MATHEMATICS 10

Quarter 2 – Week 1
Lesson 1: Illustrating Polynomial Functions
After going through this topic, you are expected to:
• define polynomial function
• identify the degree, coefficients and constant terms of a polynomial function; and
• write polynomial function in standard form.

A Polynomial Function P(x) is a function defined by

P( x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + ... + a1 x + a0 , an  0 , where
𝒏 is a nonnegative integer (positive whole number only) and called the degree (also
known as exponent) of the polynomial
𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , … , 𝒂𝒏 are real numbers and called the coefficients

▪ Degree of the Polynomial is the highest power of the variable that occurs.
▪ Leading Term is the term containing the highest power of the variable or the term with the highest
degree.
▪ Leading Coefficient is the coefficient of the leading term.
▪ Constant Term is a term in an algebraic expression that has a value that is constant or cannot change
because it does not contain any modifiable variables.

.
Examples of Polynomial Functions:

1. P(x) = 3𝑥 + 4
In the given function above; The degree of the polynomial is 1 ( the largest exponent of x),
Leading coefficient is 3 and the constant term is 4.

2. P(x) = 4𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 10
The degree of the polynomial is 2 ( the largest exponent of x), Leading coefficient is 4 and
the constant term is -10.

Standard Form
a polynomial function written in decreasing powers of x.
Different ways to write a polynomial function:
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏+. . . +𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝒏 ≠ 𝟎 or 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏+. . . +𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝒏 ≠ 𝟎

Let’s have a review!

Multiplying Algebraic Expressions
▪ To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by the monomial,
and combine the results.

𝐚(𝐛 + 𝐜) = 𝐚𝐛 + 𝐚𝐜
• To multiply a polynomial by a polynomial, multiply each of the terms of one polynomial by each of the
terms of the other polynomial and combine the result.
(𝐱 + 𝐚)(𝐱 + 𝐛) = 𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐚 + 𝐛)𝐱 + 𝐚𝐛
(𝐚𝐱 + 𝐛)(𝐜𝐱 + 𝐝) = 𝐚𝐜𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐛𝐜 + 𝐚𝐝)𝐱 + 𝐛𝐝

“Slow, steady progress is better than daily excuses.” -Robin Sharma

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 Examples: Write the following polynomial function to standard form and determine the degree of the
polynomial.

ACTIVITY I: Consider the polynomial functions given below and fill in the table.
Degree of
Leading Constant
No. Polynomial Function in Standard Form the
Coefficient Term
polynomial

1. y = −𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)
2
2. p(x) = (𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
3. f(x) = −𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
2
4. g(x) = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)

Lesson 2: Graphing Polynomial Functions

After going through this topic, you are expected to:
• Identify the leading term, its leading coefficient and degree of polynomial function
• Determine the end-behavior of the graph of polynomial function using the Leading Coefficient Test

ACTIVITY I: Observe the graphs given below and answer what is asked for each item. The first one is done
for you.

Graph of:

A. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 – 7𝑥 + 6 B. y= -3x3- 2x2 + 8x C. y = -3x2 – 6x + 4

Leading Term: 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝒂𝒏 ≠ 𝟎

Leading Coefficient: 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 > 𝟎 → 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 < 𝟎 → 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
Degree: Even or Odd

The activity that you have just answered will lead you to the topic which is The Leading Coefficient
Test. This test can help you determine the end behavior of the graph of polynomial functions by looking at the
degree and the leading coefficient so that it will give you a rough sketch of the graph.

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 End behavior is a description of the values of the
function as x approaches positive infinity or negative
infinity. The leading coefficient and the degree of a
polynomial function determine its end behavior and it
is very much helpful in graphing polynomial function.

Polynomial End Behavior

ACTIVITY II: Determine the end behavior of the graph of each polynomial function. Show your answer by filling
in the blanks and show the possible sketch of the graph.

1.) y = -2x3 + x2 + 18x – 9

a.) The leading term is ____
b.) The leading coefficient is ______ and it is _________.
c.) The degree is _____ and it is ______.
d.) Since the leading coefficient is _________ and the degree is ____, then the graph _______ to the left and
_______ to the right.
e.) Possible sketch:

Graphing Polynomial Functions

➢ The graph of a polynomial function is continuous and smooth and has rounded turns.
➢ A polynomial function of degree n has n-1 turning points.
➢ Every polynomial function of the nth degree cannot have more than n roots.

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Example: (Graphing a Polynomial Functions)
Notice that your graph of f(x) = x3 – 2x2 –
Sketch the graph of f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
x + 2 crosses the x- axis 3 times, it’s because
the degree of your function is 3. A polynomial
function of the nth degree cannot have more
than n roots. This means that the graph cannot
intersect the x-axis more than n times. It is true
that the graph falls to the left and rises to the
right as we have mentioned in Step 1 using the
Leading Coefficient Test.
The turning points of a graph occur
when the function is changing values. A
polynomial function of degree n has n-1 turning
points on its graph or the number of turning
points is always less than the degree n. The
graph above illustrates 2 turning points since
the degree of f(x) is 3.
Sometimes a polynomial function has a
factor that occurs more than once. This makes
a multiple root. The multiplicity of root r is the
number of times that x-r is a factor of f(x). When
a real root has even multiplicity, the graph of f(x)
is tangent to the x-axis. When a real root has
odd multiplicity greater than 1, the graph bends
as it crosses the x-axis.
Behavior of the
Roots Multiplicity graph relative to
x-axis
-1 Odd Crosses
1 Odd Crosses
2 Odd Crosses

Here are the steps to sketch the graph of a polynomial function

1.Identify the end behavior of the graph through the Leading Coefficient Test.
2.Factor the polynomials completely (if the given is not in factored form)
3.Find the x- intercepts as well as the y-intercepts to determine where on the x and y axis the graph
passes through.
4.Plot the other points.

ACTIVITY III:
Complete the table below:

Leading Coefficient Degree Behavior of the Graph

Polynomial Functions
(positive/negative) (odd/even) (Falling/Rising)

Left side Right side

1. f(x) = 3x – 8x -8x +8
3 2

2. f(x) = -x4 - 6x3+9x2-6x+8

3. f(x) = -x3 – 4x2 + x+ 6

“But you, be strong and do not lose courage, for there is reward for your work.” - The Chronicles

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Lesson 3: Solving Problems involving Polynomial Functions
After going through this topic, you are expected to:
• Identify the necessary information to be used in solving real-life problems involving polynomial functions
• Solve real-life problems that can be modeled with polynomial functions through evaluation and factoring

This Activity will let you see the Solving Problems Involving Polynomial
connections of the mathematics concepts to real – Functions Through Evaluation
life situations. Read the scenario below, then
answer the questions that follow. Your previous lesson has defined
Polynomial Function as a function of the form
Suppose that the Town of Talakag discovered wild P(x) = an xn + an-1 xn-1 + … + a1 x + a0
boars near the town’s outskirts in 2010. So, they where an are real numbers called coefficients and n
began tracking the number of wild boars near the is a positive integer, and an xn is the leading term, an
town outskirts each year and the following chart is the leading coefficient, a0 is the constant term
shows how many wild boars, B, were present each and an ≠ 0. Since the problems involves polynomial
functions then we could use many ways on solving
year, x, after 2010.
these kinds of problems.
x (years) 1 2 3 4 5 5.5 6 Here we are going to discuss and solve
problems together step by step. The problems
B (number presented below are things that we could relate to
of wild 1 4 10 20 35 45 56
real-life situations.
boars)
Example 1:
Some Zoologist were called in to analyze the The number of citizen (N) of Barangay San Isidro in
population trends of the wild boars in hopes to keep t years is predicted to increase and can modeled by
the population under control, and they found the data the function N(t) = 7t4 – 4t3 + 150t + 17500. After
in the chart can be modeled using the function: 3 years, how many citizens will be residing now at
Barangay San Isidro?
1 3 1 2 1
𝐵= 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 Procedure in solving this problem:
6 2 3
where B is the number of wild boars on x years. Step 1: Rewrite the given.

N(t) = 7t4 – 4t3 + 150t + 17500, t = 3 years

Step 2: Identify what is asked on the problem. We
have N(3) since it is asking on how many citizens
will be residing at Barangay San Isidro after 3
years.

Find N(3)

Step 3: Replace all the variable t with 3, since t = 3

based on the given.

N(3) = 7(3)4 – 4(3)3 + 150(3) + 17500

Step 4: Simplify the equation. Remember that (3)4

Questions/ Tasks: = (3)(3)(3)(3) = 81 and (3)3 = (3)(3)(3) = 27.
This is to make multiplication easier.
a. Using the graph, what is the approximate
number of wild boars after 3.5 years?
N(3) = 7(81) – 4(27) + 150(3) + 17500
b. Compare the number of wild boars in
year 5.5 as given on the table to the
Step 5: Simplify each term. This is by multiplying 7
number of wild boars given using the
by 81 which is equal to 567, 4(27) = 108, and
polynomial functions. Why are these
values not exactly the same? 150(3) = 450.
c. Do you think you can use the polynomial
function to predict the number of wild N(3) = 567 – 108 + 450 + 17500
boars on the 10th year? Why or why not?
Step 6: Add all values to get the final result. Thus,
567 – 108 + 450 + 17 500 is equal to 18 409.

N(3) = 18, 409

Therefore, there will be 18, 409 citizens

residing at Barangay San Isidro after 3 years.

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 Solving Problems Involving Polynomial Evaluation
Functions Through Factoring
A. Answer the following:
Example 1 tells us how to solve problems
involving polynomial functions through 1. The number of cable TV systems sold after
evaluation. That is, solving for the value of the year 2010 can be modeled by the polynomial
dependent variable (example of this is P(x), V(x) function C(t) = -43.2t2 + 1343t + 790, where t
given the value of the independent variable. represents the number of years since 2010.
Now, we will solve the problems using
factoring, but the difference is the problems a. How many cable TV systems sold after the
below are more on solving for the value of the end of 2015?
independent variable given the value of the b. After 10 years from 2010, what is the
dependent variable. expected number of cable TV systems sold?

B. Direction: Fill up the missing parts of the

Example 2: solution to the problem.
A sculptor uses ice blocks to carve the wings of
a dragon. The volume, V (in cubic centimeters), 2. Alice was told that the volume of a
of a block of ice can be modeled by the V(t) = t 3 rectangular block is modeled by the function
+ 8t2 – 83t, where t represents the thickness of V(x) = 14x3 - 57x2 – 419x - 3, where x is the
the block of ice in centimeters. How thick is the length in meters of a rectangular block. How
block of ice with a volume of 630 cm3? long is a rectangular block if it has a volume of
Procedure in solving this problem: 165 m3?

Step 1: First let us rewrite the given. Step 1: First let us rewrite the given.
Step 2: Then we identify what is asked on the
V(t) = t3 + 8t2 – 83t, V(t) = 630 cm3 problem.
Step 3: We replace V(x) with ___ 1 since it is
Step 2: Then we identify what is asked on the 2
given that V(x) = ___.
problem. 3
Step 4: We add ___ to both sides so that the
Find t when V(t) = 630. other side is equal to zero.
Step 5: We now then solve the equation using
Step 3: We replace V(t) with 630 since it is given factoring. You could also use synthetic division
that V(t) = 630. on solving for the value of x.
Step 6: We equate each factor by zero by zero –
630 = t3 + 8t2 – 83t product property and to solve for the value of x.
Step 7: By solving each linear equation, we got
Step 4: We add – 630 to both sides so that the 4 5 and x = ____,
6
x = ______, x = ____ but we are
other side is equal to zero.
7 and ____
going to reject ___ 8 since there is no
0 = t3 + 8t2 – 83t – 630 negative measurement for length. Thus, we got
9
x = ___.
Step 5: We now then solve the equation using
factoring. You could also use synthetic division on
solving for the value of t. _____________
100
Step 1 11
_____________
0
0 = (t + 7) (t + 10) (t – 9)
Step 2 _____________
00
12
Step 6: We equate each factor by zero by zero – 000
product property and to solve for the value of t. Step 3 13
_______________
000
00
t+7=0 Step 4 0 = 14x3 -0057x2 – 419x - 168
000
t + 10 = 0
14000 (______)
Step 5 0 = (_____) 150 (______)
160
t–9=0 0
0000 00 0
______
170 =000
Step 7: By solving each linear equation, we got t = 00 0 0
-7, t = -10 and t = 9, but we are going to reject – 7 Step 6 ______180 =000
0
19 = 0 0 0 0
and – 10 since there is no negative measurement ______
000 000
for thickness. Thus, we got t = 9. 0 0 0
00 3 000 7
Step 7 x = − , x0 = − 20, x = 8 0
00 7 000
t = - 7, t = - 10, t = 9 0 0 0
00 000
0 0 0
Therefore, the block of ice should be 9 centimeters 00 0020 00
Answer: _____________________________
0 0 0
thick to have a volume of 630 cubic centimeters 00 0000
0 0 0

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 ASSESSMENT
MATH 10, QUARTER 2, WEEK 1

Instruction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer by writing it on the space
provided before each number.
_____ 1. Which of the following is the term with number without variable?
a.) Degree b.) Constant term c.) Leading term d.) polynomial

_____ 2. Given that 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −3𝑛 + 2𝑥 2 , what value should be assigned to 𝑛 to make 𝑓 a polynomial
function of degree 4?
4 3 4 3
a.) − b.) − c.) d.)
3 4 3 4

_____ 3. What is the product of (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 5)?

a.) 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 10 c.) 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10
b.) 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 10 d.) 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 3
_____ 4. What should be the order of terms of the polynomial function in standard form?
a.) constant term, term with highest exponent, term/s with lower exponent
b.) constant term, term/s with lower exponent, term with highest exponent
c.) term with highest exponent, constant term, term/s with lower exponent
d.) term with highest exponent, term/s with lower exponent, constant term
_____ 5. Which of the following is true about the leading coefficient and degree of y = x4 - 4x3 – 2x -3?
a.) positive, odd b.) negative, even. c.) positive, even d.) negative, odd
_____ 6. Determine the end behavior of the graph of polynomial function f(x) = -x5 – 3x4 + 4?
a.) rises to the left, falls to the right c.) rises to the right, falls to the left
b.) falls to both sides d.) rises to both sides
_____ 7. Which of the following graph represents a polynomial function?

a.) b.) c.) d.)

_____ 8. If the end behavior of a graph of the polynomial function rises to the right and falls to the left, which of the
following is true about the leading coefficient and its degree?

a.) positive, odd b.) negative, even. c.) positive, even d.) negative, odd
_____ 9. What is the multiplicity of the root -1 in the equation y = x4-2x3-3x2+4x+4?
a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4
_____ 10. A point where the function changes from decreasing to increasing or from increasing to decreasing values.
a.) Multiplicity of a Root c.) Intercept of a Graph
b.) Turning Points d.) Leading Coefficient Test

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For Items number 11 – 15, Refer to the problem below.

The estimated number of motorcycles, V (in thousands), in the Philippines can be modeled by the
polynomial function: V(y) = 24y3 – 15y2 + 15y – 440 where y represents the number of years after the year
2000.

11. What is the value of y at the end of year 2007?

A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
12. Based on the problem, V represents __________.
A. the estimated number of motorcycles.
B. the number of years after the year 2000.
C. the estimated number of the modeled polynomial function.
D. the number of vehicles present in the Philippines.
13. At what year after 2000 will the estimated number of motorcycles be calculated if y = 4?
A. 2004 B. 2005 C. 2006 D. 2007

14. What is V(y) if the value of y = 4?

A. 916, 000 B. 945, 000 C. 1, 325, 000 D. 1, 536, 000

15. What is the estimated number of motorcycles at the end of year 2006?

A.3, 147, 000 B. 4, 294, 000 C. 5, 481, 000 D. 6, 162, 000

For Items number 16 – 20, Refer to the problem below.

A sculptor uses ice blocks to carve his masterpiece. The volume, V (in cubic centimeters), of a block of
ice can be modeled by the V(t) = 4t3 - 15t2 – 81t - 5, where t represents the thickness of the block of ice in
centimeters. How thick is the block of ice with a volume of 65 cm 3?

16. Based on the problem, V(t) represents __________.

A. the thickness of a block of ice in centimeters.
B. the thickness of a block of ice which is 65 cm3.
C. the dimensions of a block of ice.
D. the volume of a block of ice.

17. How thick is the block of ice with a volume of 65 cm 3?

A. 6 cm B. 7 cm C. 8 cm D. 9 cm

18. The polynomial function represents ____________.

A. the thickness of a block of ice in centimeters.
B. the thickness of a block of ice which is 65 cm3.
C. the dimensions of a block of ice.
D. the volume of a block of ice.

19. Based on the problem, t represents __________.

A. the thickness of a block of ice in centimeters.
B. the thickness of a block of ice which is 65 cm3.
C. the dimensions of a block of ice.
D. the volume of a block of ice.

20. What is the degree of the polynomial presented on the problem?

A. 2nd B. 3rd C. 4th D. 5th

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 MATHEMATICS 10
QUARTER 2, WEEK 1
ANSWER SHEET
Name: _________________________________________________ Section: __________________ Score: ____
Facebook name/email: ___________________Parent/Guardian’s Name and Signature:____________________

Lesson 1: Illustrating Polynomial Functions

Lesson 2: Graphing Polynomial Functions
Activity I
Degree
Leading
Activity I
Polynomial Function in of the Constant a) Using the graph, what is the approximate
No. Standard Form polyno
Coeffici
Term
mial
ent number of wild boars after 3.5 years?
____________________________________________
1
b) Compare the number of wild boars in year 5.5
2 as given on the table to the number of wild
3 boars given using the polynomial functions.
Why are these values not exactly the same?
4
________________________________________
________________________________________
Lesson 2: Graphing Polynomial Functions ________________________________________
Activity I ________________________________________
c) Do you think you can use the polynomial
B. Polynomial function: y= -3x3- 2x2 + 8x function to predict the number of wild boars on
Leading Term: ______ the 10th year? Why or why not?
Leading Coefficient: ____ ______ ________________________________________
Degree: ______ ________________________________________
________________________________________
C. Polynomial Functions: y = -3x2 – 6x + 4
________________________________________
Leading Term: ______
Leading Coefficient: ____ ______ ________________________________________
Degree: ______ Activity II
A.
Activity II 1.) a.) How many cable TV systems sold after the end
1.) y = -2x3 + x2 + 18x – 9 of 2015?
a.) The leading term is ____ ________________________________________
b.) After 10 years from 2010, what is the expected
b.) The leading coefficient is ______ and it is number of cable TV systems sold
_________. ________________________________________
c.) The degree is _____ and it is ______.
B.
d.) Since the leading coefficient is _________ and the 1.___________________________
degree is ____, then the graph _______ to the left 2. ___________________________
and _______ to the right. 3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
e.) Possible sketch: 5. ___________________________
6. ___________________________
7. ___________________________
8. ___________________________
9. ___________________________
10. ___________________________
11. ___________________________
12. ___________________________
Activity III 13. ___________________________
A. 14. ___________________________
15. ___________________________
Polyno 16. ___________________________
mial Leading Coefficient Degree Behavior of the Graph 17. ___________________________
Functio (positive/negative) (odd/even) (Falling/Rising)
ns 18___________________________
19. ___________________________
Left side Right side 20. ___________________________
1.
ASSESSMENT
2.
1. 6. 11. 16.
3.
2. 7. 12. 17.
3. 8. 13. 18.
4. 9. 14. 19.
5. 10. 15. 20.