[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. 207 (OTs 4 FLUID DYNAMICS een ad At the end of this chapter the students will be able to: Understand that viscous forces in a fluid cause a retarding force on an object moving through it. Use Stokes’ law to derive an expression for terminal velocity of a spherical body falling through a viscous fluid under laminar conditions. Understand the terms steady (laminar, streamline) flow, incompressible flow, non- viscous flow as applied to the motion of an ideal fluid. Appreciate the equation of continuity Av = Constant for the flow of an ideal and incompressible fui Appreciate that the equation of continuity is a form of the principle of conservation of mass. Derive Bernoulli's equation in form P + Yapv’ + pgh = constant. Explain how Bernoulli effect is applied in the filter pump, atomizers, in the flow of air over an aerofoil, venturimeter and in blood physics. Give qualitative explanations for the swing of a spinning ball. INTRODUC ION The study of fluids in motion is relatively complicated, but analysis can be simplified by making a few assumptions. The analysis is further simplified by the use of two important conservation principles; the conservation of mass and the conservation of energy. The law of conservation of mass gives us the equation of continuity while the law of conservation of energy is the basis of Bernoulli's equation. The equation of continuity and the Bemnoulli’s equation along with their applications in aeroplane and blood circulation are discussed in this chapter. Q.1_ Define fluid dynamics. py[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. 208 Fluid ‘Those substances which can flow from one point to the other are called fluid.” For examples; liquids and gases. Q.2 Explain what do you understand by viscosity. VISCOSITY The frictional effect between different layers of the flowing fluid is described in terms of viscosity of fluid.” (OR) “The property of fluid due to which they resist their flow is also known as viscosity.” (OR) Fraction in fluids is known as viscosity. Viscosity measures how much force is required to slide one layer of liquid over another layer. Substances that do not flow easily, such as thick tar and honey etc; have large co-efficient of viscosities, (). Substances which flow easily like water have small coefficient of viscosities. Since, liquids and gases have non zero viscosity, a force is required if an object is to be moved through them. Unit As, = 6xnrv __F " 6nry As ~ mms or ao Dimensions i) = IMT Q.3 Define drag force and Stoke's law. DRAG FORCE (VISCOUS DRAG) Viscosities of Liquids and Gases at 30°C ‘An object moving through a fluid experiences a retarding force is called a drag force.” The drag force Material[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. 209 increases as the speed of the object increases. Air 0.019 Stoke’s Law Acetone on a sphere of radius ‘r | Methanol through a fluid of viscosity The drag force moving slowly with speed ‘v" Benzen “n’ is given by Stoke's law as under senzene 6 Water ‘ ms Ethanol Athigh speeds the force is no longer proportional to the speed. Plasma 16 Glycerin 629 Note: With rise in temperature, viscosity of liquid decreases and viscosity of gases increases. Q.4 Define terminal velocity. Also derive the expression for terminal velocity. (OR) Define terminal velocity. Prove that terminal velocity is directly proportional to the square of the radius. TERMINAL VELOCITY Maximum constant velocity of an object falling vertically downward when the weight of the object is equal to drag force is called terminal velocity. Explanation. Consider a water droplet such as that of fog falling vertically, the air drag on the water droplet increases with speed. The droplet accelerates rapidly under the force of gravity which pulls the droplet downward. However, the upward drag force on it increases as the speed of the droplet increases. Since, the droplet is moving downward. mg > Fa Fa The net force on droplet is Fra = mg~ Fa As the speed of droplet continues to increase, the drag force eventually approaches the weight in the magnitude. Finally when the magnitude of drag force becomes equal to the weight, the net force acting on the droplet is zero. Then the droplet will fall with Constant speed (Maximum speed) is called Terminal velocity. | For = 0 mg 0 = mg-Fe mg = Fe mg = 6rnrVy[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. 210 vy = ae w Can You Do That? TE or vo«m Where r, g, 1 are constant then The more massive an object, faster it falls through a fluid. As, p (density) = m/V m =pVv As droplet is of spherical shape; so la table tennis ball can be made| Volume of sphere is vy =4er Bre 4, Then m = pxqar Putting this value in equation (1); vy, -odamee ‘ory vy = or vVo«r where “is constant Hence, terminal velocity is directly proportional to the square of radius of droplet. Q.5 What is fluid flow? What is the difference between stream line and turbulent flow? ) FLUID FLOW When a fluid is in motion, its flow can be: (i) Streamline flow (ii) Turbulent flow (Streamline Flow[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. “The flow is said to be streamline or laminar if every particle that passes a particular point, moves along exactly the same path as followed by particles which passed that points carlier.” (OR) “If velocity of the particles at different points does not change with time, the flow is called streamline flow.” In this case each particle of fluid moves along a smooth path called a streamline as shown in figure. The different streamline cannot cross each other. This condition is called steady flow condition. If the streamlines cross each other the particle will go in one direction or other and flow will not be steady flow, it will be a turbulent flow (i) Turbulent Flow “The irregular or unsteady flow of the fluid is called turbulent flow.” Ideal Fluid Such a fluid which satisfy the following conditions is called an ideal fluid (i) The fluid is non-viscous ie. there is no internal frictional force between adjacent layers of fluid (ii) The Muid is incompressible ic. its density is constant (i ) The fluid motion steady, lDoIphins have streamlined bodi Ito assist their movement in wat Q.6 State and explain equation of continuity. EQUATION OF CONTINUITY Statement The product of cross-sectional area of the pipe and the fluid speed at any point along the pipe is a constant, This constant equals the volume flow per second of the fluid or simply flow rate. (OR) If the fluid is incompressible and the flow is steady, the mass of the fluid is conserved i.c., the mass that flows into the bottom of the pipe through A; in atime At must be equal to mass of the liquid that flows out ‘Ap in the same time. Explanation Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe of non-un The particles in the fluid move along the streamlines in a steady state flow as shown in Fig. In a small time At, the fluid at the lower end of tube moves a section of this distance Ax, with a velocity V). If Ay is area of cros end, then the mass of the fluid contained in the shaded region is As, p o=miv v. Vy form size, (DA kt &, 2 eT[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. 212 Ax: KAY Am, = p: Ar Ax) a) As, Ss =vt Ax, = Vi at Putting in equation (1) Am, = py Ar Vi At Q) Where pi is the density of fluid. Similarly the fluid that moves with velocity V2_ through the upper end of pipe of area A> in the same time At has a mass Am; = pz Az V2 At cesses B) Ifthe fluid is incompressible and the flow is steady, the mass of the fluid is conserved, Am; = Am: Putting values from equation (2) and equation (3) piAIV) At = prA2V2At PrAiVi = p2AzV. This equation is known as the equation of continuit flow of incompressible fluid Since density is constant for the steady PL y Le or V = x Constant PAV) AW) viet or AV. = Constant ‘ Note: Equation of continuity obeys law of conservation of mass Q.7 State and explain Bernoulli’s equation. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION (OR THEOREM) Introduction A fundamental equation in fluid dynamics which deals with the steady flow of an incompressible and non-viscous fluid is called Bernoulli’s equation Statement Bernoulli’s theorem states that the sum of pressure, K.E. per unit volume and P.E. per unit volume, in a steady flow of an incompressible and non—viscous liquid has the same value.” Mathematically, 1 2 P+5pV't+pgh = Constant[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. 213 Consider the flow of fluid which is incompressible, non-viscous and flows in a steady state manner through the pipe in time “tas shown in figure. The force on the upper end of the fluid is P1A; (since P = F/A -. F = PA) where Py is the pressure and Aj is the area of cross section of pipe at the upper end. The work done on the fluid, in moving it through a distance Ax; will be w= P.M = F Ax; cos 0° = PA Aux! W. = PAs sone If Vj, is velocity of fluid at this end then, As Ss =vt ax = Vit equation (1) becomes W, = PA Vit Similarly work done on the fluid at lower end is, Ws = PR F) Ax cos 180° Py Az Ax: (— 1) ’ Fy Where V2 is the velocity of the fluid at lower end. P2 is the pressure, Az is the area of cross section of lower end and Ax; is the distance moved by the fluid in the same time interval ‘t’. The work Wy is taken to be negative because this work is done against the fluid force. Total work done Wo = Wit Wo = prAVit+(@p2VrArt) Wo pA VitepArVat ee 2) From equation of continuity [a =pav ‘l = ALV2 ALVi = Ar V2 Am _ ayy[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 214 ‘equation (2) becomes Interesting Information Ww P\V-P2V nozzle W = @-P)V = Since pP o"¥ y 2 paint P w = ™@P-P) ws GB) Pp |A stream of air passing over a tube| Part of this work is utilized by the fluid in changing its K.E, and apart of it is used in changing its gravitational P.E. 1nd Change inK.E, = AKE = 3mV3~3mV; Change in PE. = APE. Where hy and hy are the heights of upper and lower ends of pipe respectively mg h; ~ mg hy Applying law of conservation of energy to this volume of the fluid. Wo = AKE.+APE 1 2 2p Vitpghs—pgh 1 2 1 2 Pi+zpVitpghy ~ P+zpVitpgh> This is Bemoulli’s equation and is often expressed 1 As P+5pV>+pgh = Constant Note: Law of conservation of energy is the basis of Bernoulli's theorem, APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION There are two applications of Bemnoulli’s theorem: din a liquid will cause the| liquid to rise in the tube as shown. IThis effect is used in perfume| lbotties and paint sprayers. yr aads JA chimney works best when it is tall and exposed to air currents, lwhich reduces the pressure at the| top and force the upward flow of lsmoke. Q.8 State and explain Torricelli’s theorem. TORRICELLI’S THEOREM[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. 215 Statement “The speed of efflux (outward flow of gas or liquid) is equal to the velocity gained by the fluid in falling through the distance (hy ~ h; under the action of gravity.” Explana ion Suppose a large tank of fluid has two small orifices A and B ‘on it as shown in figure. Now we find speed with which the water flows trom the orifice A. Since the orifices are so small, the efflux speeds V2 and V3 will be much larger than the speed V, of the top of surface of water Therefore, Vi = 0. As Bernoulli's equation is, 12 1a Pi+zp Vitpgh = Pr+3zp Vitpgh Putting V, = 0 Vi+p gh: Since Pp) = = P (Atmospheric pressure) Ptpgh) = P+4pVitp gh = pgh—pgh = pg(hi—hi) = g(hy-h,) V2 = 2g(hi—hs) Taking square root on both sides. V2 = 2g (hy ~ ha) Which is the Torricelli’s theorem, De hcl Air Flow JA filter pump has a constriction in| lthe centre, so that a jet of water from the tap flows faster here. IThis cause a drop in pressure| lnear it and air, therefore, flows in| Irom the side tube. The air and| lwater together are expelled through| the lower part of the pump. Note: Notice that the speed of the efflux of liquid is the same as the speed of a ball that falls through a height (hj — hy). The top level of the tank has moved down a little and the P.E. has been[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. 216 0.9 What is the relation between fluid speed and pressure? (OR) Prove that where the pressure is low, the speed will be high. (13) RELATION BETWEEN SPEED AND PRESSURE OF THE FLUID Suppose that water flows through a pipe system as shown in figure. Clearly, the water will flow faster at B than it does at (vet A or C (sve) Now we compare the pressure at B with that at A. As the Bemoulli’s equation is, 1a 12 Pa+3p Vatpghs = Pa+3p Va+p ghs Since the average height at both places is same. PLE. is same at both places, 1 2 1 2 2p Vatpgeh = PytzpVatpeh Pa 3p VA = Py +30 Va Interesting Information Let Va = 0.20m/s, Vs = 2m/s For water; Atmospheric p= 1000 kg/m’ pressure l : 1 7 Pa +3 (1000) (2)° = Pa +5 (1000) (2)° Px + 500 (0.04) = Py + $00x4 Pa +20 = Py + 2000 Pa—Px = 2000-20 P4—Py = 1980 Nm? (Pa) lcylinders. tiny inlet atthe side o lduct is fed with petrol. The ait through the duct moves very fast, |creating low pressure in the duct, P, > Py This shows that the pressure in the narrow pipe where the streamlines are closer together is much smaller than in the wider pipe. ‘Thus, where the speed is high, the pressure will be low. Example[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS: 217 The lift on an aeroplane is due to this effect. The flow of air around an aeroplane wing is illustrated in figure. The wing is designed to deflect the air so that streamlines are closer together above the wing than below it. We have seen in figure that where the streamlines are forced closer together, the speed is faster. Thus, air is travelling faster on the upper side of the wing than on the lower. The pressure will be lower at the top of the wing, and the wing will be forced upward. Similarly, when a tennis ball is hit by a racket in such a way that spins as well as moves forward, the velocity of the air on one side of the ball increases (figure) due to spin and air speed in the same direction as at B and hence, the pressure decreases. This gives an extra curvature to the ball known as swing which deceives an opponent player. Q.10 Explain venturi relation. VENTURI RELATION If one of the pipe has a much smaller diameter than the other, as shown in Fig, It is assumed that the pipes are horizontal so that pg h terms become equal and can, therefore, be dropped then 13 1 Pit+zpVi = Pr+3p p(vi-zevi) Rie P\-P: = p(Vi-vi) nie As the cross sectional area Az is small as compared to the area Aj, then from equation of continuity Vj = (Ax/A;) V2, will be small as compared to V2. Thus for flow from a large pipe to a small pipe we can neglect V, on the right hand side of equation, hence, Pi-P: = 3p Vi is known as Venturi relation, which is used in Venturi—meter, a device used to measure speed of liquid flow. Q.11 Explain the flow of blood inside the human body. How the blood pressure is measured? BLOOD FLOW Blood is incompressible fluid with density nearly equal to that of water. High concentration of red blood cells (about 50%) increases its viscosity from three to five times that of water, Blood vessels are not rigid. They stretch like a rubber hose. Under normal circumstances the volume of blood is sufficient to keep the vessels inflated at all times, even in the relaxed state between heart beats. One Beat This means that there is tension in the walls of blood vessels and so el 2 129 Pressure (torr) & &[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 218 Figure shows the variation in blood pressure as the heart beats. The pressure varies from high (systolic) pressure of 120 torr to a low (diastolic) pressure of about 70 ~ 80 torr between beats in normal healthy person. The instrument which is used to measure the blood pressure dynamically is called sphygmomanometer. It is shown in figure. An inflatable bag is wound around the arm of a patient and external pressure on the arm is increased by inflating the bag. The effect is to squeeze the arm and compress the blood vessels inside. When the external pressure applied becomes larger than systolic pressure, the vessels collapse cutting off the flow of blood. Opening the release valve on the bag gradually decreases the external pressure A stethoscope detects the instant at which the extemal pressure becomes equal to the systolic pressure. At this point the first surges of blood flow through the narrow stricture which produces a high flow speed. As a result, the flow is initially turbulent. As the pressure drops, the extemal pressure eventually equals the diastolic pressure, From this point, the vessel no longer collapse during any portion of the flow cycle. The flow changes from turbulent to laminar and the gurgle in stethoscope disappear. This is the signal to record diastolic pressure. Note: (i) 1 Torr = 133.3 Nm (ii) For blood pressure Torr or mm of Hg is used instead of SI unit of pressure i.e. Nm.[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS. 219 SOLVED EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 6.1) A tiny water droplet of radius 0.010 em des Calculate its terminal velocity. Given that 1 for ai p = 1000 kgm*. nds through air from a high buildin; 19x 10° kg m's' and density of water Data Radius of water droplet. = 1 0,010 em = 0.010 x 107 m 1x10%m For air =n = 19x10°%kgm'st Density of water Pp 1000 kg m To Find Terminal velocity M =? 2erp Using w= On 2.9.8) (1 x10“ 1000 9x 19x 10° 2000 x 9.8 x 10" 9x 19x10 9.8x2x 10° x 10° 9x 019 2x9.8x10 9x 019[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 220 Terminal velocity =V = lms EXAMPLE 16.2) A water hose with an internal diameter of 20mm at the outlet discharges 30 kg of water 60s. Calculate the water speed at the outlet. Assume the density of water is 1000 kgm’ and flow is steady. Data Diameter ofhose = d = 20mm = 20x10> m = 2x10?m Mass of water = m= 30kg Time =1 = 60sec Density of water =p = 1000kgm? To Find Speed of water = Vo =? SOLUTIO: From equation of continuity m = pAVat / om Also Vo= Km Since area of cross section A= mr m parat 30 ) = (5) 1000 x 3 va ) 60 voe= 30 a 1000 x 3.14% x 60 30x4 ~ 1000 x 3.14 x 60 (2x 107) _ 120 1000 x3.14 x 60x4x 107 2 = axte07 3.14x4x10 10°[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 221 Speed of water = V = 1.6 m/s EXAMPLE 6. ater flows down hill through a closed vertical funnel. The flow speed at the top is 12.0 cms". The flow speed at the bottom is twice the speed at the top. If the funnel is 40 em long and the pressure at the top is 1.103 x 10° Nm, what is the pressure at the bottom? Data Flow speed at top = = I2emis a_i” = 0.12 ms Flow speed at bottom = V2 = 24em/s I = 0.24mis mel ae Length of funnel = = -h = hy hy | = 400m ane i lcromd = 04m Pressure at top =P) = 1.013% 10° Nm? To Find Pressure at bottom == P: = ? SOLUTION] Using Bernoulli's equation: pgh Pi+dpVitpeh 1 21 2 Pr = PitzpVi-gpVitpghi-pehs (Vi-V2) +p g (hi hs) 1.013 x 10° + + 1000) ( 12) — (.24] + 1000x 9.8 x 0.4 1.013 x 10° + 500 (.0144 — 0.0576) + 980 x4 1.013 x 10° + 500 (- 0.0432) + 3920 1.013 x 10° ~ 21.6 + 3920 1.013 x 10° + 3898.4 1.013 x 10° + 0.039984 x 10° 10° (1.013 + 0.03898) 1.05 x 10°Nm 2?OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I Tot Ot tag re FLUID DYNAMICS Each question has four possible answers, encircled the correct answer: 1.9 The fractional effect between different layers of a flowing fluid is called: 8. Ls (a) Viscosity of the fluid (b) Velocity of the fluid (©) Displacement of the fluid (@) Acceleration of the fluid The force required to slide one layer of the liquid over another layer is measured by: (a) Acceleration () Viscosity (©) Momentum (@) Velocity An object moving through a fluid experience a retarding force is called: (a) Centripetal force (6) Horizontal force (©) Drag force (4) Gravitational force The study of the properties of fluid at rest is called: (@) Viscosity (b) Fluid dynamic (©) Fluid static (@)_ Friction The study of properties of fluids in motion is called: (a) Viscosity (b) Fluid dynamics (©) Fluid static (@)_ Friction Drag force between two layers under consideration depends upon: (a) Distance between the layers (b) Relative velocity (©) Surface area of layer (d) Allofthese The drag force between different layers of the liquid is given by: (@) Fa=6mnrv ) = (© Fe= a (@) None of these Stoke’s law holds for: (a) Cylindrical bodies (b) Cubical bodies (©) Spherical bodies (@) None of these According to Stoke’s law, drag force depends on: (a) Coefficient of viscosity (6) Terminal velocity (©) _ Radius of the spherical body (@) AlloftheseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 192 10. The drag force increases as the speed of particle: (a) Increases (b) Decreases (©) Remains constant (@) None of these 14.9 18.9 19.9 The drag force Fy on a sphere of radius r moving slowly with speed v through the fluid of viscosity 1 is given by: 6nnrv 3nmrv To rise None of these Viscous fluid Non-ideal fluid Newton Stoke Decreases Becomes double (ML°T'] None of these Decreases (a) 4myrv (b) (©) 2nnrv (@) The word fluid means: (a) To fall (b) (©) To flow @ Stokes law obey only: (a) Ideal fluid (b) (c) Perfect fluid (@ The formula Fa = 6nnrv is derived by: (a) Einstein (b) (c) Sadi Carnot (@ Due to increase in temperature, the viscosity of the fluid: (a) Increases (b) (c) Remains constant @ The dimensions of coefficient of viscosity are: (a) [ML'T?] b) (© [ML'T") @ Viscosity of the gases with rise in temp: (a) _ Increases (b) (©) Remains constant @ Which one of the following is most viscous: (a) Glycerine b) (©) Honey @ The SI unit of coefficient of viscosity is: (a) kgm'st (b) (© kgm’s? @ Internal friction of a fluid is called: (a) Surface tension (b) (©) Viscosity @ None of these Coal Tar None of these Nm’s” kg ms* Resistance None of theseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 193 21. 30.9 When the magnitude of the drag force becomes equal to the weight, the net force acting on the droplet is: (a) Zero (b) Maximum (©) Remains the same (@)_ None of these The drag force increases as the speed of the object: (a) Decreases (b) Increases (©) Remains constant (@)_ None of these The force of friction that comes into action after the motion has started is called: (a) Limiting friction (b) | Static friction (©) Friction (a) None of these A body of mass m is falling downward in a viscous medium with terminal velocity v, net force on the body is: (a) mg (b) mg—6rnrv (©) 6mnrv—mg (@) Zero Viscosity of air is: (a) 0.019 x 10° Nsm? (b) 0.019 x 107 N-sm? (©) 0.0019 x 10 N-sm? (a) 0.0019 x 10° N-sm? The viscosity of water is: (a) 0.019 x 10° N-sm? (b) 0.801 x 10° N-sm? (©) 6.29 x 10 N-sm? (d) 0.081 x 10° N-sm? The viscosity of glycrine i (a) 0.019 x 10° Nsm* (b) 0.801 x 10 Nsm? (©) 6.29 x 10° N-sm? (a) 6.29 x 10° Nsm* The maximum velocity attained by a spherical droplet when drag force F and the weight of the droplet becomes equal is called: (a) _ Instantaneous velocity (b) Terminal velocity (©) Uniform velocity (@) None of these The terminal velocity in case of spherical droplet is directly proportional to the: (a) Square of the radius (b) Radius of the droplet (©) Half of the radius (d)_ None of these The terminal velocity of the spherical object is given by: 2 _2erp 7g @ v= "on © Vian _me © Vi Fenr (@) None of theseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 104 31. The terminal velocity of water droplet of radius 1 x 10 m and density 1000 kg/m’ falling through air of viscosity 19 x 10° kg/ms is: (a) 1.5 m/s (b) 2.3 m/s (©) 3.4m/s @_ 1.1m/s The terminal velocity v; of a sphere of radius r in fluid of viscosity n depends upon: (a) Radius (b) Viscosity (©) Density (@) Allofabove If each particle of fluid passing through a point follows the same path, then flow is called: (a) Regular flow (>) Streamline flow (©) Normal flow (@)_ Turbulent flow The irregular flow of the fluids is called: (a) Regular flow (b) Normal flow (©) Turbulent flow (@ Streamline flow For the steady flow of incompressible fluid, the equation of continuity is given by: _ Ar_ Ao (a) Av) =Aov> OV ve v NV: © x re (@)_ Aivit = Aavat The product of cros sectional area of the pipe and the fluid speed at any point along the pipe is: (a) Zero (b) Constant (©) Variable (a) None of these A fog droplet fulls vertically through air with an acceleration: (a) Greater than g (b) Less than g (©) Equal to g (@)_ Equal to zero The formula for continuity is given by the relation: (a) piV2vV1 = p2ViV2 (b) piArvi = p2V2A2 (©) p2Agvi = piAiv2 (a) None of these The SI units of flow rate is: (a) m/s? (b) m/s (©) m/s? (@) m/s Bernoullis equation is based upon law of conservation of: (a) Momentum (b) Energy (©) Mass (@)_ Allof theseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 199 41. The fluid which is in compressible and non-viscous is called: (a) Viscous fluid (>) Non-ideal fluid (©) Ideal fluid (a) Perfect fluid When the velocity of a liquid flowing steadily in a tube increases, its pressure: (a) Becomes zero (b) Remains the same (©) Increases (@)_ Decreases The application of Bernoulli’s theorem is: (a) Torricelli’s theorem (b) Venturi relation (©) Both (a) and (b) (@)_ None of these According to Bernoulli’s theorem, velocity and pressure: (a) Are inversely proportional (b) Are directly proportional (©) Have no relation (@)_ None of these Bernoulli’s equation includes as a special case of: (a) Torricelli’s theorem (b) Stoke’s law (©) Newton’s laws (@)_ None of these When there is no change in pressure at the beginning and end of a flow process, Bernoulli’s equation reduces to: @ v=v2eh () P=peh 1s, (©) P +3 pv’ =Constant (d) None of these If the cross-sectional area of the pipe decreases, the speed of the fluid must increases according to: (a) Venturi relation (b) Equation of continuity (©) Torricelli’s thereom (@)_ None of these Bernoulli’s equation is applicable to points flow: (a) Ina streamline flow (>) Inany non-viscous liquid (©) Ina steady of flowing liquid (@)_ None of these The Torricellis expression is expressed as: (a) v2=\2e(hi +ho) ) v2=\2(h +ha) (©) v2=1)2g(hi — ho) (@)_ None of these The velocity of efflux of a liquid from an orifice is: (@) Veh () 2gh rh © (@ 2VghOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 196 51. 54, 60.9 The Venutri relation is given by: (a) Pi +P2=pv" (b) Pi -P2=pv 1 2 1 2 (©) Pi-P2=9 pve @) Pi +P2=9 pv2 The speed of efflux is equal to the velocity gained by the falling fluid under the action of gravity through a certain height is called: (a) Torricell’s theorem (b)Venture’s theorem (©) Comot engine (a) None of these Venturi meter is a device used to measure: (a) Viscosity of fluid (b) Density of fluid (©) Pressure of fluid (@) Speed of fluid The fundamental equation in fluid dynamics which relates the pressure with speed fluid and height is: (a) Bernoulli’s equation (b) Equation of continuity (©) Torricelli’s equation (@) Venturi equation The Bernoulli’s equation is written as: 1 Ia (a) P=3p ‘onstant (b) P +3 pv’ + pgh = Constant @ P +4 pV’ — pgh = Constant (a) None of these The pressure will be low, where the speed of fluid is: (a) High (b) Low (©) Zero (@) Constant At any two points along streamline flow, the sum of the pressure, P.E per unit volume and K.E per unit volume remains constant, this is the statement: (a) Equation of continuity (b) Venturi relation (©) Terricelli’s theorem (@)_ Beroulli’s theorem The speed of efflux of liquid is the same as the speed of ball falls through a height of: (a) +h (b) h-h © mh (d@)_ None of these Blood is an incompressible fluid having a density nearly equal to that of: (a) Water (b) Oil (©) Milk (@) Allof these Human blood pressure is measured in: (a) Nim? (b) Torr (©) Pascal (@) cmOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I Tot 61. Blood has a density: (a) Greater than water (b) Equal to water (©) Less than water (a) None of these Blood pressure is measured by: (a) Barometer (b) Stetho scope (©) Sphygmomanometer (@) Hydrometer Blood is an: (a) Incompressible fluid (b) Compressible fluid (©) Ideal fluid (@) Perfect fluid The instrument which detects the instant at which the external pressure becomes equal to the systolic pressure is called: (a) Manometer (b) Sphygmomanometer (©) Barometer (@) Hydrometer Tubes of narrow bore and liquids of high viscosity and low density promote: (a) Streamline flow (b) Turbulent flow (©) Both (a) and (b) (a) None of these Streamlines passing through a given cross-section normally form: (a) Liquid does not cross the boundaries of tubes of flow (b) Tubes of flow (©) Steady flow do not overlap each other (a) Allofthese 1 Dimensions of | (3 ov'| are: (a) [ML'T"] () [MLT*] (© [ML'T?] @ = [ML'T'] Dimensions of [pgh] are: (a) [ML'T?] (bo) JML*T7] (© [ML'T'] @) [ML°T?] In the formula for velocity of efflux v =.J2gh where h is: (a) The height of orifice from the bottom of the vessel (b) Height of liquid column above the orifice (©) Height of liquid column (a) None of these Sphygmo is a: (a) Greek word (b) Spanish word (©) Latin word (@) None of theseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 198 71. Sphygmo means: (a) Liver (b) Pulse (©) Liver (@) Heart 72. Bunsen burner works on the principle of: (a) Venturi effect (b) Torricilli’s effect (©) Bernoulli’s effect (@)_ None of these 73. In Laminar flow, adjacent layers: (a) Mix with each other (b) Smoothly slide one over the other (©) Oppose each other (a) None of these 74. A manis standing near a fast moving train: (a) To fall towards the track (b) To fall away from the track (©) No effect (@) None of these 75. Two boats moving parallel in a river: (a) Remain always parallel (b) Pulled towards each other due to less pressure (©) Get a part due to increase in pressure (d) None of these 76. Streamlines are: (a) Largely spaced on the upper side than on the inner side of the wing (b) Equally spaced both on the upper and lower side of the wing (©) Closer together on the upper side of the wing (d) None of these 71. A fluid is said to be ideal if it is: (a) Non-viscous, incompressible and streamline (b) Non-viscous and streamline (©) Non-viscous and incompressible (a) None of these 78. The blood pressure varies from high systolic pressure to low diastolic pressure of about: (a) 80-90 torr (b) 75-85 torr (©) 75-80 torr (a) None of these 79. 1 torr in N/m? is: (a) 129 N/m (b) 133.3 N/m? (©) 135.6 Nim? (a) 125 N/m? 80. The systolic pressure is about: (a) 120 torr (b) 125 torr (©) 115 torr (@) 130 torrOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 199 81. Blood pressure of a person: (a) _ Increases with age (b) Decreases with age (©) Remain same (@) None of these The smoot or steady streamline flow is known as: (a) Turbulent flow (b) Laminar flow (©) Simple flow (@)_ None of these The velocity of liquid below which its flow is laminar is called: (a) Critical velocity (b) Escape velocity (©) Relative velocity (@)_ None of these For which position, will the maximum blood pressure in the body have the smallest value: (a) Standing one’s leg (b) Lying horizontally (©) Standing up right (@)_ None of these The smooth r steady streamline flow is called: (a) Turbulent flow (>) Laminar flow (©) Simple flow (a) Regular flow Friction in fluids is known as: (a) Drag force (b) Viscosity (©) Surface tension (a) None Unit of coefficient of viscosity: (a) Nm?’s (b) kgm's (©) Both (a), (b) (@)_ None When the magnitude of the drag force becomes equal to the weight, the net force acting on the droplet: (a) Minimum (b) Zero (©) Maximum (@) None If velocity of particle at different points does not change with time, flow is: (a) Streamline (b) Laminar (©) Steady @ All Equation of continuity is the basis of law of conservation of: (a) Mass (b) Momentum (©) Energy (@) None The product of cross-sectional area of the pipe and the fluid speed at any point along the pipe: (a) Constant (b) Flow rate (©) Volume flow per second @ AllOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 160 92. 1 1 As Bernoulli’s equation P +5 pv” + pgh = Constant. Here 5 pv” is: (a) KE (b) K-E. per unit volume (©) KE. per unit time (@) None Torricelli’s theorem is: (a) V2 (6) V2eth = he) (© V2e01— x2) (a) None A device used to measure speed of liquid flow: (a) Venturi-meter (b) Speed-meter (©) Sphyginomeno-meter (@) None A liquid flows through a pipe of varying diameter. The velocity of the liquid is 2 m/s at a point where the diameter is 6 cm. The velocity of the liquid at a point where diameter is 3 cm will be: (a) 1m/s (b) 4m/s (©) 8 m/s (@ 16ms The dimensional formula of surface tension is: (a) [MLT'] (bo) [MLT*] (© [ML°T?] @ [ML'T']OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-1 161 ANSWER L (a) 2. (b) 3. © 4. © 5. (b) 6. @ 1. @ 8. ©) 9. @ 10. (a) I. (b) 12. © 13. (b) 14, @ 15. (b) 16. © 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (@) 20. © 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (@) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (b) 21. © 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (a) 31. () 32. (@ 33. (b) 34, (©) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b) 41. © 42, (@) 43. © 44, (a) 45. (@) 46. (@) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. ©) 50. (b) Si. © 52. (a) 53. @ 54, (@) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (@ 58. © 59. (@) 60. () 61. (b) 62. ©) 63. (@) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (d) 67. © 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. © 71. (b) 72. (a) TB. (b) 74. @ 75. (b) 16. © 71. (a) 78. () 79. (b) 80. (a) 81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (b) 85. (b) 86. (b) 87. © 88. (b) 89. (@ 90. @) 1. () 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. @) 95. © 96. ©)[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 221 6.1 Ans. 6.3 Ans, 6.4 Ans. 6.5 SHORT QUESTIONS Explain what do you understand by the term viscosity? Viscosity: The frictional effect between different layers of a flowing fluid is described in terms of viscosity of the fluid. Viscosity measures, how much force is required to slide one layer of the liquid over another layer. It is denoted by 1. The SI unit of viscosity is Ns/m?. What is meant by drag force? What are the factors upon which drag force acting upon a small sphere of radius r, moving down through a liquid, depend? Drag Force: An object moving through a fluid experiences a retarding force called drag force. This force increases as the speed of object through the fluid increases. In case of a spherical object moving through a fluid, the expression of drag forces is: F = 6mrv This shows that drag force depends on the following factor: ()) Radius r of the spherical body. (ii) Speed v of the body. (iii) Coefficient of viscosity n. Why fog droplets appear to be suspended in air? As we know that the expression for the terminal velocity is ng Meo Gant where a is constant so ony vo «m This shows that terminal velocity is directly proportional to mass. As the mass of the fog droplet is very small therefore the terminal velocity is very small. So the droplet appears to be suspended in air. Explain the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow. Laminar Flow: The fluid, flow is said to laminar if every particle of the fluid that passes a point moves along the same path as followed by particles which passed that point earlier. Turbulent Flow: The irregular or unsteady flow of the fluid is called turbulent flow. In turbulent flow, there is a great disorder and constantly changing flow path State Bernoulli’s relation for a liquid in motion and describe some of its applications. Bernoulli's Theorem: This theorem states that “the sum of pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume in a steady flow of an incompressible and non- viscous fluid remains constant at any point of its path”. Mathematically it is expressed as 1 P+ pv’ +pgh = Constant where p is the density of the liquid and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Applications of Bernoulli’s Theorem: Following are the applications of Bernoulli’s theorem: (i) Operation of paint sprayer or perfume sprayer. (i) Swing of a cricket ball (iii) Working of a carburetor of a car. (iv) Working of a filter pump.[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 222 6.6 Ans. Ans. 6.8 Ans. 6.9 Ans. 6.10 Ans, 6.11 Ans. 6.12 Ans. A person is standing near a fast moving train. Is there any danger that he will fall towards it? We know that according to Bernoulli’s principle “the pressure will be low where the speed of the fluid is high and vice versa therefore when a person is standing near a fast moving train the speed of air between person and train is very high and pressure will be low while the speed of air behind the person is low so pressure is high, thus a force will act from high pressure to low pressure therefore the person will be in danger. Identify the correct answer. What do you infer from Bernoulli’s theorem? (i) Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure will be low. (ii) Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure is also high. (iii) This theorem is valid only for turbulent flow of the liquid. (i) is correct where the speed of the fluid is high, the pressure will be low. ‘Two row boats moving parallel in the same direction are pulled towards each other. Explain. We know that according to Bernoulli’s principle “the pressure will be low where the speed of fluid is high and vice versa therefore when two row boats are moving parallel in the same direction then the speed of water between the boats will be fast and pressure will be low while on the opposite sides of the boats the speed of water will be small so pressure will be high, thus a force will act from high pressure to low pressure therefore two boats are pulled towards each other. Explain, how the swing is produced in a fast moving cricket ball. We know that according to Bernoulli’s principle “the pressure will be low where the speed of the fluid is high and vice versa”. Therefore when a cricket ball is thrown by a fast bowler, the speed of air on the shining side will be fast and pressure will be low while on the rough side the speed of air is less and pressure is high. So a face will act from high pressure to the low pressure and the ball moves in a curved path called swing. Explain the working of a carburetor of a motorcar using Bernoulli’s principle and non viscous liquid is constant; thus. Carburetor of car engine uses a venturi duct to Atmospheric feed the correct mixture of air and petrol to the Pressure cylinders. Air is drawn through the duct along a \ pipe to the cylinders. A tiny inlet at the side of — os duct is fed with petrol. The air through the duct ~~ LI moves very fast, creating a low pressure in the duct, which draws petrol vapour into air stream as shown in figure. Ait Low pressure For which position will the maximum blood pressure in the body have the smallest value. (a) Standing up right (b) Sitting (c) Lying horizontally (d) Standing on one’s head? The blood pressure is measured at the level of heart. When lying horizontally heart does not has to work as hard as to pump against gravity because all parts of the body are in level with heart. So (c) is correct. In an orbiting space station, would the blood pressure in major arteries in the leg ever be greater than the blood pressure in major arteries in the neck? No, under weightlessness condition the blood pressure will be equal in major arteries of leg and neck in an orbiting space station.[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 2235 PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION, PROBLEM 6.1 Certain globular protein particle has a density of 1246 kg m™. It falls through pure water () =8.0 x 10 Nm’s) with a terminal speed of 3.0 cm h”'. Find the radius of the particle. Data Density of protein particle = p = 1246 kg/m* Viscosity = 1 = 8.0 104 Ns/m Terminal speed = = 3.0cm/h = 0.03 m/h _ 0.03, 3600 = 833 x 10° mis To Find Radius of the particle = r = ? SOLUTION| By formula = Vxoy 2pg _ 8:33 x 10% x 9 x 8.0 x 10% 2x 1246 x 9.8 _ 599.77 x 104*~* 2421.6 r= 0.024 10°” r= 0.156 x 10° r= 1.56x 10m Result Radius of the particle = r = 1.56x10°m[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 224 PROBLEM 6.2) Water flows through a hose, whose internal diameter is 1 em, at a speed of 1 ms”. What should be the diameter of the nozzle if the water is to emerge at 21 ms '? Data Internal diameter of pipe = di = lem = 001m Speed of water inthe hose = v; = 1 m/s Speed of emerging water. = v2 = 21 mis To Find Diameter of the nozzle = =? SOLUTION| According to equation of continuity Avi = Aova! But A = a So > 1 a iS. Ge \ a BS, and 1 a RIE 1 a BIS & = 4.76x 10°[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 429 a, = 4.76% 10% = 2.18 10° = 0.21% 107m d= 0.21em Result Diameter of nozzle = d, = 0.21. cm PROBLEM 6. The pipe near the lower end of a large water storage tank develops a small leak and a stream of water shoots from it. The top of water in the tank is 15m above the point of leak. (i) With what speed does the water rush from the hole? (ii) If the hole has an area of 0.060 cm’, how much water flows out in one second? Data Height of water = hy—hy = 15m Area of hole =A 0.060 cm? 0.060 x 10°* m? To Find (a) Speed of water from the hole = v = u (b) Volume per second of water SOLUTION| 1 < 4 (a) For speed of water, using Torricelli’s theorem v= \2g(hi — bn) V2 x 9.8 x 15 = aa v= 17 ms (b) For volume per second, by using equation of continuity AiVi = AaV2 = Volume per second or Volume per second of water_ = AV So = 0.060 x 10% x 17 = 1.02 x 10m? Volume per second of water = 102 cm* Result (a) Speed of water from hole = = v = 17 m/s (b) Volume per second of water. = 102 cm?[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 226 PROBLEM 6.4) Water is flowing smoothly through a closed pipe system. At one point the speed of water is 3 ms", while at another point 3m higher, the speed is 4.0 ms“. If the pressure is 80 KPa at the lower point, what is pressure at the upper point? Data Speed of water atone point = V; Height of upper point = hy Speed of water at lower point = v2 Height of lower point =h Pressure at lower point = Density of water =p To Find Pressure at upper point =P SOLUTION| By using Bernoulli’s theorem 1 1 Pi +3 pvi + pahi = Pa +5 pv2 + pgha When hi =0 1 1 So Pi+3pVi = Pa+3 pv: + paha 3 mis 3m 4mis 0 80 KPa 80 x 1000 80,000 Pa 1000 kg/m* 1 21 2 P2 = Pit > pVi-> pV2— psho 1 1 > = 80000 +5 x 1000 x GY -5%x 1000 x (4)? — 1000 x 9.8 x 3 P, = 47100 Pa P2 = 47.1KPa Result Pressure at upperend = P, = 47KPa PROBLEM 6.5| = 80000 + 4500 — 8000 — 29400 An airplane wing is designed so that when the speed of the air across the top of the wing is 450 ms", the speed of air below the wing is 410 ms“ s? (Density of air = 1.29 kgnt bottom of the wit What is the pressure difference between the top and[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 2er Data Speed of air above the wing = vi = 450m/s Speed of air below the wing = V2 = 410m/s Air density =p = 129kg/m* To Find Pressure difference = P,-P; = 2 SOLUTION| According to Bernoulli’s equation 1 > Dae Pitz pvitpgh: = P2+> pv2+ pgh2 Since pghi = pgh2 1 2 1 4 So Pit evi = Po +5 PVa| 1.1 P2—Pi = 3pVi-3PV2 1 2 2, = 3p (vi-v) ox 1.29 (450? - 410°) 1 = 2 x 1.29 x 34400 P2—P, = 22188 Pa P)-P; = 22.1KPa Result Pressure difference = P,—P, = 22.1 KPa PROBLEM 6.6) The radius of the aorta is about 1.0 cm and the blood flowing through it has a speed of about 30 cms". Calculate the average speed of the blood in the capillaries using the fact that although each capillary has a diameter of about 8 x 10~ cm, there are literally millions of them so that their total cross section is about 2000 em’. Data Radius of aorta =n = 10cm = 0.01 m Speed of blood =v = 30cm/s = 0.3 m/s[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 225 Area ofone capillary = A = 8x10%cm = 8x10%m 2000 cm* 0.2 m* Total area of cross-section of capillaries = A To Find Average speed of blood = v2 = ? SOLUTIO: By using equation of continuity Alvi = AoV2 But AL = nn 2 So mmrVi = A2V2 2 mri) A2 3.14 x (0.01) x 0.3 0.2 v2 = 4.71 x 10‘ m/s V2 = 5.0x 10% m/s Result Average speed of blood = Vv, = 5.0x 10“ m/s PROBLEM 6.7, How large must a heating duct be if air moving 3.0ms"' along it can replenish the air in a room of 300m* volume every 15 min? Assume the air’s density remains constant. Data Speed of air induct = vy; = 3.0m/s Volume of air = = 300m’ Time =t = 15min. = 15x60 = 900 sec. To Find Size / Length of duct = r =?[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 229 SOLUTION| As we know that Volume per second = AV ¥ =Av As A= 7 = my ep -— tx nVv| - ——300__ ~ 900 x 3.14 x 3.0 Pr = 0.035 r= 0.188 r= 0.19m r= 190m Result Size / Length of duct = r = 19 em PROBLEM 6.8) An airplane design calls for a “lift” due to the net force of the moving air on the wing of about 1000 Nm“ of wing area, Assume that air flows past the wing of an aircraft with streamline flow. If the speed of flow past the lower wing surface is 160 ms"? The density of air is 1.29 kgm”? and assume maximum thickness of wing be one meter. Data Pressure difference = P,-P, = 1000N/m Speed of air past the lower surface = vi = 160 m/s Density of air =p = 129kg/m* To Find Speed of air over the upper surface = V2 = ? SOLUTION| By using Bernoulli’s equation 1 2 1. Pi +7 pVitpgh = P2 +> pv2+ pgh Since pghi = pgh2 1 1 Pi+zpvi = P2+3 Vo[CHAPTER 6] FLUID DYNAMICS 230 1 a 1 4 Pi-P2+ZpVi = 3 PV2| 1000 +3 1.29 x (160)? = 4x 1.29 v3 1000 + 16512 = 0.645 v3 2 17512 vi = 0gas vi = 271503 Vo = 164.7 Vo = 165 m/s Result Speed of air over upper surface = V. = 165 m/s PROBLEM 6.9) What gauge pressure is required in the city mains for a stream flow a fire hose connected to the city mains to reach a vertical height of 15 m? Data Vertical height = h-hy = 15m Density of water = p = 1000 kg/m’* To Find Pressure difference = P,-P; = ? SOLUTION| By using Bernoulli’s equation 1 1 Pity pvitpgh; = Pr +3 pv3 + pghy il eeee gees pee Since 2PVi = 3PV2 So Pitpgh = P2+pgh: P,—Pi_=_pghi ~ pgho = pg(hi ~ he) = 1000 x 9.8 x 15 P2—P; = 147000 Pa P)—P; = 147KPa Result Pressure difference = P,—P, = 147KPa