FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL FACE WASH

ABSTRACT

It is more acceptable to believe that natural remedies are safer with synthetic
subjects than with fewer side effects. The global market demand is increasing due to
the fusion of herbs. Current work Herbal anti-acne is the development and evaluation
of flammable extracts with facial spray containing leaf extract of Tulsi (Ocimum
Sanctum),Hydroalcoholic extract of turmeric (curcuma longa), Although there are
some specific local herbal formulas available on the market, we propose to make pure
herbal formulations without using any artificial ingredient. The plants have been
reported in the literature with microorganisms, anti oxidants and anti-inflammatory
activity.

Ayurvedic face wash was prepared from the extract of various ingredients
such as Neem leaves, Turmeric rhizomes, Nutmeg seed, Liquorice root, Honey,
Orange tincture, Lemon juice, Xanthan gum, Orange peel extract, Rosewater, Propyl
paraben, Methyl paraben, Sodium laury sulfate. The prepared face wash was
evaluated for various Physical parameters such as Washability, Colour, pH, Viscosity,
Spreadability and Irritancy test.

Keywords:- face wash, Turmaric, Rose water. Spreadabilitylity, Irritancy test.

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INTRODUCTION

 Cosmetic science:
Cosmetic Science is a multidisciplinary applied science. Cosmetic science
majors study the art, science and business of cosmetics. They learn to develop,
formulate and produce cosmetics and personal care products. They also study
regulations and how to assess products' safety, performance and quality.

 Introduction to cosmetic industry:

The cosmetic industry describes the industry that manufactures and distributes
cosmetic products. These include colour cosmetics, like foundation and mascara,
skincare such as moisturisers and cleansers, haircare such as shampoos, conditioners
and hair colours, and toiletries such as bubble bath and soap.
The manufacturing industry is dominated by a small number of multinational
corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sale of
cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses.
The largest cosmetic companies are Johnson & Johnson, L’Oreal Paris,
Gillette, Neutrogena, Nivea. The market volume of the cosmetics industry in Europe
and the United States is about EUR €70b per year, according to a 2005 publication.
The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated
annual turnover of US$170 billion (according to Eurostaf – May 2007). Europe is the
leading market, representing approximately €63 billion.The cosmetic industry is a
prosperous global business. According to the Cosmetics Europe.
The Personal Care Association, 450 million of Europeans daily use a wide
variety of cosmetic products, such as soap, shampoo, hair conditioner, toothpaste,
deodorant, shaving cream, skincare, perfume. Innovation is one of the basic principles
in this field. paradigm. On the other hand, the demand for natural cosmetics is
stronger than ever, being now widely considered a serious threat to the worldwide
economy and society.

 Drugs and cosmetics act 1940 and 1945:

The Drug and Cosmetics Act, 1940 was enacted by the Department of Health
under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare after receiving the assent of the
Governor General on April 10, 1940 and came into force on April 1, 1945.

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It regulates the import, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs, biosimilars

and medical devices. The primary objective of the act is to ensure that the drugs,
biosimilars and medical devices sold in India are safe, effective and conform to state
quality standards. The original version of Act has 5 Chapters, 38 Sections and 2
schedules.
Drugs and Cosmetic Act defines cosmetic as “cosmetic” means any article
intended to be rubbed, poured sprinkled or sprayed on, or introduced into, or
otherwise applied to, the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying,
promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance.
The Rules are established by the government of India through the Drugs and
Cosmetics Act, 1940. The Rules have also been amended time to time to meet the
needs of the time and to rectify any deficiencies noticed during the implementation.

 Objectives of Drug & Cosmetic Act 1940:

 To regulate the import, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs & cosmetics
through licensing.
 Manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs and cosmetics by qualified persons only.
 To prevent substandard in drugs, presumably for maintaining high standards of
medical treatment.
 To regulate the manufacture and sale of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani drugs.
 To establish Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and Drugs Consultative
Committees (DCC) for Allopathic and allied drugs and cosmetics.

 Schedules of Drug && Cosmetic Act 1940:

1) First Schedule- Names of books under Ayurvedic and Siddha systems.

2) Second Schedule– Standard to be compiled with by imported drugs and by drugs

manufactured for sale, sold, stocked or exhibited for sale or distribut Act defines
cosmetic as “cosmetic” means any article intended to be rubbed, poured sprinkled or
sprayed on, or introduced into, or otherwise applied to, the human body or any part
thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the
appearance, and includes any article intended for use as a component of cosmetic. It
Regulate the import, manufacture and sale or distribution of drugs and cosmetics
through Licenses and permits etc.

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 Schedules of Drug && Cosmetic Rule 1945

 SCHEDULE – A – FORMS
 SCHDULE – B – Fee for Test or Analysis
 SCHEDULE- C –Biological & Special Products
 SCHEDULE – C1- Other Special Products
 SCHEDULE- D –Exemptions u. c. III
 SCHEDULE- D(I)- Information –Mfg. unit Registration for import D&C RULES
contd.,
 SCHEDULE – D(II)-Information –product Registration for import
 SCHEDULE- E(1) – Poisonous Substances
 SCHEDULE F – PART I to PART XII(A) OMITTED PART XII – B – Blood
&Blood BANKS PART XII – C – BLOOD PRODUCTS.
 SCHEDULE F(1) – Bacterial Vaccines, Sera
 SCHEDULE F(II) – Standards, Surgical Dressings
 SCHEDULE F(III) – Standards Umbilical Tapes
 SCHEDULE FF – Standards Ophthalmic preparations
 SCHEDULE G – Drugs to be used under the supervision of Regd.Medical
Practitioners.
 SCHEDULE H – Prescription Drugs
 SCHEDULE J – Prohibition on advertisements on drugs.
 SCHEDULE K – Exemptions-Chap IV
 SCHEDULE L1 – Good Laboratory practices.
 SCHEDULE M – Good Mfg Practices
 SCHEDULE M-I –GMP Homeo Medicines
 SCHEDULE M II – Factory-cosmetics
 SCHEDULE M III -Factory medical Devices
 SCHEDULE N – Pharmacy- requirements
 SCHEDULE O – Standards for Disinfectant fluids
 SCHEDULE P – Life Period of drugs
 SCHEDULE P 1 –Pack size of drugs
 SCHEDULE Q– Colours Cosmetics
 SCHEDULE R- Standards for Condoms
 SCHEDULE R1-Stds for Medical Devices
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 SCHEDULE S– Standards for cosmetics

 SCHEDULE T-GMP- Ayurvedic Drugs
 SCHEDULE U – RECORDS-DRUGS
 SCHEDULE U1- Records Cosmetics
 SCHEDULE V- Stds for P&P Medicines
 SCHEDULE X- Class of Drugs- XRx
 SCHEDULE Y- Requirements and Guide- – lines for permission to import and/or
manufacture of New Drugs for sale or undertake Clinical Trials.

 Prohibition on Import of Certain Drugs or Cosmetics:

The Drugs and Cosmetics Act restricts the import of:

 Drugs or cosmetics of substandard quality.

 Any misbranded or spurious cosmetic.
 Any adulterated or spurious drug.
 Any patent or proprietary medicine which has no description of the true formula or
list of active ingredients included in it, along with the quantities thereof.
 Any drug which purports or claims to cure or mitigate any such disease or ailment in
the form of a statement, design or device accompanying it.
 Any cosmetic which includes an ingredient which may render it unsafe or harmful for
consumption.
 Drugs or cosmetics which are prohibited for imports under these provisions.

 The Central’s Governments Power of Prohibition

The Central Government may prohibit the import of a drug or cosmetic if it is
satisfied that.The use of such drug or cosmetic involves any risk to human being or
animals.The drug lacks the therapeutic value claimed for it.The drug or cosmetic
includes ingredients in such quantity for which there is no therapeutic justification.
Such a directive could be passed through a notification in the Official Gazette.

 Sea Customs and Role of Customs Officers

Section 18 of the Sea Customs Act, 1878, prohibits the import of sea customs
of certain goods, including that of certain drugs and cosmetics. Therefore, the

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Commissioner of Customs or any officer of the Government authorized by the Central

Government in this behalf may detain any imported package on the suspicion that the
particular container consists of any of such imports. The confiscated drugs or
cosmetics will then be taken to the Central Drugs Laboratory.

 Powers of the Central Government:

The Central Government, on consultation with or on the recommendation of

the board, enact the following rules after the prior publication of the same in the
Official Gazette:

1. Specify the licensing requirements for drugs, cosmetics or its classes with respect
to its import, and prescribe the form and conditions of such licenses.

2. the governing body may also decide on other pertinent licensing aspects.

3. Prescribe the methods of conducting the test or analysis in determining whether a

drug or cosmetic is of standard quality

4. Lay out the units or methods of standardization of biological and organometallic

components.

5. Specify the color which a drug may bear or contain for the purpose of coloring.

6. Specify the diseases or ailments which an imported drug shall not purport or claim,
the likes of which are not associated with such drug.

7. Define the conditions in accordance to which small quantities of prohibited drugs

may be imported for examination, test, analysis or personal use.

8. the import location of certain drugs or cosmetics.Demand the clear specification of

the date of manufacture and the date of expiry of the potency of the drug on its label
or container, and prohibit the import of drugs which has surpassed the date of expiry.

9. Regulate the submission by importers and secure the samples of drugs or cosmetics
for examination, test or analysis by the Central Drugs Laboratory and prescribe the
fee requirements for the same.

10. Laboratorynce (documentary or otherwise) which validates the quality of drugs or

cosmetics which are to be imported.

11. Facilitate the exemption of any of these provisions.

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12. Lay out the norms for the packaging of bottles, packages or other containers of
imported drugs or cosmetics.

13. Regulate the mode of labelling drugs or cosmetics imported for sale in packages,
and suggest the matters which may or may not be included in such labels.

14. The proportions of inclusion of any poisonous substance in a drug which is

imported.

15. Prohibit the import of drugs which is non-compliant with the above rule.

16. Specify substances which shall be deemed poisonous for the purpose of these
provisions and the pertinent rules.

17. Demand the display of the accepted scientific name of any specified drug in the
prescribed manner on the label or wrapper of any imported, patent or proprietary
medicine included in such drug.

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INTRODUCTION OF HERBAL FACE WASH

A cleanser is a facial care product that is used to remove makeup, dead skin
cells, oil, dirt, and other types of pollutants from the skin of the face. This helps to
unclog pores and prevent skin conditions such as acne. A cleanser can be used as part
of a skin care regimen together with a toner and moisturizer.

The skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for about 15% of total
adult body weight. It performs many vital functions, including protection against
external, physical, chemical and biological assailants, as well as prevention of excess
water loss from the body and role in thermoregulation. The skin is continuous, with
the mucous membranes lining the body’s surface. To keep skin healthy, clear, glossy,
a balanced nutrition is required. Apart from the balanced nutrition, hormonal changes
especially during puberty in both sexes cause many changes in the body. Among
various changes, dryness, roughness and pimples are most common.

Acne vulgaris is an extremely common disorder of skin that affects virtually all
individuals at least once during life. The incidence of acne peaks at teenage, but
substantial numbers of men and women between 20-30 years of age are also affected
by the disorder[1].

Acne may be classified as comedonal, popular, pustular, cystic & nodular.

Comedonal acne is noninflammatory & divided into two types: whiteheads &
blackheads. White heads (closed comedo) present as fresh or white coloured, raised
bumps whereas blackhead (open comedo) present as open pores containing dark
coloured skin roughage consisting of melanin, sebum & follicular cells.

Papules appear as red, solid, elevated lesions often less than 5mm in diameter.
Puastules are circumscribed skin elevations containing purulent material. Cysts &
nodules are solid, elevated lesions involving deeper dermal & subcutaneous tissue.
Cysts are less than 5 mm.

 The pathogenesis of acne involves multiple physiological factors. These include

1)Follicular hyperproliferation

2) Increased sebum production due to higher androgen levels & colonization of

organism.

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3) Propionibacterium acnes & staphylococcus epidermidis.[2]

Novel concept have emerged to help better understand its pathogenesis, these
includes variation in target cell sensitivity, biological markers, neuro-endocrine,
genetic, & environmental factors. Plenty of herbal as well as synthetic ingredients are
reported to have remarkable beneficial effect on acne vulgaris.

 They may have different mechanism secretion :-

A) Control sebum secretion.

B) Antibiotics which inhibits Propionoibacterium acne & Staphylococcus

epidermidis, the main causative organism of acne.

C) Keratolytic which removes the keratin layer & prevents the trapping of sebum
under the skin.

D) Anti-inflammatory which prevents the worsening of condition due to inflammation

or redness etc.

Numbers of formulations are available in the market with variety of active

pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of acne. Topical formulations, available
in the market are as follows: Gel, Cream, Lotion, Face wash or cleanser, Face pack or
mask.

Skin is the major part of the body, which indicates the health of an individual.
It is a consistof materials such as amino acids, lipids and carbohydratesetc. So that a
balanced nutrition is required for the skin to keep it clear glossy and healthy, it deals
with the formulation and characterization of cosmetic herbal face wash preparation.

In ancient times women are very conscious about their beauty and started to
dress themselves because they wanted to increase their own beauty.[3]. Even today,
people especially in rural areas, and hilly region select the natural remedies like
plants extracts for cosmetics perposous like neem, orange rose. Herbal cosmetics are
products which are used to purify and beautify the skin.

The main advantage for using an herbal cosmetic is that it is pure and does
not have any side effects on the human body men have rough skin and when they
don’t take sufficient care then the skin turns dark due to over exposure of the
sun[4].In this article we share home best homemade face packs and face mask to

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whiten the skin naturally for men’s and women skin. These face packs have natural
skin lightening and can be easily prepared at home. Facial skin is delicate and
ordinary soaps can cause to lose moisture.

Face wash is the products which are used to cleanse face without drying it out.
Face wash is also commonly known as “cleanser”. Face wash product found to be
equally good for all skin type. Face wash is very helpful in removing dirt, oil and
provide moisture to the dry skin. Both face washes & cleansers are used to rid your
face of dirt, oil, pollution etc. A cleanser dissolves away excess oil makeup and grime
from your face. These are oil soluble impurities. They can be removed by a face wash
too, but that might be not 100% effective. Facial skin is the delicate and ordinary
soaps can cause it to lose moisture.

A face wash is a mild cleanser that does the vital job of keeping skin clean,
germ free smooth and fresh and moisturizes the horny layer without any harshness to
the skin. So that skin look young and energetic. The purpose of face wash may be to
impart cleansing, anti-wrinkle effect, anti-acne property, moisturizing effect and
fairness of skin.

Forms Of Face Wash :-

1. Cream based face wash.

2. Gel based face wash.

3. Liquid based face wash.

Face wash in powder form Types of face wash Generally a face wash suits all
skin types however now aday different products are available in market that are
formulated to suits different skin types for example: an oily skin face wash is made
for people have oily skin conditions and does not contains oils and leaves a thin oily
film on the skin.

These different types of face washes available in the market include.

1. Oily skin face wash.

2. Dry skin face wash.

3. Normal skin face wash.

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FORMULATION OF HERBAL FACE WASH

LIST OF INGRIDIENTS

Sr.No Ingredients Botanical Name

1 Turmeric Rhizomes Curcuma longa

2 Honey Apise Mellifera

3 Xanthan gum XanthomonuScompestres

4 Rose water Rosa

5 Propyl paraben -

6 Methyl paraben -

7 Sodium laurysulphate -

8 Lemon juice Citrus Lemon L

Table No 1:- List of Ingredients

Uses of Ingredients:

1. Turmeric Rhizomes:

Fig No.1 :- Turmeric Rhizoms

Botanical Name:- Curcuma longa

Family:-Zingiberaceae

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The plant grows to a height of three to five feet, and is cultivated extensively in
Asia, India, China, and other countries with a tropical climate. It has oblong, pointed
leaves and bears funnel-shaped yellow flowers.

The rhizome is the portion of the plant used medicinally; it is usually boiled,
cleaned, and dried, yielding a yellow powder. Dried Curcuma longa is the source of
the spice turmeric, the ingredient that gives curry powder its characteristic yellow
color. Turmeric is used extensively in foods for both its flavor and color. Turmeric
has a long tradition of use in the Chinese and Ayurvedic systems of medicine,
particularly as an anti-inflammatory agent, and for the treatment of flatulence,
jaundice, menstrual difficulties, hematuria, hemorrhage.Turmeric can also be applied
topically in poultices to relieve pain and inflammation. Current research has focused
on turmeric’s antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and
antimicrobial properties.

2. Honey:-

Botanical Name:-Apsie Mellifera

Light humectants and nutrients used as a thickening agent to give body to

facial mask, creams and lotion.

Fig No. 2:- Honey

Honey is use as a natural sweetener.Honey is used as an anti-inflammatory,

antioxidant and antibacterial agent.

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3. Xanthan gum:-
Botanical Name:-xanthomonus campestres
A gum produced by the pure culture fermentation of a carbohydrate also called
Corn Sugar Gum. it is used as a non toxic thickener and stabilizer.
Xanthan gum is one of the popular ingredients in skin care formulations. It
does wonders as it acts as an emulsifying agent. It can create a smooth and balanced
textured product. Usually, the cosmetic products contain .percent of xanthan gum
which is required in minimal qualities to get the desired texture in the skincare
products. It is completely organic in nature. It can be derived from corn, wheat, dairy,
and soy. It has numerous benefits. It has skin conditioning properties.Xanthan gum
functions as a binder and emulsion stabilizer.

Fig No. 3:- Xanthan gum

4. Rose Water:-

Botanical Name:-Rosa

Used as solvent; it also has antibacterial and antiseptic properties which

eventually cure acne.

The anti-inflammatory properties of rose water can help reduce skin redness,
prevent additional swelling, and soothe the discomfort of acne.

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5. Methyl paraben :-
It is used as Preservative.Parabens are a family of related chemicals that are
commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic products. Preservatives may be used in
cosmetics to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and mold, in order to protect both
the products and consumers.
The parabens used most commonly in cosmetics are methylparaben,
propylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben.

Fig No. 4:-Methyl paraben

6 .Lemon Juice :-
Botanical Name :- Citrus lemon L
To lighten skin and reduce blemish marks on the skin .it also quite
effective for treating acne and pimples. As a natural pH adjuster in
cosmetics.

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7. Sodium laurysulphate:-
A relatively inexpensive ingredient, sodium lauryl sulfate is included in a wide
variety of products with a wide range of uses. In skincare, it's predominantly used as a
detergent to remove oils.

Fig No. 5:- Sodium laurysulphate

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PREPARETION OF HERBAL FACE WASH

 FORMULA:-

Sr. Ingredients Uses Quantity For 20

No. ml
1 Turmeric Extract Anti-Inflametry 220mg

2 Lemon Juice Lighten Skin 4.0ml

3 Honey Thickening Agents,Antiseptic, 10ml

Astringent

4 Xantham Gum Stabilizer,Thickning Agents 4.5 ml

5 Rose Water Solvent,Perfume Q.S

6 Methyl Paraben Preservative 0.2 mg

7 SLS Foming Agent 1000mg

Table No 2:- Formula of Herbal Face Wash

 PREPARATION METHODS:-
1. Collection:-
Turmeric root, rosewater were collected from the local market.
2. Preparation Of Extract:-
Rhizomes of turmeric, were kept in hot air oven for draying purpose at 450c
and grinded into small pieces by using grinder.Desired quantities of herbal drugs were
weighed and each herb macerated with rose water in conical flask. Dried herbs were
allowed to mix with rose water by moderate shaking of conical flask for 3 days.
Separately After 3 days, contents were filtered out by using simple filtration method
and filtrates were collected in vessels separately[5].

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3. Filtration:-
Filtration of extract was done by using simple filter muclin cloth and funnel
for two times.
4. Evaporation:-
Evaporation was done by using water bath. Filtrates were allowed to evaporate
in water bath at 60°C temperature until the desired concentration of the extract was
obtained.
5. Developmentof Formulation:-
The desired concentration of gelling agent i.e.xanthan gum was weighed
accurately and dispersed in hot rose water (not more than 60°C; 50 % weight of the
batch size) with moderate stirring, avoiding air entrapment and allowed to soak
overnight.
Desired quantity of lemon juice was dissolved in desired amount of honey by
gentle stirring. Desired quantity of concentrated herbal extracts were added to the
remaining amount of rose water and mixed with above honey mixture by gentle
stirring.
This was finally mixed with previously soaked gel formulation. Prepared
formulations were filled in a suitable container and labeled accordingly.

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EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS

The prepared face wash was evaluated for various parameters as follows
1. Physical Evalution:-
Physical parameters such as colour, appearance & consistency were checked
visually.

2.Washability:-
Formulations were applied on the skin then easily remove by washing with water
were checked manually.

3.Colour:-
The colour of the face wash was checked visually

2. pH:-
pH of 1% aqueous solution of the formulation was measured by using a calibrated
digital pH meter at constant temperature.

Fig No 6 pH Meter Scale

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4.Viscosity:-
The viscosity of face wash was determined by using Brookfield Viscometer.
The Values Obtained for sample is noted.

Fig No.7- Viscometer

6. IrritanacyTest :-
The face wash was applied on left hand dorsal surface of 1 sq. cm and
observed in time interval 1 to 2hrs[7]

Sr.No. Time Period (Hr.) Result

1 1 Hr. No Irritation

2 2 Hr. No Irritation

Table No 3:- Irritation Tests

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5.Spreadability Test:-
Excess sample was placed between the two glass slides and 100 g weight was
placed on the glass slide for 5 min to compress the sample to a uniform
thickness. Weight (250 g) was added to the pan. The time in seconds required to
separate the two slides was taken as a measure of spreadability.

Fig No.8 -Spreadability Test

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RESULT & DISCUSSION

The results of evaluation are displayed in Table 3. Formulation was Lite
Yellow in color, whereas, marketed formulation was yellowish in color. Formulation
was found to have semisolid consistency. The formulations were found homogenous,
easily washable. The formulated face wash has slightly alkaline pH(7.4) which is
compatible with normal physiology.

Sr.No Parameter Marketed Formulation Formulated Batch

1 Colour Yellowish Lite Yellow

2 Consistency Semisolid Semisolid

3 Wash Ability Good Good

4 pH 7.6 7.4

5 Viscosity 1690cp 1566cp

6 Spreadability 2.16 1.15

7 Irritation Test Non Irritant Non Irritant

Table No 4:- Observations

Fig No.9:-Marketed Face Wash FigNo.10:-Formulated Face wash

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CONCLUSION
From the above study it is concluded that, natural remedies are more
acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than the synthetic
ones. Herbal formulations have growing demand in the world market. It is a very
good attempt to establish the herbal face wash containing aqueous extracts of turmeric
rhizomes.
This study revealed that the developed herbal formulation of batch f1 was
comparatively better than other formulation. The herbal face wash is one of the most
well recognized acne treatments, herbal face wash not only moisturized, they also
used as a cleanser. Preferably they used for oily and dry skin physiology. It provides
numerous essential nutrients to the required for maintaining the normal skin
functioning. it also promotes the natural glow to the skin. The herbal face wash was
prepared from various herbs like Turmeric, Honey, and the soothing agent as
Xanthungum used for formulation.
It gives beneficial effects to the face. The various parameters like colour, pH,
consistency, washability, irritability and spreadability was checked and evaluated
hence, from the present investigation it was found that the formulated herbal face
wash was found to be more efficient as compared to the marketed face wash. At this
formulation contains all herbal ingredients its nighters produce any harmful action on
skin and are reliable.

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REFERENCE

1 Sowmya K.V., Darsika C.X., Grace F., Shanmuganathan S. Formulation &

Evaluation of Poly-herbal Face wash gel. World Journal of Pharmacy &
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 4(6): 585-588.

2 Kanlayavattanakul M., Lourith N., Therapeutic agents & herbs in topical

applications for acne treatment, International Journal of cosmetic Science, 2011; 33:
289-297.

3. Kubo I., Muroi H., 6.Kubo A., Naturally occurring anti-acne agents, J Nat Prod,
1994; 57(1): 9-17.

4. Ashawat MS, Banchhor M. Herbal Cosmetics. Trends in skin care formulation.

Pharmacognosy Rev 2009; 3 (5): 82-89.

5. Joshi, P.C. and O. Prakash, Allelopathic effects of Litter extract of some tree
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