Contents


Friction and coulomb friction

Theory of Dry Friction

Equilibrium

Impending motion

Forces on wedges

Tensions in a belt

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105 2

 Aims and objectives

The main aims and objectives can be summarized as follows:

To provide knowledge on

Friction and coulomb friction

Theory of Dry Friction

Equilibrium

Impending motion

Forces on wedges

Tensions in a belt

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105 3

 Coulomb friction
 Friction:
is a force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces that
slide relative to one another. This force always acts tangent to the surface
at the points of contact and is directed so as to oppose the possible or
existing motion between the surfaces.
 Coulomb friction:
it is also called Dry Friction since its characteristics were studied
extensively by C. A. Coulomb in 1781. Dry friction occurs between
the contacting surfaces of bodies when there is no lubricating fluid.

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Theory of Dry Friction

Consider the effects caused by pulling horizontally on a block of uniform
weight W which is resting on a rough horizontal surface that is non-rigid
or deformable Fig. 1(a). The upper portion of the block, however, can be
considered rigid.

In the free-body diagram of the block shown in Figure 1 (b), the floor exerts an uneven distribution of both
normal force ∆ and frictional force ∆ along the contacting surface.

For equilibrium, the normal forces must act upward to balance the
block's weight W, and the frictional forces act to the left to prevent the
applied force P from moving the block to the right.

The contacting surfaces between the floor and block reflects how these frictional and normal forces develop,
Figure 1 (c). It can be seen that many microscopic irregularities exist between the two surfaces and, as a result,
reactive forces ∆ are developed at each point of contact. As shown, each reactive force contributes both a
frictional component ∆ and a normal component ∆ .

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Theory of Dry Friction
W W
∆
∆ ∆
P P 1 2
∆

∆ 1 ∆ 2 ∆

∆ ∆ 1
∆
2 ∆ n
(a) (b) (c) n
W W Impeding motion
P P
h h
F
∆ O ∆ O

F
∅

Equilibrium x
x
(d) (e)
Figure 1

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Equilibrium

The effect of the distributed normal and frictional loadings is
indicated by their resultants and on the free body diagram, Figure 1
(d).

N acts distance x to the right of the line of action of W. Figure 1d. This
location, which coincides with the centroid or geometric centre of the
normal force distribution in Figure 1(b), is necessary in order to
balance the tipping effect caused by P.

For example, if P is applied at a height h from the surface, Fig. 8-1d, then moment equilibrium about point O is satisfied if = or
W
= .

W
∆
∆ P P

Figure 1(b) ∆ O h

x
Figure 1(d)
Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105
 Impending Motion

In cases where the surfaces of contact are rather "slippery", the frictional force
may not be great enough to balance P . and consequently the block will lend to
slip. In other words, as P is slowly increased, F correspondingly increases until it
attains a certain maximum value called the limiting static frictional force,
Figure 1(e). When this value is reached, the block is in unstable equilibrium
since any further increase in P will cause the block to move. Experimentally, it
has been determined that this limiting static frictional force F, is directly
proportional to the resultant normal force N.
At impending motion: W Impeding motion
F=Fs=μsN μs = Coefficient of Static Friction P
y
Equation of Equilibrium ∆ O h
F
=0 N-W=0 N=W x
Equilibrium x
=0 P-F=0 P=F ∅

Figure 1(e)

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Impending Motion
For clean surfaces μs = 0.4-1 The coefficient of static friction is: (0.03-
For well lubricated μs = 0.05 0.05 for metal on ice), (0.3-0.7 for wood
on wood), (0.2-0.5 for leather on wood),
When the block is on the verge of 0.3-0.6 for leather on metal and 1.1-1.7
sliding, the normal forceand for aluminium on aluminium
frictional force combine to create a
resultant , Figure 1(e), the angle ∅s

thatmakes with is called the W Impeding motion

angle of static friction. From the P
Figure: y
∆ O h
Fs
x
Equilibrium x

Under different conditions of roughness and ∅

cleanliness of the contacting surfaces, the

values of the coefficient of static friction can
vary.
9
Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105
 Kinetic frictional force

If the magnitude of acting on the block is increased so that it becomes slightly
greater than Fs, the frictional force at the contacting surface will drop to a smaller
value Fk. called the kinetic frictional force. The block will begin to slide with
increasing speed, Figure 2(a). As this Occurs, the block will "ride" on top of
these peaks at the points of contact, as shown in Figure 2 (b). The continued
breakdown of the surface is the dominant mechanism creating kinetic friction.
Experiments with sliding blocks indicate that the magnitude of the kinetic friction
force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the resultant normal force.
After motion starts: μk<μs
F = Fk= μkN motion
W
μk = Coefficient of kinetic P ∆ 1 ∆ 2

Friction y h
Fk
∆ O

∆ ∆

x
1 2

Equilibrium n
∆ 1 ∆ 2 ∆

∅k (b)
(a) Figure 2
Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105
 Impending Motion
The constant of proportionality, μk , is called the coefficient of kinetic friction. Values of μk
are approximately 25% less than μs . The resultant force FR at the surface of contact has a line
of action defined by ∅k . This angle is referred to as the angle of kinetic friction
∅k

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Friction on the inclined plane
 When a block slides down an inclined plane
Equilibrium
W

y F N
= −1
x

For an impending motion

When these forces act:

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Friction on the inclined plane
 When a block moves up an inclined plane by a force P

=0 − sin − =
W
P
=0 − cos =0
y F N
x

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Inclined plane with Normal and Frictional Forces

1. Static Equilibrium “Normal” means perpendicular

f : is the Friction Force Normal

Force
F : is the normal force f
is the Friction Force

SF=0
Fx= 0 = mg sin q – f
f
Fy= 0 = mg cos q – N mg sin q q
F mg cos q y
with mg sin q = f ≤ mS N
if mg sin q > mS N, must slide q q x
Critical angle ms = tan qc
Block weight is mg
Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105
 Inclined plane with “Normal” and Frictional Forces

2. Dynamic Equilibrium
Friction opposite the velocity (down the incline)

=0 v
Fx= 0 = mg sin – fk
f Friction
F = 0 = mg cos – N K mg sin q
y Force

fk = N=
q
k k mg cos
y
Fx= 0 = mg sin – mk mg cos q k
= tan q q x

mg
Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105
 Inclined plane with Normal and Frictional Forces
3. Dynamic equilibrium with non-zero acceleration
Normal
Force
Friction Force
Sliding Down
v
mg sin q fk
q Sliding
q Up

Fx= max = mg sin ± fk Weight of block is mg

Fy= 0 = mg cos – N
fk = kN = mk mg cos
Fx= max = mg sin q ± k mg cos
ax = g sin ± mk g cos
Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105
 Example
1. Determine the minimum horizontal force P required to hold the crate
from sliding down the plane. The crate has a mass of 50 kg and the
coefficient of static friction between the crate and the plane is s = 0.25.

Solution:

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Solution

Figure 1

Figure 1

Figure 2

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Belt Friction
Belt drives are commonly used d /2
to transmit the torque developed by
a motor to a wheel attached to a d
pump, fan or blower d /2

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105


Consider a flat belt passing
over a fixed curved surface with the
total angle of contact equal to βradians.

If the belt slips or is just about to slip,
then T1must be larger than T2 and the
motion resisting friction forces.
T1
therefore, T1 must be greater than T2.
1
T2
2=
 Belt Friction

1
2 =

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Friction in wedges
 It is a simple machine in which a small force P is used to lift a large weight
W

Wedges can be used to:


adjust the elevation

provide stability for heavy objects such as pipes.

 The main objective here is to determine the

force required to pull out the wedge

To determine the force required to push the wedge in or
out, it is necessary to draw FBDs of the wedge and the
object on top of it.

The direction of the wedge is known, so that you can start with a FBD of the
wedge.

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Friction in wedges

The friction forces are in the opposite direction to the
motion, or impending motion, of the wedge

The friction forces are along the contacting surfaces; and,

The normal forces are perpendicular to the contacting
surfaces.

At the contacting surfaces between the wedge and
the object the forces are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to those on the wedge and, all
other forces acting on the object should be shown.
To determine the unknowns;
Apply Σ Fx = 0, and Σ Fy = 0, to the wedge and the
object as well as the impending motion frictional equation, F = μ N.

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Friction in wedges

the FBD that has less number of
unknowns than other parts can be
analyzed first

 If the object is to be lowered, then the

wedge needs to be pulled out. If the
value of the force P needed to remove
the wedge is positive, then the wedge is
self-locking, i.e., it will not come out on
its own.

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Example
The crate weighs 300 lb and μs at all contacting surfaces is 0.3.
Assume the wedges have negligible weight. Determine The
smallest force P needed to pull out the wedge.

Solution:
1. Draw a FBD of the crate.
2. Draw a FBD of the wedge.
3. Apply the equilibrium equations to the crate.
4. Apply the equilibrium equations to wedge.

Apply the Equilibrium equations to the crate

NB = 82.57 lb = 82.6 lb, NC = 275.3 lb = 275 lb

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

 Example

Apply the Equilibrium equations

to the wedge

Engineering Mechanics 1 ME 10105

The End of Friction

Thank you

27
Mechanics of Machines MEE3MMC