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Calculus Formula

Trigonometric identities can be used to evaluate integrals of trigonometric functions. There are four main cases: 1) If the integral is of sin x cos x where one term has an odd exponent, it can be rewritten using cos2x = 1 - sin2x or sin2x = 1 - cos2x. 2) If the integral is of tanx or cotx with an integer exponent, it can be rewritten using tan2x = sec2x - 1 or cot2x = csc2x - 1. 3) If the integral is of tanm x secn x where n is an even exponent, it can be rewritten using sec2x = 1

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504 views2 pages

Calculus Formula

Trigonometric identities can be used to evaluate integrals of trigonometric functions. There are four main cases: 1) If the integral is of sin x cos x where one term has an odd exponent, it can be rewritten using cos2x = 1 - sin2x or sin2x = 1 - cos2x. 2) If the integral is of tanx or cotx with an integer exponent, it can be rewritten using tan2x = sec2x - 1 or cot2x = csc2x - 1. 3) If the integral is of tanm x secn x where n is an even exponent, it can be rewritten using sec2x = 1

Uploaded by

Geramagliquiang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

• Reciprocal ∫ sin x dx=−cos x +c d


¿
1 1 dx
sin x= cos x=
csc x sec x
1 1
tan x= cot x= INTEGRAL TRIG FUNCTION
cot x tan x
1 1
csc x= sec x=
sin x cos x
• ∫ cos x dx=sin x +c d
2 2 ¿
sin x+ cos x=1 dx
2 2 ∫ sec2 x dx=tan x +c d
1+ tan x=sec x ¿
2 2
dx
1+cot x=csc x
Pythagorean ∫ csc2 x dx=−cot x +c
∫ sec x tan x dx=sec x +c
• Quotient d
¿
tan x=
sin x
cot x=
cos x ∫ cot
csc x dx
cot¿xlndx=−csc
(sin x)+cx +c dx
cos x sin x d
¿
• Power-Reducing/Half Angle ∫ tan x dx ¿−ln(cos x )+c dx
Formula
1−cos ⁡(2 x)
sin2 x ¿
2
∫ sec x dx ¿ ln (sec x + tan x )+ c
1+cos ⁡(2 x)
cos 2 x ¿
2
1−cos ⁡(2 x) INTEGRAL CALCULUS FORMULA
tan 2 x ¿
1+cos ⁡(2 x) x
n+1
∫ x n∫dx= x dx+¿−ln
cscn+1
<- ≠0
c ( csc x +cot x )+c
• Double Angle Formulas
∫ [ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ] dx=∫ f ( x ) dx ±∫ g ( x ) dx +c
sin ( 2 x ) =2sin x cos x
2 2 ∫ af ( x ) dx=a ∫ f ( x ) dx +c <- a = constant
cos ( 2 x )=cos x−sin x
2 EXPONENTIAL:
¿ 2 cos x−1
¿ 1−2 sin x
2
∫ e x dx=e x + c
2 tan x
tan(2 x )= 2 LOGARITHMIC:
1−tan x
x
a
∫ a dx=
x
ln(a)
+c

|ln|:

1 dx
∫ x −1 dx∨∫ x dx∨∫ x
=ln ( x ) + c
CASE 1: ∫ sin x cos x dx
m n
DIFFERENTIAL TRIG FUNCTION

Where: m or n is a positive odd


integer

Use: cos 2 x=1 - sin 2 x


2 2
sin x=1 - cos x

CASE 2: ∫ tan x dx∨∫ cot x dx


n n

d Where: n is an integer
¿
dx
Use: tan 2 x=¿ s e c 2 x - 1

cot 2 x=¿ csc 2 x - 1


CASE 3: ∫ tanm x secn x dx∨∫ tanm x secn x dx
Where: n is a positive even integer

Use: sec 2 x=¿ 1 + tan 2 x


2 2
cs c x=¿ 1 + cot x

CASE 4: ∫ sin x cos x dx


m n

Where: both m & n are positive even


integer

21
Use: sin x= (1−cos 2 x)
2
2 1
cos x= (1+ cos 2 x )
2

1
sinxcosx= sin 2 x
2
3 3 2 2 3
(a−b) =a −3 a b+3 ab −b

TRANSFORMATION OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

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