ENGLISH 9 QUARTER 1 REVIEWER
“There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure.”
MODALS
A modal verb is a helper that gives additional information about the verb that follows it.
- also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, and modal auxiliaries
- Modals express a variety of meanings. It can express permission, obligation, and
prohibition.
It is always accompanied by a verb in its base form
modal + verb (base form) = can dance, should sing, may act
PERMISSION
- Can is the least formal of these verbs. We use it
Permission is a consent or agreement
when we are asking a friend or someone we know
given to a request. It is usually expressed for something in an informal situation; or if we are
by using modals of permission: can, could, asking someone we don’t know for something which
or may. is small or unimportant.
- Could is a little more polite than ‘can’, so we - May is a polite modal verb and the most formal
can use it in more formal situations, like talking way to ask for or give permission
to your boss or a stranger, or to ask for
something more important.
OBLIGATION
Obligation is a sense of duty demanded by There are two types of modal verbs of obligation:
conscience or gratitude. It is expressed by - those that primarily express a firm obligation or
the modals have to/need to, and must. necessity - must and have to
- those that express a recommendation or moral
obligation - should and ought to
The verb must only exist in the simple present and present perfect forms.
PROHIBITION
is an act of restraining or stopping an action by an authority. Modals used here are the same
in modals of permission or obligation but with the word NOT. Can't usually gives the idea of
something that is against the rules. Mustn’t usually means that it is the speaker who is setting
the rule.
CONDITIONALS PART 1
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
-is a sentence that has an if – clause which states a condition and another clause that states
what happens as a result of the condition. The form of the verb in the if – clause depends on
whether the condition is present and impossible, future and possible, or past and unreal
PRESENT REAL CONDITIONAL
- conditional that describes general FORM
truth, or scientific facts. It is used to talk [If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...]
about what you normally do in real–life [... Simple Present ... if / when ... Simple Present ...]
situations.
Examples:
If James answers the Self-learning modules diligently, he can finish them on time.
If I borrow a friend's car, I usually refill its tank with gas.
My father helps me with my homework when he has time.
If / When - Both "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if"
suggests that something happens less frequently. Using "when" suggests that something
happens regularly.
PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONALS
It is used to talk about what you would Use could, might, or would+ base form in the
generally do in imaginary situations. result clause. Example:
Use the simple past in the if- clause. If If I got a job, I would help other people. (But I
the verb is be, use were for all persons don’t have a job).
Hannah could take good quality photos if
she had a high-end camera. (But she doesn't
have camera.)
In the present unreal conditional, the form "was" is not considered grammatically correct. In
written English or in testing situations, you should always use "were."
Examples:
If I were a boy, I would be a gentleman.
If she were given an international scholarship, she would prefer South Korea.
I would choose face-to-face classes over Online classes if it were safer.
CONDITIONALS PART 2
PAST REAL CONDITIONAL
- The past real conditional describes FORM
what you used to do in real-life [If / When ... simple past ..., ... simple past ...]
situations. It suggests that your habits [... simple past... if / when ... simple past ...]
have changed, and you do not usually
do these things today.
Examples:
If I went to a friend's house for dinner, I usually took a bottle of wine or some flowers. I
don't do that anymore.
When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach. Now, I never get time off.
If the weather was nice, she often walked to work. Now, she usually drives.
The form "used to" expresses the idea Both "if" and "when" are used in the past real
that something was an old habit that conditional. Using "if" suggests that something
stopped in the past. This form is happened less frequently. Using "when" suggests
commonly used in past real conditional that something happened regularly.
sentences to emphasize that something
was a habit.
PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL
- The past unreal conditional (also FORM
called conditional 3) is used to talk [If ... past perfect ..., ... would have + past
about imaginary situations in the past. participle ...]
You can describe what you would have
done differently or how something could [... would have + past participle ... if ... past
have happened differently if perfect ...]
circumstances had been different.
Examples:
If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work. But I didn't own one, so I took the
bus.
She would have traveled around the world if she had had more money. But she didn't
have much money, so she never traveled.
a. ONLY USE "IF" b. EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs
Only the word "if" is used with the past There are some special conditional forms for modal
unreal conditional because you are verbs in English:
discussing imaginary situations. "When" would have + can = could have
cannot be used. would have + shall = should have
would have + may = might have
CONDITIONALS PART 3
FUTURE REAL CONDITIONAL
The future real conditional (also called conditional 1) describes what you think you will do in a
specific situation in the future. It is different from other real conditional forms because, unlike
the present or the past, you do not know what will happen in the future. It is called "real"
because it is still possible that the action might occur in the future.
Form
[If / When ... simple present ..., ... simple future ...]
[... simple future ... if / when ... simple present ...]
Both "if" and "when" are used in the future real conditional, but the use is different from other
real conditional forms. In the future real conditional, "if" suggests that you do not know if
something will happen or not. "When" suggests that something will definitely happen at some
point; we are simply waiting for it to occur. Notice also that the Simple Future is not used in if-
clauses or when-clauses.
Examples:
1. When you call me, I will give you the address.
You are going to call me later, and at that time, I will give you the address.
2. If you call me, I will give you the address.
If you want the address, you can call me.
PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL
The future unreal conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations in the future. It is not as
common as the future real conditional because English speakers often leave open the
possibility that anything MIGHT happen in the future. It is only used when a speaker needs to
emphasize that something is impossible.
Form 1 (Most Common Form)
- [If ... simple past ..., ... would + verb ...]
- [... would + verb ... if ... simple past ...]
Form 2
- [If ... were + present participle ..., ... would be + present participle ...]
- [... would be + present participle ... if ... were + present participle ...]
Form 3
- [If ... were going to + verb ..., ... would be + present participle ...]
- [... would be + present participle ... if ... were going to + verb ...]
Only the word "if" is used with the past unreal conditional because you are discussing
imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.
Examples:
I would buy that computer tomorrow when it were cheaper. Not Correct
I would buy that computer tomorrow if it were cheaper. Correct
FUTURE REAL CONDITIONAL VS. FUTURE UNREAL CONDITIONAL
To help you understand the difference between the future real conditional and the future
unreal conditional, compare the examples below:
Examples:
If you help me move tomorrow, I will buy you dinner. Future Real Conditional
I don't know if you can help me.
If you helped me move tomorrow, I would buy you dinner. Future Unreal Conditional
You can't help me, or you don't want to help me.
