Research Method

This study employs qualitative research. According to Patton & Cochran's explanation in
2007, qualitative research is distinguished by its techniques, which provide words rather
than numerical data for analysis, and its goals, which relate to understanding a particular
area of social life. Understanding social phenomena from the perspective of participants
is the goal of qualitative research. to learn more about a certain phenomenon, such as a
setting, a procedure, or a belief. Participants are given questionnaires to complete in order
to collect the data. The researcher distributed the questionnaire to the participants,
instructed them to complete it, and then gathered the questionnaire responses as part of
the data collection methods for this study.
1. Approach and Type of Research

a. Approach

This research implemented the qualitative descriptive approach. As well as

the purpose of qualitative research that formed to help the researcher for

understanding human beings, social live matter, and cultural living beds (Dannae

Fard, et al, 2007)1. Therefore this study conducts a qualitative approach to learn

the phenomena of speaking problem for EFLs. Ritchie and Lewis describe

qualitative research as a naturalistic, interpretive method that focuses on

understanding the meaning that people attribute to experiences (actions, decisions,

beliefs, values, etc)2. The right answer for the study method is qualitative design

because it was suitable, for instance, the qualitative approach analyzes the

phenomena and experiences of the EFLs speaking problem.

b. Type of Research

1 Abbas Toloie-Eshlaghy et al., “A Classification of Qualitative Research Methods,” no. 20 (2011): 19.
2 Toloie-Eshlaghy et al.
 Megg Grass provided a thorough taxonomy of behavioral science research

methodologies3. He has provided two axes that represent eight strategies. The

majority of qualitative studies fall under this category, which is referred to by the

term field study. The case study is used to answer the problems or issues such as

in this research. The sort of research used in this study is a case study. Case study

research, according to Stake, is the examination of the uniqueness and complexity

of a single instance to comprehend how it operated in the overall sense 4. There are

two types of research, research with a single case of study for one case of study

and multiple cases of study when the cases are more than one. In addition, this

study used …..This type of research is suitable for the study of the researcher who

wants to explore …….in different times, contexts, and situations. Furthermore,

the type of this research is used to explore the same phenomena at different times.

2. The presence of research

The presence of the researcher at the research site is essential to the success of

this investigation. Researchers serve as both a primary means of meaning expression

and a means of data gathering. Researchers distributed questionnaires using Google

Forms to gather data about EFL’s speaking problem. Then, the researcher applied the

interview in-depth to get more pieces of information on the EFL’s speaking problem.

3. Sources of data

The data of this approach was taken by the EFLs who enrolled intensive speaking

for communication practice in the English Education Study Program at the State

Islamic University of Mataram.

3 Toloie-Eshlaghy et al.
4 Janet Salmons, Qualitative Online Interviews: Strategies, Design, and Skills, Second Edition (Los Angeles: SAGE,
2014).
 4. The procedure of data collection

The researcher used a questionnaire, interview, and documentation to collect the

data.

a. Questionnaire

According to Petra Lietz Australian Council for educational research,

some people view answering survey questions as a complex cognitive process that

involves processes that respondents frequently repeat to absorb the data that is

given to them by the survey questions and response alternatives 5. Others

emphasize the complicated communication process between researchers and

respondents, as well as their presumptions, expectations, and perceptions, as the

interaction between questions and replies.

Responding to survey questions includes numerous, frequently repeated

steps of sophisticated information processing, according to cognitive research into

survey methodology (Cannell et al. 1981; Hippler et al. 1987; Tourangeau et al.

2000; Aday, 2006)6. Understanding the query is the first step in the process,

which next involves retrieving pertinent material from memory. The procedure

also includes estimations and judgments about the respondent's willingness and

incentive to be truthful. In the end, the respondent's internally generated response

is compared to the questionnaire's response categories.

b. Interview

5 Petra Lietz, “Research into Questionnaire Design: A Summary of the Literature,” International Journal of Market
Research 52, no. 2 (March 2010): 249–72, [Link]
6 Marsden and Wright, Handbook of Survey Research.
 Semi-structured interviews, which fall under the category of in-depth

interviews and are more flexible in their application than structured interviews,

are the form of an interview that the researcher utilizes 7. This kind of interview

asks the interviewee for thoughts or opinions to uncover issues more directly.

When conducting interviews, researchers must pay close attention and take notes

on what the informant says. The interview can be seen in appendix 2 next. The

researcher conducted 3 the EFLs students who joined the debate competition as

the instrument of interview for students' perception of the debate as a learning

strategy.

c. Documentation

A document that includes pertinent details concerning research questions

is referred to as documentation, according to Julmi (2020). 8 The documentation's

main goal is to gather information on the study's historical backdrop and context.

documentation in the shape of letters, journals, reports, photos, and other writings.

In contrast to other ways, this method is reportedly a bit less challenging because,

even in the event of an error, the data source remains intact and unaltered

(Suharsimi Arikunto 2010: 274). When using the documentation technique,

inanimate objects rather than living things are what is seen. Data from non-human

sources, such as documents and records, are gathered in this study using the

documentation technique.

Any document or statement created by, for, or on behalf of people or

groups to establish the reality of an event qualifies as the recording in question.

7 Salmons, Qualitative Online Interviews.

used to refer to the document or not. According to the findings of the researchers'

observations and interviews, it will be more trustworthy if it is supported by

evidence that comes from the scene of the observation.

5. The technique of data analysis

A qualitative descriptive method will be employed by the researchers in this study

to analyze the data. In qualitative research, data is collected continually until the

information is exhausted from a variety of sources utilizing a variety of data-

gathering techniques (triangulation). According to Miles and Huberman, qualitative

research tasks are carried out interactively and continue indefinitely to the point when

the data is exhausted9. According to Miles and Huberman, the steps of data

processing are as follows:

1. Data reduction

Data reduction is the process of focusing on the most important

information for the study. Information reduction is a type of analysis that

organizes and categorizes reduced data to describe the findings of

observations, making it simpler for researchers to retrieve them afterward.

When research findings are still in the form of raw materials and are being

processed for analysis in the following stage, data reduction is also the

selection stage. The phase is believed to act as a filter because it is primarily

focused on the fundamental and crucial aspects of the research that should be

prioritized. Researchers filter and categorize data from the outcomes of data

9 Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, 2nd ed (Thousand
Oaks: Sage Publications, 1994).
 collecting during the reduction process. There will be some data that does not

align with the research objective because the data collection process itself

generates data from the actual field. There may be numerous challenges when

collecting data while in the field. Consequently, a lot of information that is not

very significant gets recorded in the records used for data collecting. Based on

the subject and object under investigation, the information gathered through

interviews, observations, testing, and documentation will be categorized.

2. Data display

The researcher took the following actions: she described all the data she

had collected through interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. It was a

method for gathering research data and it aided the researcher in completing

the study. The researcher will next provide the results of the interviews,

questionnaires, and paperwork linked to the EFL

The second stage is data presentation, which comes after the data have

been grouped at the data reduction stage. Drawing conclusions from the data

that has been filtered in the previous stage and organized according to the

research title will result in a data presentation that takes the shape of a

descriptive narrative. To gain answers from research, it must be possible to

construct a story while presenting the facts itself in a systematic and organized

way. It is easier to explain and address the problems investigated when

information is systematically compiled.

Furthermore, this approach conducted the questionnaire, interview, and

documentation to collect the data for EFL

The last session of collecting the data is the conclusion or verification.

6. Trustworthiness

The validity of the data is tested to determine whether the conducted research is

truly scientific and to validate the data gathered 10. Furthermore, the quality standards

or trustworthiness in qualitative research include credibility (rather than internal

validity), transferability (rather than external validity/general ability), dependability

(rather than reliability), and confirmability (in preference to objectivity).

Additionally, the triangulation technique was employed by the researcher to

confirm the validity of this study. Triangulation is comparable to the modus Operandi

approach employed by detectives, mechanics, and primary care physicians, claim

Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. Triangulation is a method to apply or use to verify the

accuracy of data. This study used theoretical triangulation to strengthen the validity of

the data. The authenticity of the data was then verified by the researcher using the

triangulation method11. Utilizing three or more hypotheses simultaneously to analyze

and interpret data is known as theory triangulation.

Through this form of triangulation, many theories or hypotheses might help the

researcher confirm or deny the results. The employment of various approaches for

gathering data on the same event is known as method or technique triangulation. This

kind of triangulation, which is widely employed in qualitative research, can involve

field notes, observation, and interviews.

10 Satu Elo et al., “Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness,” SAGE Open 4, no. 1 (January 1,
2014): 215824401452263, [Link]
11 Nancy Carter et al., “The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research,” Oncology Nursing Forum 41, no. 5
(September 1, 2014): 545–47, [Link]
 Techniques Questionnaire, interview, and documentation make up triangulation.

Organization of Discussion

Chapter I in this approach is an introduction. This session explored the

background of the study, problem statement, objective of the research, significance,

scope, and setting of the research, review of previous research, the theoretical framework

of the research, research design or method, and the last systematic of discussion.

In chapter II, the researcher will explain the research data display and conclusion.

In chapter III, the researcher addresses the process of assessing research results

using theoretical justifications.

In chapter IV the researcher provides the conclusion and suggestions for the

study.
 According to Richard and Schmidt (2002:440), pronunciation refers to the
manner in which a particular sound or sounds are produced. In contrast to
articulation, which refers to the process by which speech sounds are produced in
the mouth, pronunciation places more emphasis on how sounds are interpreted
by the listener.