VECTOR CALCULUS x Gradient — virectional pesivalive % Divergence and cut — Imckakional and selencidal vecla tields and volume inltgrals # Line, Surface * -Theoagn'sGradienl-- Directional perivalive Te vetler dibtewctial opesalir "xy" The veden dittexatil —opercias vy a dehid as ve tRr7er?Z vmu 27,2 ax anil vecleas along ha thite —eclaingeles anes on, oy and oz, The Gradient fae pcuyi2? De a scala petel- — funchisn and ip conbinrouly dittorenfinkle thin Ike vedas wpe PMH? Be 42% = Gad 6 siudional seiveive 1 v6. 3 Normal verivelive : IN! units woamal velox A = an angle beLivcen he Surtaces cosa Te BS Wr.) | veelGRADIENT - DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE. Gradient The vector differential operator V The vector differential operator V (read as del) is defined as > >a tS ,k are unit vectors along the three rectangular axes OX, OY and OZ. The Gradient [or slope of a scalar point function] Let $ (%,y,z) be a scalar point function and continuously differentiable. Then the vector ve = ( tits ) = Poe Seek “8 is called the gradient of the scalar point function # and is written as Grad @=Ve Note- Vis a vector differential operator. Note verre tly tay Note: V9 is a vector whose three components are 3%, s Note : If ¢ is a constant, thon VG = 0 Note: "Vg should not be written as ¢ VNote: . (a) V(ey 1 e292) = 1 V G1 HOV G2 where c; and cy are constants and $1, #2 are scalar point functions, (b) Vtg) = VftVe [Here, c= cz = 1] Note : V (1 92) = 1992+ ¢2V91 He v (3) = BVOAW AVG ing 2g $2 Bs 2 Note : If v=f(u), then Vv = f'(u) Vu. L_ PROBLEMS BASED ON GRADIENT - Prove that Gradient of a constant is a null vector. Solution : If ¢ (x,y,z) is a constant, then 88, 28 ang 28 ax’ dy are zeros. vp = Taba? fork 2 -F@+7 +%@ = 0If ,5 = xyz, then find V ¢. Solution : Given: ¢ = xyz Pd >a¢g Poe ve =72t e=i set ‘ay t* az I > >= 3s Py+j, XZ + ky =.yzitxjt+xyk If ¢ = log? + +2), then find V¢. Solution : Given : = log @? + y +2)oa s ae PEF +k ity ze} = obzes Faye yWe know that, 7 = xityj bee eWay oP etapa yg a ar item; a Bay 5 yar ax oy az 2 : tee eee ar | Say or a aetare ‘Note vre= «Find Yio, | F Sdution : We know tht, rele — | Pa eayted = ai by tek, x : ero ey ar x ay “4s az @ par, rar, > ar Ov PPA ay" azProve that V(@) =n2"? 6. Solution: V(r") = sre @) = xia oe = Binet = Eine x 17 =np [xityj+zk] = r Find V (log r). Solution : V (logr) = 57 >lar n (log r) iz, (ogr) = Ei =o > r = 272 fh] 275 - but fed - £ 2+ Prove that grad (¢y) = ¢ grad vty grad ¢ Solution : grad (PY) = V (py) = 272 @y) =(_ ay _ > =x) (oSe + vit) =i (+22) +2: (v32) = o (rae + ¥ (e722) = Vy +yve grad (PY) = @ grad y +y grad ¢. + Prove that V f(r) = CO where = atytd Solution : V f(r) = rhe = ripe = zp @t = fo Lai yj 2k) = LO7 Directional Derivative a Directional Derivative = Vg. = iaPROBLEMS BASED ON DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE 1 Find the Directional Derivative of yet aa? a (1,-2,-1) im the direction of () 2i7—j-2K Gd 2743; 4k Solution : Given: ¢ = ae Vp = POPOL 2b - Agr paresis Wy Hoye ox at a, -2,-1) = si-j-0k @ a= 27-j-2k @) a= |a|= veaTea =3 la|= DD.- v¢.-4— DD.- v¢. lal = @ 7-105, =F = ej 1 oa zlte+ 1429) = = Find the directional derivative of 4x72 +2y?z at (1, -1, 2) im the direction of 2—j'+34 Solution: g = 4x22 +122 oT OPE ~ Baty nit anny G2 tay)k oe - Gerais coriuey? - ae @ = 27-j438; la] = Pee ea _ M44415 55 vieNORMAL DERIVATIVE Normal Derivative = | V¢ | Find the normal derivative of = 39 + y2-+ mc at (~1,1,1) Solution: Given: @ = ytyz+zr za % a 7 ve = rit @tete) = LiVt2) = YFDI+ eta He+yz (V9) 14,9 = 2i+0j+0k Normal Derivative = |V| = VF = 2. What is the greatest rate of increase of p=ayz” at (1, 0. 3)? Solution : Given: @ = a2” Vo= i sib ee se = Tye) +72) + Koz) Veuos) =08+9j 40K - Greatest rate of increase = |V¢| = V9 = 9 UNIT NORMAL VECTOR Unit normal vector » = eo [vel Find a unit normal to the surface xy= 7° at the point d, 1, -1). Solution : Given: = ay-7 Vor y Pex fret Vous iby HIE |Vo| = VIFTFS = : : y Efe 2k © A unit normal to the given surface at the point is ToT =the Find a unit normal vector to the suface toy +y +097 at (1, -2, 1. Solution : Given: @ = P+ay+y toyzVp POY POH OD ar Vay th iy Faery ey P+ a by 12 oy) Very = HR HFU as nea ata at [VO] = VWRAES = VIE avy oe VO | -2i-2f ak 1 "ver ah alae +k] ANGLE BETWEEN THE SURFACES VeiVoe 1 [ vaver cos = eh 20 =e HV °° Teil TV ¢al ~ Vi¥al TV 9a Find the ungle between the surfaces =x + y'—3 and Sey tz =9 at (2,-1,2), Solution : Given : = 2 +y?—2-3,1 gp = Peye4 29 Voy = xi tye (ena) = 47 27K \¥¢| = VIOFTFT = IT. Vez = uit Yi tak Codaciy asi aaa. cosd = VG ai IVal 1 V¥¢21 0 = owt 2) os Nr Find the angle between the surfaces xlog2 = y?—1 and ¥y=2—2 at the point (1, 1, 1 Solution : Given = Leg = y'~xlogz-1 Let $y = Py-2+2 at 0b 200 092 | 30) Vo = TE) vg, = Re Pee Pepe tl ayia ag 8 ona = (~logz)i%+ 2y7 aR = FQy) +702) +h CPaaa = OF 27-* CWedasy = 247+k ak 1Vg)| = VORTAT =WFeT = V5 Vei-Ver _ (2j-%.Qi+ 7+ _0+2-1_ 1 [Vert 1 Vet v5 VO ~V~ Te a= (ch)SCALAR POTENTIAL ¢ I Vp = 2yzitx2j+ xy, then find the value of Solution : Given : V = 2yzitxzjtryk Singita ite pare oe ee PACT MOE 8 ay sFetafe eye Equating the co-efficients of 77 77-2, we get aeu ax ~@, S6=22.@, $8 = 27.0) Integrating (1) p.w.r.to ‘x’, we get $= me Hho ie, # = Pye thi n2) ao} Integrating (2) p.w.r.to ‘y’, we get = Pye t fo le2) © Integrating (3) p.w.r.to ‘2’, we get o =the) os 6) Combining (4), (5) & (6), we get g = 2yz+e, where c being an arbitrary constant.DIVERGENCE AND CURL -VECTOR IDENTITIES -IRROTATIONAL AND SOLENOIDAL VECTOR FIELDS DIVERGENCE AND CURL ' fey fe 22h, 2% Note : DWF =v. P= Sh4 S04 Note : V. Fis a scalar quantity Note owl Fev x Fa ea eee x ay iz Note : Curl F is a vector point function Note : fF = Fyi+ Fj + Foe, then tok ee erate 8 VxXP= lar dy 92 RR UF = f@i+eQ)7 +n @F, then OVF =f @+e'4ne@, j) Vx F=0= 0740] +0k = WE = CaP tT ay twit eA then ga EV 0B, VX BV. (7 XH and V x (WX B atthe pan ai D- Soation : Given: F = QP -y +20)7+ type eral VP Lek tree Peo 2rd Qet2) + (rt th wth = “8 nase va.i = Perniperairzerok > es z ‘ i > a a a YxF = ax ay az ayaa moan fa e @+yi-ee- appa tak = -wepirers Fs V5 = Apert Zorgor? vsWO. Play = ise Wx Bary = 2428 Iv .(V x Play = 9 oF ,p af _ , [pat tb Baek 2 [raz] ae ae (i) ve - (sr oFs F ae oF ey oF Ly [py a List of Vector identities Vi. 1. Vx (V9) =O (or) Cusl (grad $) VL. 2. V.(0xF) =0 (or) div (Cunt #) oo vxxF = vo.F- VF vi VOR = 00. 4V0F Vis. VGH = 0 «I + V9xF vi 6. V.FxG) = GV xR -FV xe) vi. VxEKG) = 0. GF-W.HG+E.WF-E.Ws Vi. 8 VEG) = Fx VX +Ex CXR +E. E+ E.MF114 Bs 8 scalar point function, then Vx (yy =f (on) 7 Prove that Curl (grad 9) = @ seating = VO = Pot, 700, 209 ax tf ay ** az cut ad) = VX (V9) ab -|ix ay ae 99 ar ay = EF'[0] [-° mised partial derivatives are equal] Pao UF ba vector pint function, then 9-(@ x3) = 9 (oo 7 Prove that div (curt F) = 0, Solution : Let F = Fit RSH FE. F cul F = vxF o(aFs oF) (oF oF a ( az} ** [ae 7 oy Pr OR OR PH PR de oy~ deaz~ dyas * dyaz * 20x 0 [since, mixed partial derivatives are equal]IRROTATIONAL AND SOLENOIDAL VECTOR FIELDS Solenoidal vector formula : V.F = 0 . > > Irrotational vector formula : VxF=0.. Prove that the vector F = zi+xj+yik is solenoidal. > + ee eae Solution : Given : F = zitxj+yk | Note: When F = yi + zj + xk, > > To prove V. F = 0 V.F= > (>a 7a 2a a = ligctisgtkss “Gir k V.F (5+) Qi + 2j + xk) .@itxjty® a a = 7OtZOt = FO+ZO*EO 0 = =0 Hence, F is solenoidal. Hence, F is solenoidal. ity = (x + 3y) i+ (y -22)j + (x + Az) K is solenoidal, then find the value of A. Solution : Given : V.v = 0 8 a a _ dx © +9) + 0-2 +556 +42) =0 i = 0 A =v Find ‘a’, such that (Qx-2yt 2i- + (4x + ay — Di- +(x-yt 2)k is solenoidal. > > > > Solution : Given : F = (Bx = 2y + 2)i + (Ar tay —Z)it yt Bk. > Also, Given : V.F = 0 < a a V.F = -%€+z)+- +ay—-z)+ -yt = F = aa (3x — 2y +2) dy (4x + ay —2) az @-yt+2) =0 3+a+2=0 a+5=0 =a=-5 > > > > Show that, F = yzi+zxj + xyk is irrotational. . > > > 2 Solution ; Given : F = yzit+zxj +xyk > => To prove: V x F = 0Peed a = a 9 a r a VxF = lax ay a2 iY OO) 92) eon oy : = Eie-a1 = 0f+0j+0K =o Hence, F is irrotational Find the constants a,b, $0 that (ct ay tani + (bx 39 2) (Ox + ey +22) Ris ierotationa Given: Vx f= 0 Solution ¢ i i z z H a 2 fig ox ay az ° ato te lee ater be—3y Fe +1) ~jf4— a] +b - 2} 4-a=0 | b-2 ie, c+1=0 | =z a=4 e=-1 Prove that P= Oxt wit Wy + @i- Gwe is solenoidal as well as irrotational. Also, find the scalar potential of f Solution : ? Given Get i Gy +m7-G—m)E Ff VF = Ferm + Say 4+-Le-v) =2+4-65 + Fis solenoidal, SS Ee zt (6) Pe ote Paste ay eeettoe: Qty sy te 6 txy ie-n-jy-y+ke-o * f is irrotational. irrotational Hence, Fis solenoidal as well N ~ °% (0 find @ such that 7 = & c 738 4 j rae +e oe az Ow tan7- Gm?a ie = ty... () st = ata... (2) St _@—-») . 8) Integrating (1), (2) and (3) partially w.r.to x,y,z respectively, we get ¢@y.2) =P +92 +f, (0,2) (4) $92) = Wtyz +h @&z) » 6) @@y,2z) = -327 +y2 +f; @y) . (6) Combining (4), (5), & (6), we get $ sy,2) = x7 + 2y? — 32? 4292 +k, where & is an arbitrary constant. ¢ is the scalar potential of fj”> > >, > + Prove that F = (cos x + 2')i+ (2ysinx— 4) j+ 3x? i i, irrotational and find its scalar potential. Solution : Given : > => a el F = (cosx +25) + (2ysinx — 4)j + 3x27k i i - k = a a a Voc re = ax oy az ly cosx +23 Ysinx—4 3x2”= if0 - 0) ~FI? ~ 32] + Fey cosx ~ 2 oss] = 0i-0j+0k = 0 xi = 0. Hence, F is irrotational pid? oh F-v9 7+ oysine 4/4 402C = 726 , 796 a poset 2)it Oysin Aft ate = TE TE ED cquaing 2 ge cocticents of 77, F, we get Wo peor? 0), FE = aysing—4.. @), 88 32? a suing (0) pEI0 FE BL g = yan + Pr (2) Qsinx (4) —4y+h@&2) Inegatng (2) perio , we get g ic, Gay +he2 6) Inegating @) presto, we get (3 3x & +hbss) 22 + fly) Combining (4), (5) & (6), we get $= seine +23 +6, where ¢ being an arbitrary constant, Show that F’= (6y + 2)7'+ Gx? -2)j'+ Gu?) is irrotational vector and find the scalar potential function such that F = V9. Satin : F ety ae-aft ety YxE = = Fey Capt x1 Eee) 070708 =F Hace, Fis irotational.F-Ve e know that, F a a fo find @ > We 2 7-72 a X feat-siraet-k= Oop +7 oe tk oe (oye N74 GE 2+ 6 2 e got quating the coffcints of js hy We Bt aq, db = 32-2, 2% = ret = ayt2 Os oy az 6 (2) ae Invegrating (1) pw.rto ¥, we get 9 = 6 p+ x+hi0,2) ie P= 32H +hG.) Integrating (2) pwrto Y, we get = 3¢y ye + fy (2) 9 Integrating (3) perso ‘2, we get 3x (- they) ic, @ = ye thle) - Combining (8), (5) & (6), we get = 3xty +23 —yz +c, where ¢ being an arbitrary const. WK and i are ierotational, then prove that xi i solenoidal. Solution : Giten A and B are irrotational ie Vx R= Tmdvxe =o We know that, V.(AxB) = (Vx) B- (xb). = FB-TR 0 =0-0- Hence, X x B is solenoidal Nes —. .... —,—r—C Y*VG = Tad vxvy oF We bmOw I VA VW) oOo y VA). Vy— (x Vy).VO Ty -Fvy = 0-0-0 Hence, V4 x Wy is solenoidalShow that #F is an irrotational vector for any value of but is solenoidal only if n = Solution : Let F = 7 = Ppityptz = aPTty Pj teP ke Sa tase. ol VxF = lor ay 92 Pro Py Pe = Bi [enh 1 22 yp 7 BF [ar 1E 12 = Siem”? yen = 0f+oj+or =o } = BF (Q) +. For all values of n, F is irrotational. - a -19 v.F -22@y - = [Pea ne] == [r ae = EP tn 22} = PtP ways zy = +n] i = +n? = B+n)r when n = ~3, we got V.F = 0 +. Pris solenoidal only if n =