PHY 311 CLASSICAL MECHANICS & RELATIVITY i 𝑗 k

2 −1 0| 1
⃗⃗⃗ = | 1 1
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑣
𝑢 = 𝑖 (0 − 0) − 𝑗(0 − 0) + 𝑘 (1 − )
ASSIGNMENT # 2 2
− 0
2 2
SOLUTION 1
= 𝑘 ≠0
2
QUESTION 1 ∴ 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙

Determine if the following vectors are parallel, orthogonal or neither Hence both vectors are neither orthogonal nor parallel.

𝑎 = 〈6, −2, −1〉, ⃗⃗⃗

(a) ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = 〈2,5,2〉 QUESTION 2
1 1
(b) 𝑢
⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ , 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ = − 2 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂
Find the normal vector of function of 𝑢 and 𝑣, when position vector
is given as
Solution a) 𝐫(𝑢, 𝑣) = 2 sin 𝑢 𝐞𝟏 + 3 cos 𝑢 𝐞𝟐 + 𝑣 𝐞𝟑
When Dot Product of two vectors is zero then the vectors are b) 𝐫(𝑢, 𝑣) = cos 𝑢 𝐞𝟏 + cos 𝑢 𝐞𝟐 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 𝐞𝟑
orthogonal and when the Cross Product of two vectors are zero
then the vectors are parallel.
⃗⃗⃗ = 〈6, −2, −1〉, ⃗⃗⃗
(a) 𝑎 𝑏 = 〈2,5,2〉 Solution
⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑏 = 〈6, −2, −1〉 ∙ 〈2,5,2〉
𝑎 a) 𝐫(𝑢, 𝑣) = 2 sin 𝑢 𝐞𝟏 + 3 cos 𝑢 𝐞𝟐 + 𝑣 𝐞𝟑
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏 = [12 + (−10) + (−2)] = 0
𝑟𝑢 = 2 cos 𝑢 𝑒1 − 3 sin 𝑢 𝑒2 + 0 𝑒3
∴ the two vectors are orthogonal 𝑟𝑣 = 0𝑒1 + 0 𝑒2 + 0 𝑒3

1 1
𝑒1 𝑒2 𝑒3
(b) 𝑢
⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ , 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ = − 2 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ 𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 = |2 cos 𝑢 −3 sin 𝑢 0 |
1 1 0 0 1
𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗ = (2, −1,0) ∙ (− , , 0)
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑒1 (−3 sin 𝑢 ) − 𝑒2 (2 cos 𝑢 ) + 𝑒3 (0)
2 2
1 3 = −3 sin 𝑢 𝑒1 − (2 cos 𝑢 )𝑒2 + 0𝑒3
⃗⃗⃗ = [−1 + (− ) + (0)] = − ≠ 0
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑣
𝑢
2 2
∴ 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
|𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 | = √(−3 sin 𝑢 )2 + (−2 cos 𝑢 )2 + 02
= √(9 sin2 𝑢 ) + (4 cos2 𝑢 ) = 3 sin 𝑢 + 2 cos 𝑢
 QUESTION 3
𝑟𝑢 𝑟𝑣 −3 sin 𝑢 −(2 cos 𝑢)
𝑛= |𝑟𝑢 ×𝑟𝑣 |
= (3 sin 𝑢+2 cos 𝑢 , 3 sin 𝑢+2 cos 𝑢 , 0)
Write the vector 𝐀 = 𝑦𝐞𝟏 + 𝑧𝐞𝟐 − 2𝑥𝐞𝟑 in cylindrical coordinates.

Solution
b) 𝐫(𝑢, 𝑣) = cos 𝑢 𝐞𝟏 + cos 𝑢 𝐞𝟐 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 𝐞𝟑
e1 = e𝜌 cos 𝜑 − e𝜑 sin 𝜑
𝑟𝑢 = − sin 𝑢 𝑒1 − sin 𝑢 𝑒2 + 0 𝑒3
e2 = e𝜌 sin 𝜑 + e𝜑 cos 𝜑
𝑟𝑣 = 0𝑒1 + 0 𝑒2 + cos 𝑣 𝑒3
𝑒3 = 𝑒𝑧
𝑒1 𝑒2 𝑒3 𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑
𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 = |− sin 𝑢 − sin 𝑢 0 | 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑
0 0 cos 𝑣 𝑧=𝑧
= 𝑒1 (− sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣) + 𝑒2 (sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣) + 𝑒3 (0)

= − sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑒1 + sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑒2 + 0𝑒3 𝐀 = 𝑦𝐞𝟏 + 𝑧𝐞𝟐 − 2𝑥𝐞𝟑 = ( 𝜌 sin 𝜑) (e𝜌 cos 𝜑 − e𝜑 sin 𝜑) +
𝑧(e𝜌 sin 𝜑 + e𝜑 cos 𝜑) −2𝜌 cos 𝜑 𝑒𝑧

|𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 | = √(− sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣)2 + (sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣)2 + 02

= √sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 + sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = √2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 Thus the components are
𝐴𝜌 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜑 + 𝑧 sin 𝜑
𝑟𝑢 𝑟𝑣 − sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑒1 + sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑒2 + 0𝑒3 𝐴𝜑 = −𝜌 sin2 𝜑 + 𝑧 cos 𝜑
𝑛= =
|𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 | √2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝐴𝑧 = 2𝜌 cos 𝜑
sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣
= (− sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 0)
√2 √2
 Incorrect question –
QUESTION 4 ( QUESTION 5

Question cancelled) 𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑒1 − 3𝑦𝑒2 + 6𝑧𝑒3 . Calculate the divergence of the field of
the position vectors.

Given the scalar field 𝜑 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑟 2, find the gradient of Solution

ϕ. 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
div A = 2 −3 +6 =5
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

QUESTION 6

𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑒1 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑒2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑒3 . Calculate the rotation of the vector

field.

SOLUTION
𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑒1 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑒2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑒3

𝐴𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦
𝐴𝑦 = 𝑥𝑧 2
𝐴𝑧 = 𝑦 2 𝑧

e1 𝑒2 e3
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿𝐴 𝛿𝐴𝑦 𝛿𝐴 𝛿𝐴𝑥
𝐀 = ∇ × A = | 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 | = 𝑒1 ( 𝛿 𝑧 − ) − 𝑒2 ( 𝛿 𝑧 − )+
𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝑥 𝛿𝑧
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝛿𝐴𝑦 𝛿𝐴𝑥
𝑒1 ( 𝛿 − )
𝑥 𝛿𝑦

𝛿𝑦2 𝑧 𝛿𝑥𝑧2 𝛿𝑦2 𝑧 𝛿2𝑥𝑦 𝛿𝑥𝑧2 𝛿2𝑥𝑦

= 𝑒1 ( − ) − 𝑒2 ( − ) + 𝑒1 ( − )
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
= (2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑧)𝑒1 − (0 − 0)𝑒2 + (𝑧 2 − 2𝑥)𝑒3

= [2𝑧(𝑦 − 𝑥), 0, 𝑧 2 − 2𝑥]