
• CO5: Determine the transceiver techniques including multi antenna
systems

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 Motivations
 Recent Development
– Cellular system: 3G, 4G, video, game,
– WIFI everywhere
– WIMAX, next generation metropolitan web for
business
– UWB, no cables
– Bluetooth, small devices connections

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  Job Market
– Probably one of most easy and high paid majors
recently
– Intel changes to wireless
 Research Potential
– One-to-one communication has less room to go, but
multiuser communication is still an open issue.

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 International Labs

 Stanford University - Wireless Systems Lab

Wireless Sensor Networks Lab
 UT Austin - Wireless System Innovation Lab
(WSIL)
 Virginia Tech - Mobile Portable Research Group
(MPRG)
 Georgia Tech - Wireless Systems Laboratory (WSL)
Broadband Wireless Networking Lab
 Rutgers University - Wireless Information Network Lab
(WIN)

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  University of -Communication Research group
Southampton
 Vienna Univ of Tech -Mobile Communication Group
 Swiss Federal Institute -Communication Technology Lab
of Technology
 Eurocom France - Mobile Communications

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 WHAT IS A RADIO SYSTEM ?
• Radio system
• From Merriam-Webster Dictionary
– Radio:
1 : of, relating to, or operated by radiant energy
2 : of or relating to electric currents or phenomena
(as electromagnetic radiation ) of frequencies between
about 15 kHz and 100 GHz
– System:
1 : a regularly interacting or interdependent group
of items forming a unified whole.

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 • ”Radio systems” can be used for many purposes, e.g.
– Detection and ranging (Radar)
– Astronomical observation (Radio telescope)
– Heating food (Microwave oven)
– Navigation (GPS, etc.)
– Communication (Cellular telephony, etc.)

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 Some questions to ask

• What do we want to achieve with our system?

– This gives us design constraints (system requirements)
• What frequency band should we use?
– Properties of the radio channel changes with frequency
– Radio spectrum is firmly regulated
• Which technology should we use?
– Not all technologies can perform the task
– Cost is important (design, production, deployment,
etc.)

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 A rough breakdown into areas

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 History of wireless
• Maxwell: theory
• Hertz: fundamental experiments confirming Maxwell’s
Theory
• 1890-1905: First experiments for wireless information
• Transmission
– Tesla, Bose, Marconi
• 1905-1946: First systems:
• 1947/1948: fundamental information theory

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 • Development of cellular telephony: 1950s – 1980s
• Cellular systems
• – GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)
• First deployment in early 1990s in Europe
• In 2005, more than 1 billion users
• – IS-95 (cdmaOne)
• Second-generation system based on different
multiple- access scheme
• Used mainly in US and Korea
• – PDC (Pacific Digital Cellular)

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 • – Third-generation systems
Several different standards
All based on CDMA
After initial gold rush, now more sedate development

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 • Fixed wireless access:
– for wireless internet
– Not successful in 1990s
– In recent years, WiMax was developed, seems
more promising
• Cordless phones:
– DECT: in Europe and most of the world
– PHS: in Japan
– CDMA-based: in US
• Wireless LANs
– Wireless computer networks
– WiFi
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• Personal Area Networks v1
 TYPES OF SERVICES

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 Fixed wireless and satellite
• Fixed wireless systems
– Long distances between BS and MS
– No mobility requirements
– Typically high data rates, but can also be used for
voice systems
– WiMax standard (IEEE 802.16)

• Satellite systems
– Cover very large area
– No high density (Erlang/km^2)
– Iridium system with LEO systems tried to get large
user density, but went broke
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 Tradeoff range vs. datarate

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 REQUIREMENTS FOR SERVICES

• Data rate

• Sensor networks: <1kbit/s; central nodes need up to 10

Mbit/s
• Speech communications: 5-64 kbit/s, depending in
speech coder (vocoder)
• Elementary data services: 10-100 kbit/s
• Communications between computer peripherals: 1 Mbit/s
• Wireless LANs: broadband internet speeds, 1-100 Mbit/s
• Personal Area Networks: >100 Mbit/s

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 Mobility

• Fixed devices: stay in one location; temporal variations

due to moving objects in surroundings

• Nomadic devices: MS placed at certain location, stays

there for a while (WLANs)

• • Low mobility: pedestrian speeds (cordless phones)

• • High speed: cellphones in cars

• • Extremely high speed: high-speed trains, planes, ….

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 Spectrum usage

• Spectrum dedicated to specific service and operator

• Spectrum dedicated to specific service

• Free spectrum

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 Economic requirements

• Systems where mobility is a value by itself

– Cellphones, etc.
– Can charge premium for service

• Systems that just are cable replacement

– E.g., for fixed wireless access
– Must be cheaper than cabled service
• In either case, quality has to be same than wired

• Systems should contain as many digital components as

possible to reduce costs
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 Technical challenges of wireless
communications
The major challenges

• Multipath propagation

• Spectrum limitations

• Limited energy

• User mobility

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 Wired communications

• The communication takes place over a more or less

stable medium like copper wires or optical fibers.

• The properties of the medium are well defined and time-

invariant.

• Increasing the transmission capacity can be achieved

by using a different frequency on an existing cable

• The range over which communications can be performed

without repeater stations is mostly limited by attenuation
by the medium
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 Wired communications
• Interference and crosstalk from other users either do not
happen or the properties of the interference are
stationary.

• The delay in the transmission process is also constant,

determined by the length of the cable

• The Bit Error Rate (BER) decreases strongly

(approximately exponentially) with increasing Signal-to-
Noise Ratio (SNR).

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 Wired communications
• Due to the well-behaved transmission medium, the
quality of wired transmission is generally high.

• Jamming and interception of dedicated links with wired

transmission is almost impossible

• Establishing a link is location based.- independent of

which person is connected

• Power is either provided through the communications

network itself

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 Wireless Communications
Due to user mobility as well as multipath propagation, the
transmission medium varies strongly with time.

Increasing the transmit capacity must be achieved by more

sophisticated transceiver concepts and smaller cell sizes.

The range that can be covered is limited both by the

transmission medium (attenuation, fading, and signal
distortion) and by the requirements of spectral efficiency
(cell size).

Interference and crosstalk from other users are inherent in

the principle of cellular communications.
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 Wireless Communications
• Due to the mobility of the users, they also are time-
variant.

• The delay of the transmission depends partly on the

distance between base station and Mobile Station (MS),
and is thus time-variant.

• For simple systems, the average BER decreases only

slowly (linearly) with increasing average SNR.

• Increasing the transmit power usually does not lead to a

significant reduction in BER.
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 Wireless Communications
• However, more sophisticated signal processing helps.

• Due to the difficult medium, transmission quality is

generally low unless special measures are used.

• Jamming a wireless link is straightforward, unless

special measures are taken. Interception of the on-air
signal is possible.

• Encryption is therefore necessary to prevent

unauthorized use of the information.

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 Wireless Communications
• Establishing a connection is based on the (mobile)
equipment, usually associated with a specific person.

• The connection is not associated with a fixed location.

• MSs use rechargeable or one-way batteries.

• Energy efficiency is thus a major concern.

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 Summary
We studied the following.
• Radio System
• History of Wireless
• Types of Services
• Requirements for Services
• Technical Challenges

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 Self Assessment Questions
• Name the factors that influence the market penetration of
wireless devices.

• Are there conceptual differences between (i) wireless

PABX and cellular systems, (ii) paging systems and
wireless LANs, (iii) cellular systems with closed user
groups and trunking radio?

• Which of the following systems cannot transmit in both

directions (duplex or semiduplex): (i) cellphone, (ii)
cordless phone, (iii) pager, (iv) trunking radio, (v) TV
broadcast system?
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 Reference
• Andreas F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, John
Wiley India, Second Edition, 2013.

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